Imisebenzi yosizo kwamanye amazwe ihloselwe ukusingatha izinselele ezibucayi zentuthuko empilweni, emfundweni, ezisekelweni, nasekukhuleni kwezomnotho emazweni aphansi naphakathi athola imali egcwele. Nakuba kunezindodla zezigidi zamadollar ekusebenziseni imali ngonyaka, izinhlelo eziningi ziyahluleka ukubhekana nemiphumela yazo ezihlongozwayo. Esinye sezizathu ezivame kakhulu zokuhluleka ukunikeza ukuhluleka ukubhekana nentuthuko engokwesiko. Uma izinhlangano zosizo ziphatha impucuko njengendlela ecatshangelwayo, zifaka engozini yokwakha izinhlelo ezingqubuzana nezindinganiso zomphakathi, ukumelana nokwenqaba, noma ukumane nje zingasetshenziswa. Ngokuphambene, imisebenzi ehlanganisa ukuqashekela okukhulu ekuklameni kwazo ukuqashelwa nokubulawa kwemizwa kwemiklamo ephakeme, imiphumela eqinile, nokukhokhwazwa kakhulu kwendawo.

Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izici ezingokwesiko ezithonya ngayo ukuphumelela kwemisebenzi yosizo yakwamanye amazwe, zinikeza izibonelo ezicacile zokuphambuka nokuphumelela kwamasiko, futhi zihlela amasu asebenzayo ukuze izinhlangano zingenise impumelelo engokwesiko kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wokuthuthuka. Umgomo ukusuka ekushintsheni kobukhulu obunesilinganiso sokusebenza kwengxenye eyodwa ye-66 kwendlela yokusebenza eqondene nesibonelo esinemininingwane ehloniphekayo esithinta futhi sifake ulwazi lwendawo, amasiko, kanye nezakhiwo zezenhlalo.

Indima Eyisisekelo Yesiko Osizoni Lwakwamanye Amazwe

Impucuko ayisona nje isisekelo sokuthuthukisa; ithonya elinamandla elithonya indlela imiphakathi ebona ngayo izinkinga, ukwamukela ukungenela ngaphandle, futhi ihlanganyele nemibono emisha. Imisebenzi yosizo isebenza emphakathini okhona lapho izimiso zezenhlalo, izindinganiso, namandla elawula ukuziphatha. Ukungazinaki lezi zinto kufana nokuzama ukutshala imbewu enhlabathini eqinile — kungenzeka ukuthi ikhona, kodwa umhlaba awulungiswanga.

Ukuchaza Izici Zempucuko

Izici zempucuko zihlanganisa izinkolelo ezihlanganyelwayo, imikhuba, izilimi, ukubusa kwabantu, indima yobulili, amasiko enkolo, kanye nemibono yezwe ephawula umphakathi. Zibumba yonke into kusukela emijukwini yansuku zonke kuya ekunqumeni izinqubo. Ngokomongo wosizo lwangaphandle, izici zempucuko zihlanganisa imiqondo yendawo yesikhathi, igunya, ukuvuselelwa, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu nombuso. Lezi zici azimi ndawonye; ziguqula umlando, ukufuduka, namathonya angaphandle. Nokho, zinezinzile ezanele ezingazishaya indiva ngisho nemisebenzi yomsindo.

Okwenza Ukuqaphela Isiko Kube Yindaba

Ukuqapha kwempucuko akuyona nje inqubo yokuzibamba noma ukugwema ukuphanjwa okuwusizo. Cabangela uhlelo lwempilo olukhuthaza ukugeza izandla ngensipho. Uma umphakathi ungenaso isinxulumano esingokwesiko phakathi kwenhlanzeko nempilo, noma uma insipho isetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukuwasha, ukungenela kuyolwa ukuze kutholakale inzuzo. Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi wezolimo oletha izinhlobo ezintsha zezilimo ungehluleka uma abalimi bendawo bethanda ukunambitha noma ukuveza isimilo. Impucuko futhi ithinta ukwethemba: imiphakathi eye yasetshenziswa kabi abadlali bangaphandle ingase ibheke izisebenzi ezizazisayo ngokusola, yenza ubuhlobo obubalulekile ngaphambi kokuba noma yimuphi umsebenzi uqale. Lapho izisebenzi zithatha isikhathi sokuqonda isimilo, zithola ukukholeka okudingekayo ukuze zishintshe.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zempucuko Ezishukumisa Usizo

Nakuba umphakathi ngamunye uhlukile, izici ezithile zamasiko ziyaphindaphindeka emongweni futhi odokotela bezokuthuthuka baye baphawula ukuthi zinethonya ngokukhethekile.ngezansi kunezici eziyisithupha ezibucayi, kanye nezincazelo zendlela abangathinta ngayo izakhiwo.

