Isingeniso: Isimiso Sesimiso Se - policial Esiningi

I-United States isebenza esinye sezimiso zomthetho ezihlonipheke kakhulu emhlabeni. Izinhlangano ezingaphezu kuka-18,000 zikahulumeni, uhulumeni, kanye nendawo zihlanganyela umthwalo wokuvikela umphakathi, ngasinye sinegunya laso, izimali, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Le sakhiwo esinamacala aqinile singadala i-efficiencies . [1] Izinhlangano ezikhethekile ezisingatha izinsongo ezihlukene − kodwa futhi ziletha izinselele zokuhlanganisa, ukuxhumanisa, nokusakaza imithombo engafani. Ukuqonda ukuthi isilinganiso ngasinye sisebenza kanjani, nendlela ezisebenza ngayo, kubaluleke kangakanani ekuqondeni amandla nokushiyeka kwe-Mapul Policles yaseMelika namuhla.

Lokhu kuhlola okuqhathanisa kuhlola izindima ezihlukene zokugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni, kukahulumeni, kanye nomthetho wendawo, izindlela ababambisana ngazo (noma bahluleka), nezinselele ezivamile ababhekana nazo. Ngokuhlola isilinganiso ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe, singathola amathuba okubambisana, ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana, nemiphumelelo engcono yokuphepha komphakathi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Ohlangene: Igunya Lesizwe Nemisebenzi Ekhethekile

Izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ze-Foderal zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya leSishaya-mthetho sase-U.S. kanye negatsha eliphethe. Ukubusa kwazo kudlulela ezinhlangothini zikahulumeni nasemingceleni yomhlaba wonke, kuvumele ukuba zixazulule ubugebengu obudlula imingcele yendawo − njengobuphekula, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa okukhulu, ukukhwabanisa ngezimali, kanye ne-ibrockcrine. Ngokungafani nezikhulu zikahulumeni, abaphathi bezwe, amaphoyisa abenzi izinjongo ezivamile; bagxila ekuphuleni komthetho futhi basebenza njalo kwamanye amabutho.

Izimo Eziyinhloko

Amanxusa ahlangene anezimali ezinkulu, ezobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile okuntuleka kakhulu kwesifundazwe neminyango yendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FBI Ehlangene ne-DNA Index System (CODIS) ne-ATF's National Intetrated Information Networket Network (NIBIN) inikeza amathuluzi okuhlola angeke athengwe yizinhlangano ezincane. Nokho, ukugcinwa komthetho kulinganiselwe: ayinakuphoqelela imithetho ye-DNARC (CODIS) noma ukusabela ezimweni ezivamile zenkonzo ezifana nokushaywa kwemijahosho yezimoto noma ukukhononda komsindo komphakathi.

Imingcele Yokulinganiselwa Nokulinganiselwa Kweziqu Zamagama

Umbuso wombuso we-Federal awulinganiselwe. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane igunya kwezohwebo zamazwe angaphandle, izindaba zangaphandle, kodwa usuku oluningi ubugebengu bezwe (murder), ukuphanga, ukuhlasela ) ukuhlasela ezifundazweni nasezindaweni ezithile. Amanxusa angangenela kuphela uma ubugebengu buhilela isithakazelo sikahulumeni (umz., ibhange eligadiwe yi-FIC, ukusebenzisa isibhamu, noma ukunqamula imigqa yombuso). Lomngcele ongokomthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala egxile ezimqokasweni zesizwe, kodwa futhi ungadala izikhala uma izinhlangano zendawo zinqotshwa yizehlakazelelwa yizehlaka.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho KaHulumeni: Ukuvala Igebe

Izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni zifeza indima ephakathi. Ziphoqelela imithetho yezemthetho, zigada imigwaqo emikhulu, futhi zinikeze imithombo ekhethekile eminyangweni yendawo. Ngokungafani nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, amaphoyisa kahulumeni anegunya lokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho emngceleni wawo, kodwa amandla awo alinganiselwe emingceleni kahulumeni. Isakhiwo siyahlukahluka kakhulu: amanye amabutho kahulumeni ahlangene amaphoyisa asebenza ngokuqinisekisa umthetho ngokugcwele, kuyilapho amanye esebenza ngokwahlukene egada iminyango yasemigwaqweni emikhulu naseminyangoni yezenhlalo.