Izinkolelo Nemikhuba Engokwenkolo

Inkolo ngokuvamile ibusa ukuziphatha kokuziphatha, izimiso zansuku zonke, nesimo sengqondo ngempilo, imfundo, nezomnotho.

Izindlela Zolimi Nezokukhulumisana

Imingcele yolimi ingaphezulu kakhulu kokuhunyushwa. Ngisho noma izinto zihunyushwa ngokunembile, imixhantela yendawo, izisho eziphinyiselwayo, kanye namazinga okufunda kufanele kucaciswe. Emiphakathini ebhalwe kakhulu, amapheshana abhaliwe angahluleka ukunikeza ukwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kuyilapho imihlangano yomphakathi exoxa ngokwezigcawu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokuxhumana zihlukile: amanye amasiko akhetha ukuqondisa ngokuqondile, aqonde ngqo; amanye asekela ngokungaqondile ukuxoxa kakhulu lapho kushiywa khona. Ukungaqondi kahle kuphakama lapho izisebenzi ezisizayo zithatha izindinganiso zazo zokuxhumana zikhona emhlabeni wonke. Imfundo ye World Bank ngentuthuko yokukhuluma ngokuthula imidlalo efanelekile ibhalwe ngokuphindwe kabili ngokulingana naleyo esekelwe ezilimini ezisemthethweni.

Imisebenzi Nendima Yohlobo Olufanayo

Izimiso zokulawula ukuthi ubani ongaba nengxenye ekuphileni komphakathi, ukwenza izinqumo zasekhaya, noma ukufinyelela imithombo yosizo. Imisebenzi yosizo ethatha abesifazane namadoda anamathuba afanayo ngokuvamile ayikhiphi ingxenye yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwemicrofecration ebhekene nabesifazane lungafuna ukuba bahambe amabanga amade baye ebhange, okuyinto engenakwenzeka emiphakathini lapho ukunyakaza kwabesifazane kuvinjelwe. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa ezolimo eqeqesha abalimi kuphela abalimi abangamadoda banganaki iqiniso lokuthi abesifazane benza ingxenye enkulu yezolimo ezifundeni eziningi. Izinhlelo ezisheshayo ziklama imisebenzi ehlukene, zinikeza abesifazane amaphekula, futhi zifaka abaphathi bomphakathi abesilisa abasekela ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane. [[FLD: 0] Abesifazane [FLD] [F1] [FL:] Abesifazane]

Ubucukuthwane Nezikhungo Zomphakathi

Imisebenzi yosizo edlula abaholi bamasiko ibhekwa njengengenanhlonipho noma isongela. Ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-hinsharing shorary shocts, i-hrarchy esekelwe ezinkolweni ze-Hyn esekelwe ekuboneni isigaba somphakathi, i-agnomed, isikhulu sezwe, abaholi benkolo, noma abaholi bohlu lozalo.

Izimo Zengqondo Ngesikhathi Nokuhlela

Imibono yempucuko yamasiko iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Emazweni akhona (avamile eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Melika), ukugcina isikhathi nokwenza uhlelo lwe-ronac. Emiphakathini (yabaningi e-Latin America, e-Afrika, naseMpumalanga Ephakathi), isikhathi sibhekwa njengoketshezi oluningi, futhi ubuhlobo buthatha indawo yokuqala kuhlela isikhathi esinzima. Imisebenzi yosizo ethatha izenzakalo eziqinile zentuthuko ingaphazamisa abangane bendawo futhi ibangele izingxabano. Iprojekthi yamanzi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ingabambeka ngenxa yokuthi umphakathi ufuna ukuba nomkhosi ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe kuqale — isenzakalo umphathi weprojekthi abheka njengesiwukuchitha isikhathi kodwa umphakathi owawusibheka njengesibalulekile ekwakheni izinhlangano zomphakathi. Ukuphumelela ukujwayela ukuvumelana kwemiculo, ukuvumelana nobudlelwane bendawo, ukuvumelana nobudlelwane obusemqoka nengxenye yomsebenzi.

Ukuhlola Icala: Amaphutha Empucuko Nempumelelo

Ukubaluleka kwempucuko okucatshangelwayo kuba sobala lapho kuhlola imisebenzi yezwe yangempela 76.