Izimo Ezivamile ZaseHulumeni

  • I-State Police: Izinhlangano ezigcwele ezigada yonke imigwaqo, zihlola ubugebengu, futhi zisiza iminyango yendawo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iPennsylvania State Police, enikeza amaphoyisa ayinhloko kamasipala angaphezu kuka2 000, kanye noMnyango we-Texas we-Public Safety, osingatha kokubili ukugada komgwaqo nophenya ngobugebengu.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Prol ephezulu: igxile ekulondekeni kwezimoto, ekubekeni izimoto ezithengiselwayo, nasekuhloleni ingozi. I-California Highway Patrol iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo.
  • I-Bureau yase-SBIOUT): Lezinhlangano (umzk., North Carolina SBI, Georgia Bureau of Investigation) zisingatha ukuhlola okuyinkimbinkimbi njengokukhohlakala komphakathi, i-arson, nemisebenzi emikhulu yezidakamizwa. Ngokuvamile zisebenza njengelungu elithatha i-arhente uma izinhlangano zendawo zixabana ngesithakazelo.

Ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zasemaphandleni lapho amahhovisi esifundazwe amancane khona futhi angase antule imithombo yezezimali yokusingatha izindaba ezinkulu. Amanxusa amaningi amaphoyisa kahulumeni asebenzisa futhi amalaborabhu obugebengu, aqeqesha izikole, kanye nezikhungo zokuhlanganisa ezihlanganisa ukuhlakanipha phakathi kwezindawo. iNhlangano yezizwe zonke yabaqondisi bemithetho ye-Endictivement and Training (IDLEST)[FL:1] inikeza isiqondiso ezindinganisweni zokuqeqesha zikahulumeni.

Ukubambisana Nezinhlangano Zendawo

Amaphoyisa kahulumeni avame ukusebenza njengesisebenzi somfutho eminyangweni yendawo. Anganikeza ukusekela kwendiza enophephela emhlane, amaqembu eSWAT, ama-KÍ9, nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola ukuthi idolobha elincane alikwazanga ukusekela. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo . "njengezinhlekelele zemvelo noma izinxushunxushu zomphakathi" umbusi angathumela amaphoyisa kahulumeni kunoma iyiphi ingxenye kahulumeni. Nokho, amagunya ahlukene angabangela ukucindezeleka, ikakhulukazi uma izikhulu zikahulumeni zisebenzisa igunya ezenzakalo zendawo. Ukucacisa imigaqo kanye nemisebenzi ehlangene kuyasiza ekunciphiseni lezingxabano.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Wasendaweni: Umngcele Oyinhloko Wemithetho Esemthethweni

Ukugcinwa komthetho kwamaphoyisa edolobhana − ukuhlanganisa iminyango yamaphoyisa edolobha, amahhovisi aphethe isifundazwe, namaphoyisa esizwe, − uhlobo olubonakalayo nolufinyelelekayo kakhulu lwamaphoyisa. Lezi zinhlangano zisingatha ukuxhumana okukhulu kwezakhamuzi, kusukela ekumisweni kwezimoto kuya ekuphazanyisweni kwezindawo kuya ebugebengwini obunobudlova. Zixhaswa ngokuyinhloko ngentela yendawo, okusho ukuthi ingcebo yazo namakhono azo kuyahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe engcebweni nasemiphakathini ezikhonza kuyo.

Izinhlangano Zamaphoyisa Zasedolobheni

Iminyango yamaphoyisa asedolobheni isebenza ngomasipala abahlanganisiwe, kusukela emadolobheni amancane anezikhulu ezimbalwa kuya emadolobheni amakhulu njenge-NYPD (izikhulu zeyunifomu ezingu - 36 000). Imithwalo yabo eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukuqapha, ukusabela okuphuthumayo, uphenyo lobugebengu, ukuphoqelelwa kwezimoto, nokuphuma komphakathi. Iminyango eminingi yamadolobha isebenza futhi ekhethekile eqeqenjini lamaqembu, ama - narcotic, noma i - psychile psy.

Amahhovisi KaSheriff

Amahhovisi kasheriff akhonza izindawo ezingafakwanga umthetho futhi anikeza umthetho kuwo wonke ama-odar. Ngokungafani nabaphathi bamaphoyisa, amaphoyisa ngokuvamile akhethwa njengezikhulu ezivunayo zezombangazwe, eziqala ukulandisa kodwa futhi ezingase ziqashelwe ukugcinwa komthetho. Ngaphezu kokuqapha nokuphenya, abaphathi bamaphoyisa balawula amajele esifunda, basebenzise amaphepha asenkantolo (umz., ukuxoshwa, amapuena), futhi banikeza ukulondeka ezindlini. Amanye amahhovisi abaphathi bezekelelayo aye ahileleka kakhulu ekuvivinjeni abangeni abafuduki nge-ICE, kuyilapho abanye bebhekisa amehlo ekungeneni komphakathi.

Imithetho Yomphakathi: Ifilosofi Nomkhuba

Amaphoyisa omphakathi ayisusela kabanzi ukugcizelela ukuthembana nokubambisana phakathi kwezikhulu nezakhamuzi. Ayahluka kuhlobo oluqinile lwenkinga cishe, ukugada izinyawo, nemihlangano yomphakathi yasikhathi sonke. Ukuhlola kusikisela ukuthi amaphoyisa omphakathi anganciphisa ukwesaba ubugebengu, athuthukise ubuhlobo bamaphoyisa, futhi andise ukubika ngobugebengu. Nokho, ukumiswa kwawo akulingani: iminyango eminingi ithi isebenzisa inqubo yomphakathi kodwa isathembele kakhulu ekusebenziseni izigebengu ze-athom, izigebengu ze- Ihhovisi lobupholic [[FLT:][FLT]] [FLT] [ult] [ult] (iiii Ukuqeqesha nokusekela lemizamo.]

Ukuhlaziya Izinga Lomthetho Eliqhathaniswayo

Nakuba zontathu lezi zigaba zihlanganyela umgomo ofanayo wokuphepha komphakathi, ngokuyisisekelo zihlukile ekulawuleni, emfuyo, ekugxileni ekusebenzeni nasekuzilandiseni ngezenzo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ekuhloleni izihlongozo zokulungisa kabusha noma ukuguqula amaphoyisa aseMelika.

I - Jurisciation

I-FLT: Isizwe sibanzi, kodwa ilinganiselwe emithethweni kahulumeni. Ayikwazi ukuphoqelela imithetho yezwe noma ukuphendula izingcingo zendawo. Isifundazwe:[[ phakathi kwemingcele kazwe, negunya lokuphoqelela imithetho yombuso nomaphi lapho umbuso unegunya khona. Imingcele yedolobha noma imingcele yesifundazwe, ngaphandle kokuba izivumelwano zokusiza zidlulise igunya. Izikhulu zendawo azinalo igunya ngaphandle kwegunya lazo lokubusa.

Imithombo Yengcebo Nezimali

Izinhlangano ze-Federal zijabulela izimali ezinkulu kakhulu, ezobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezibanzi. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziyahlukahluka: ezinye zinezinga elingcono kakhulu, kuyilapho ezinye zilwa nokugawulwa kwemithetho emisiwe. Iminyango yendawo ingamapulangwe aphakeme kakhulu angathenga izilinganiso zokuzalana kwabantu kanye nezinga lokuhlukanisa abantu, kuyilapho iminyango yasemaphandleni empofu neyasemadolobheni isebenza ngemishini ephelelwe isikhathi kanye nokuswelakala kwezisebenzi ezigxekayo. Lokhu kuguquguquka ngokuqondile kuthinta izinga lenkonzo kanye nokuphepha kwesikhulu.

Ukugxila okusebenzayo

Izisebenzi zomthetho eziphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni zigxile ebugebenguni obukhulu, ukulahlwa kwecala eliningi nokulondeka kwesizwe. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zivame ukwenza indima embaxambili: ukugcinwa kwezimoto kanye nokusekelwa komthetho jikelele. Izinhlangano zendawo zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi kakhulu .Njengoba zonke kusukela ekukhonondeni komsindo kuya ekubulaleni.

Ukubambisana Nokuwohloka

Amandla omsebenzi ayindlela eyinhloko yokubambisana phakathi kwe-gradeadact. Umthetho wobuphekula (JTFs) uhlanganisa i-FBI, isifundazwe, nezisebenzi zendawo; amabutho ezidakamizwa ahlanganisa i-DEA, amaphoyisa kahulumeni, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi; futhi amabutho obugebengu anobudlova ahlasela izigebengu zezibhamu. Ukuhlobanisa izibhamu kuyaphumelela, kodwa ukuncintisana kwemali yokuthenga isikweleti, ukuhlukahluka kwempucuko, nemithetho evimbela imfucumfuno yezidakamizwa kungaphazamisa ukusebenza. I-DROB i-DOJ PROG igcizelela inani lamandla emisebenzi ekulweni nobugebengu obunobudlova.