Inqubo Ehlulekile: Ukungazinaki Izinkolelo Zendawo Emkhankasweni Wokugoma

Enyakatho yeNigeria, umkhankaso wokugoma uvendle owaqaliswa ekuqaleni kwawo- 2000 wamelana nokumelana namazwe amaningi. Amahemuhemu endawo asakazeka ukuthi lomjovo wawungcoliswe amanxusa alwa nokuntula izakhi kanye nengxenye yecebo laseNtshonalanga lokunciphisa inani lamaSulumane. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke eziqhuba lomkhankaso zazingawubambi umkhankaso nabaholi benkolo noma abaphilisi abangokwesiko, futhi zasebenzisa izinto zokuxhumana ezingalungiswanga ngokwesiko. Ngenxa yalokho, inani lokugoma, nopolio laphinde lancipha ngemva kokuqedwa. Ukwehluleka kwakungekhona ngenxa yendlela yokungawunaki ngokuphelele umjovolo ngokwawo kodwa ukungana nomthetho wezesiko nenkolo. Kwathatha iminyaka eminingi ukuthembana — kuhlanganise nezazi zamaSulumane kanye nokulungisa — ukubuyiselwa. Lokhu kuphawulwe kakhulu [FLD][FK] CD [FFK] njengesifundo sezempucuko.

Impumelelo: Abaphilisi abavamile ezimisweni ze - HIV/AIDS

ENingizimu Afrika, ukusabela kukahulumeni kwasekuqaleni kuyiHIV/AIDS kwaphazanyiswa ukuhlazeka nokungathembani kwezokwelapha zaseNtshonalanga ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. INhlangano yezempilo yomhlaba wonke yabhala uhlelo olwaqeqesha abaphilisi abangokwesiko ukuba banikeze ama-condom, banikeze iseluleko, futhi babhekise iziguli ekuhlolweni. Abaphilisi kakade base bethembele kudokotela ezindabeni zempilo, kanye nezingxoxo zabo ezivamile nge-HIV. Uhlelo lwaphumelela ngenxa yokuthi aluzange luzifake ezinkonzweni ezingokwezenkolo kodwa kunalokho lwazihlanganise nenqubo yezempilo ebanzi. Ukuzivumelanisa nomthetho kwakuyisihluthulelo: abaphilisi babesebenzisa izisho zasendaweni yokuhlolwa kanye nemihlangano yomphakathi ukuze basakaze ulwazi, futhi bancishinyezwe isikhathi sabo, futhi bahlonipha isimo sabo.

Lezi zimo ezihlukene zibonisa iqiniso eliyisisekelo: Izici ezingokwesiko akuzona izithiyo okumelwe zinqotshwe kodwa okumelwe zisingathwe ngokuzikhandla.

Izinqubo Zomklamo Womklamo Wosizo Osekelwe Emasikweni

Izinhlangano zosizo zingasebenzisa izindlela eziningana ezisekelwe kubufakazi 76 zokuqinisekisa ukuthi isiko liyagxila kulo mjikelezo wokwakha.

Ukuhloma Ngesiko

Phambi kokuhlela noma ikuphi ukungenela, kufanele kwenziwe ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwempucuko. Lokhu kudlulela ngalé kokuhlola okulula; kuhilela ukuhlola okungokwe-ethnographic, kubhekisa amaqembu namalungu omphakathi ahlukene, nezingxoxo nabayazi abayinhloko njengabadala, othisha, nabaholi benkolo. Lokhu kuhlola kufanele kuphawule imingcele engokwesiko futhi kuthole nezinto — imikhuba ekhona ekhona, imiphakathi ekhona, nezinhlangano ezithenjwayo. World Bank ipulani yesisekelo sokusekela umphakathi [[ ihlanganisa umongo wesiko njengensika yesisekelo. U-Assesss kufanele uhlaziswe njalo njengoshintsho lwesikhathi.

Ukuhlela Ukuba Nengxenye Nemiphakathi Yendawo

Ukuthatha isinyathelo kusho ukuthi amalungu omphakathi awaxhunyaniswa nje kuphela kodwa abenzi besinqumo abasebenzayo kulomsebenzi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqonda okungokwesiko kufakwa ekwakheni kusukela ekuqaleni. Ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa amakhadi okubhala amaphuzu omphakathi, amakhadi okuveza izigaba, nokukhipha iziqu zomphakathi. Uma ikomiti yamanzi ihlanganisa abesifazane, amadoda, abadala, kanye nobusha, icebo eliwumphumela libonakala kakhulu ekubonakaliseni amaqiniso angokwesiko okusetshenziswa kwamanzi, imithwalo yenkongoze, kanye nokunakekela. Ukuphatha izimpahla kwakha: uma umphakathi unomuzwa wokuthi iprojekthi iyizakho, cishe uyoyisekela ngemva kwemigomo yangaphandle.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinto Nokuthunywa Kwemiyalezo

Zonke izinto zokuxhumana — izincwajana, amabala omsakazo, amavidiyo, izincwadi zokuqeqesha — kufanele zivumelane nezilimi zendawo, amazinga okufunda, namasiko okubona. Sebenzisa imifanekiso efanelekile ngokwesiko: ngokwesibonelo, emphakathini lapho ukubonisa ingeno yesicathulo kubhekwa njengokungathandeki, umfanekiso wonyawo kufanele ushintshwe. Ukulandisa, idrama, nomculo kuvame ukuphumelela kakhulu kunokuhlola izinkulumo zezwe. EGhana, umkhankaso “Magdo Buga” wasebenzisa izinselele zomdanso ezidumile ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwe-COVOVID . Ukuthatha i-mspectivesss ashop i-translated ne-diography ehambisana nezinkulumo ezikhona.

Ukuqeqesha Nokuqapha Abashayeli Bezisebenzi Basendaweni

Izinhlangano zamazwe kufanele ziqashe izisebenzi zendawo eziqonda imingcele yamasiko alapha. Izisebenzi zendawo zingavala igebe phakathi kochwepheshe bangaphandle nemiphakathi, futhi azinamathuba okuchazwa kabi izimpawu zomphakathi. Ukuqeqeshwa kokuzwelana nomphakathi kuzo zonke izisebenzi ezizihambelayo kubalulekile, kodwa kufanele kube okuqhubekayo kunesikhathi esisodwa esiphezulu. Ukuqeqesha kufanele kuhlanganise izihloko ezifana nokuxhumana okungokomphakathi, amandla, kanye nomongo ongokomlando (kuhlanganise umlando wezwe nehluleka kosizo kwangaphambili). I-Peace Corps iye yagcizelela isikhathi eside ukucwiliswa kwempucuko phakathi nokuqeqeshwa kwe-prebèvice, okunengxenye ekuphumelele kwayo okukhulu kwemisebenzi yomphakathi.[6]

Ukwakha Ubuhlobo Obude

Amandla angokwesiko awanakufinyelelwa ngokuhambela ngokushesha noma ngemihlangano embalwa. Kudinga ukuthembisana okuqhubekayo. Izinhlangano zosizo ezitshala imali ebuhlotsheni obude obuphakathi komphakathi, u-NGO, nezikhulu zikahulumeni zithuthukisa ukuqonda okujulile kwezenhlalo. Zifunda ukuthi ubani ozokhuluma ngaphambi kokwenza izinqumo, indlela yokulawula ezombangazwe zendawo, futhi uma kuthathwa emuva. Lendlela yokusiza ikhulisa, okuyimali yokuthuthukisa umsebenzi. Umsebenzi othatha iminyaka emithathu ungaveza imiphumela ejulile kuphela ngoba unyaka wokugcina kusetshenziswa ukuthembana kokuqala — kusetshenziswa kahle isikhathi.

Isiphetho: Impucuko Yokuzibandakanya Iba Umkhuba Wokuthuthukisa

Ukuphumelela kosizo lwangaphandle akuyona nje indaba yobuchwepheshe, ukuhlelwa kwemali, noma ukuhlelwa kwendlela. Izici zomuntu — ezibunjwe yisiko — ngokuvamile ziyisici esinqumayo. Uma izici zamasiko zinganakwa, ngisho nemisebenzi engcono kakhulu ehlelwayo ingahluleka; uma yamukelwa, imiphakathi iba abantu abakhuthele abathatha impumelelo futhi basekele ukungenela esikhathini eside ngemva kokusekelwa kwangaphandle.

Indlela engaphambili idinga ukushintshwa kwezemfundo. Izinhlangano ezixhasa ukukhokhwa kwemali kufanele zidinge ukuhlolwa kwezesiko njengengxenye yezihlongozo, futhi izimiso zokuhlola kufanele zihlanganise izikhombo zempucuko. Imisebenzi edinga ukuba ochwepheshe bezokuthuthukisa esikhathini esizayo baxhumane ne-athomolology kanye nokuxhumana okungokwesiko. Ngaphansi, izisebenzi ezisizayo kumelwe zibonise ukuthobeka, zilalele kakhulu kunaleyo eziyikhulumayo, futhi ziqaphele ukuthi imiphakathi yalapha iyizazi zeqiniso zempucuko yazo.

Ekugcineni, umgomo wosizo lwakwamanye amazwe awukona ukunikeza amakhambi kodwa ukwenza ushintsho oluvumelana nezindinganiso nezifiso zendawo. Impucuko ayisona isithiyo okumelwe sixazululwe; yisizathu lapho yonke imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa ikhona. Ngokuhlonipha leyo ngxenye, izinhlangano zokusiza zingakha imisebenzi engaphumeleli kodwa futhi ehloniphekayo, nehloniphekayo, nehlala njalo.