Ukulandisa Nokuphatha

Amanxusa azimele anecala ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni nezimiso zangaphakathi, ngokuvamile ngokuzimela njengehhovisi le-FBI lobuProfethi. Amaphoyisa oMbuso aphendula umbusi wesishayamthetho nombuso; amanye amazwe anamabhodi okuhlola abantu. Iminyango yendawo inecala kumameya, emikhandlwini yedolobha, nasemabhodini esifundazwe, kodwa amaningi abhekene nokwengamela okuncane ngaphandle. Umsebenzi wezimiso zokuziphendulela uholele ekusebenziseni impoqo nombiko ongafaneleki.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimo Eziphoqelelwayo Zomthetho Kuzo Zonke Izikhundla

Naphezu kokungezwani kwazo, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni nezokuhlala zinezinselele eziningi ezicindezelayo ezilulaza ukwethenjwa nokwethenjwa umphakathi.

  • Ukuhlanganisa izilinganiso: Iminyango yendawo ehhhayishwa kakhulu emiphakathini ethola imali efinyelelwe ivame ukusebenza ngemali esetshenziswayo yentambo yezicathulo, iholela ekusebenziseni imali encane, ukuqeqeshwa okuncishisiwe, nokuncika kubuchwepheshe obuphelelwe yisikhathi. Federal inikeza usizo olufana nohlelo lwe-Byrne JaG, kodwa ayinakuvala igebe.
  • Ukuthembana kobuPublic noMthetho: Izenzakalo eziphezulu zonya lwamaphoyisa, ukuqhatha kwezinhlanga, kanye nokuziphatha okubi kwezimiso kuye kwaqeda ukwethembana, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemiphakathi emincane. Ukubuyisela ukuqiniseka kudinga ukuba sobala, ukuthembisana komphakathi, kanye nokulandisa okunenjongo ngokuziphatha okubi.
  • Izikhulu eziningi eziqeqesha amaDeficit: Izikhulu eziningi zithola amahora ambalwa okuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo, zingagcizeleli kakhulu ukususwa kwemithetho, ubandlululo olucacile, ukungenela kwezinkinga, nokusabela kwempilo. Izwe elinezindinganiso zokuqeqesha eziphakeme livame ukusebenzisa izenzakalo ezingu-62of23thod, kodwa inguquko ayilingani.
  • Impilo yentamo kanye nokungabi namakhaya: ngokuvamile i-application engathandeki yezempilo yengqondo nezokungabi namakhaya] i-aspects ezibhekiswa kangcono izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle nochwepheshe bezempilo. I-Coprogresspoints (izikhulu ezisebenza nge-parence ne-mithola-mpilo) ibonisa isithembiso kodwa idinga ukusekela nokuhlanganisa i-mali kanye nokuhlanganisa isimiso sokusebenza.
  • Igebe lika-technology ne-astyle Concerns: Nakuba ubuchwepheshe obuphambili (i-cams, i-drone, i-ALPR) ingathuthukisa ukulandisa nobufakazi, izinhlangano ezincane azinakukwazi ukukuthenga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwamathuluzi okuhlola kunyusa izikhathi ezifuna izimiso ezicacile nokuphathwa komphakathi.
  • Ukuguqula i-Platical: ukuphikisana ngokululaza amaphoyisa, ukuvikela komzimba okufanelekayo, nokuguqula ibheyili kuye kwaba izicathulo ezithatha indawo, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezisekelwe ku-286. Abaphathi bempi bavame ukuzizwa bebambeke phakathi.

Ikusasa Lokuphoqelelwa Komthetho: Ukuthambekela Okungalawuleki Nezithiyo Eziphikelelayo

Ukugcinwa komthetho e-United States kushintsha, kushukunyiswa izimfuno zomphakathi, ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, nokuqaphela okwandayo ukuthi ukuphepha komphakathi kudinga okungaphezu nje kobupholi. Izimo eziningi zilolonga ikusasa:

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokunikeza Isiqinisekiso Sokulondeka

Iminyango eqhubekayo ishintsha iqonde esithombeni lapho amaphoyisa esebenza khona kanye nezakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nezinzuzo ezingakhi ukuze abhekane nezimbangela eziyinhloko zobugebengu("ubumpofu, ukuntuleka kwamathuba, izindlu ezimpofu. Lendlela “yokuveza” ihlangene nokunciphisa ubudlova nokuthembana okuthuthukisiwe, kodwa idinga ukugcinwa kwezikhathi ezithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu okungakhohliswa omasipala abaningi.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Ne - Data ←Driven Polician

Izimpawu zokubikezela, izimiso zokuthungatha izibhamu, kanye nezikhungo zobugebengu zangempela zesikhathi kuya kuba yinjwayezi. Uma zisetshenziswa ngokukhanyayo nangaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho, lamathuluzi angasiza izinhlangano ukuba ziphendule ngokushesha futhi zinikeze imithombo yengcebo. Nokho, ukuqondisa kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni izimpawu ezicwathile nokungalawuleki kwasese. Inhlangano yesizwe yezindinganiso nezobuchwepheshe inikeza iziqondiso zokuthatha iziqondiso zobuchwepheshe obusekelwe ekuthatheleni i-a inzuzo.

Ukushintsha Kwemithetho Nokulandisa

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidlulisa izinguquko ezithiya kakhulu ukusebenzisa amakhamera endikimba, ukugunyaza ukuba i-authom, futhi zidala amabhodi aqondisa abantu. Ngezinga likahulumeni, i-George Floyd Justice e-Policing Act ehlongozwayo, nakuba iye yazinqanda. Ukuthambekela ekuguquleni kusobala, kodwa ukuhlelwa kwemiyalo kuyaqhubeka kuguquguquka futhi kuphikisana kwezombangazwe.

Ukwandisa Ibhokisi Lamathuluzi Aphendulayo

Okunye okungathathwa ekusabeleni kwamaphoyisa ukuzuza inzuzo: amaqembu angenazo iziphetho zengozi (njenge-CAHOOTS e-Eugene, e-Oregon), izimo zempilo engokwengqondo ezihambayo, kanye nobudlova obuphazamisayo. Lezinhlelo ziye zanciphisa ukuboshwa kwabantu futhi zathuthukisa imiphumela kubantu abasebunzimeni. Ukubahlela ngokwesizwe kuyodinga ukushintshwa kwezimali eziza kuqala ngaphandle kwezimiso zamaphoyisa ezingokwesiko.

Imikhuba Esekelwe Eveza Imininingwane Nobufakazi

Imishini icindezelwa ukuba inyathelise ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuma, ukuphenya, ukusebenzisa ukudubula okungahileli. I-National Useuphāof à Force Data Cooption ye-FBI ihlose ukugcwalisa amagebe amade emininingwane e-69, kodwa ukuhlanganyela kungokokuzithandela, futhi izinhlangano eziningi aziyifakanga imininingwane. Ukubonakala okukhulu kuyagxeka uma kwenziwa ucwaningo.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Esidinga Ukukhathalela

Isimiso sokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho waseMelika, esihlukaniswa phakathi kwezinga likahulumeni, umbuso, nezindawo, asiyona inhlangano eyodwa kodwa ukuhlangana okungenalusizo kwezinhlangano ezinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene namakhono angalinganiyo. Le nqubo ingaba amandla − ukuvumela ukumiswa nokushintshwa kwendawo nokushintsha-kanye, kodwa futhi kuqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani nokuhlukana. Njengoba umphakathi ubhekene nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi (ukubhekana nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo, i-inthaneti, nokufuna ubulungisa obungokohlanga), isidingo sokubambisana okungcono, ukusekela imali eyanele, kanye nezindinganiso ezivumelanayo azikaze zibe eziphuthuma kakhulu.

Ukuqonda izindima ezihlukile ezichazwe kulobububuko obuqhathanisayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiya enguqukoni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngemisebenzi, ngemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe ehlangane, izindinganiso zokuqeqesha isizwe, noma ukusabela okukhulisiwe okungekona okuvamile, ikusasa lokuphepha komphakathi lizoxhomeka esimisweni esivumelana kakhudlwana lapho izinga ngalinye lisiza khona kangcono kakhulu,(-) futhi lapho amagebe egcwele khona ngaphandle kwephutha, kodwa ngokuklanywa.