Ukuchaza Ukubona Okugqamile Eqenjini Lomphakathi

Izindlela zokubona ngaphaya kwezindawo ziye zasuka entweni engcono kakhulu yaba insika eyisisekelo yokubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla. Ekuboneni kwayo okulula, okungokomphakathi kusho ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni, izinqumo, nokusetshenziswa kwezimali zomphakathi kuvulekelwe ukuba kuhlolwe izakhamuzi, imithombo yezindaba, nomphakathi. Lokhu kukhululeka akukona nje ukuthumela amaphepha ango-i - Internet (ihlanganisa ukuba khona okucacile, okufike ngesikhathi, nokuthatha isinyathelo okuvumela umphakathi ukuba uqonde ukuthi izinqumo zithinta kanjani ukuphila kwawo. Uma ohulumeni bebeka ukubonakala obala, bakha indida: izakhamuzi zingahlola, zifunela izincazelo, nethonya lesikhathi esizayo. Umphumela uveza ukusabela okukhulu, ukulandisa, nokuthembeka kwesimiso sombuso.

Nokho, ukubonakala ngaphandle akusona isiphelo kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo. Kudinga ukuqashelwa okucacile komthetho, ukuqiniswa kwemithetho, kanye nempucuko ekwazisa ukuvuleka komlomo ngasese. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, amazwe emhlabeni wonke aye athatha izinsimbi zokuveza, kusukela ekutholeni imithetho yokwaziswa kuya ekuhleleni iziteshi zokuhlela. Lemizamo iye yashukunyiswa ukuqaphela okukhulayo ukuthi ohulumeni abansundu bazala ukwaneliseka nokonakala, kuyilapho abakhayo bekhanga ukutshala, ukuthuthukisa ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo, nokunika izakhamuzi amandla.

Indaba Ebucayi Nesebenzayo Kahulumeni Ovulekile

Ukulandisa Ngaphandle Kokukhethwa

Ukubona gcaluza kuqinisa ukulandisa ngokuqondile ngokwenza kube lula ukuthola ukuthi ngubani owenza isinqumo, kungani, futhi yimiphi imiphumela. Izikhulu ezinganakiwe nezisebenzi zomphakathi zithambekele kakhulu ekuthatheni isithakazelo somphakathi lapho zazi ukuthi izenzo zazo ziyobonakala. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni anyathelisa ukwaziswa okutholakele kwangempela, ukuncintisana kunciphisa ingozi yokufuna ukuthatheka kwemibono kanye nezivumelwano ezikhulisiwe. Loluhlobo lokukhanya luguqula ukulandisa kombono ukusuka ekuhloleni kwezikhathi ezithile kokhetho lwesikhathi kusenzeka ekulindeleni kwansuku zonke.

Ukwakha Nokusekela Ukuthembana

Ukuthembela komphakathi kuhulumeni kuye kwehla emazweni amaningi phakathi namashumi amaningi eminyaka amuva. Ukubona ngaphaya kwamandla ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha lokho kuthenjwa. Uma izakhamuzi zingabona indlela imali yentela esetshenziswa ngayo, indlela inqubo emiswa ngayo, nendlela izikhalo ezixazululwa ngayo, cishe zibheka uhulumeni njengolungile futhi okwaziyo. Ohulumeni ababonisayo bathambekele futhi ekuboneni amazinga aphakeme okukhokhwa kwentela nokuhlanganyela komphakathi, kudala umjikelezo omuhle wokuthembisana nokuthembana.

Ukukhohlakala Nokusebenzisa Kabi Amandla

Inkohlakalo ichuma ebumnyameni. Ngokufuna izikhulu ukuba zembule impahla, zisakaze izikhawu zempi, futhi zivule amarekhodi omhlangano emphakathini, izinyathelo zokubona ngapha nangapha zidala indawo lapho ukonakala kunzima ukufihla khona. Isimiso sokwakha sibonisa ukuthi amazwe anezimiso eziqinile zokuqondisa, njengezinhlangano ezizimele zokuhlola nokuthola izinhlelo, njalo asesilinganisweni sokonakala. Ukuvula kusebenza njengesivikelo, ngenxa nje yengozi yokudaleka okuphawulekayo.

Ukunika Izakhamuzi Ezinolwazi

Izakhamuzi ezisebenzayo, ezinolwazi olubalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi onempilo. Ukuthatha isinyathelo sokubonana kuvumela amabhukwana enqubo angabonakali ukuba abe ukwaziswa okufinyelelekayo abantu abangakusebenzisa ukusekela ushintsho, ukuqala amabhizinisi, noma ukuveza abameleli ukuba balandise. Iprojekthi kaHulumeni we-OECD Open Government [ iqokomisa indlela imininingwane evulekile ngemfundo, impilo, nezezisekelo zemisebenzi evumela ngayo amaqembu omphakathi ukuba athole futhi ashukuswe ngezinguquko. Izakhamuzi ezifundelwe zingezona abamukela izinkonzo ngokuzinkonzo ezizimele.

Izindlela Ezinkulu Zokuqalisa Ukubona Imibala

Izindlela zokubona ngamehlo zanamuhla zivela ngezindlela eziningi, ngasinye sihlasela isici esihlukile semisebenzi kahulumeni. Izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zihlanganisa iziqondiso ezingokomthetho, amathuluzi obuchwepheshe, nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa.

Izindawo Zokuxhumana Ezivulekile Nezindawo Zokubuyisela Imali

Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke baye basungula amapulatifomu aphethe ukwaziswa anyathelise ama-stat abekwe emalini, izivumelwano, umthetho, izibalo zobugebengu, izinga lendawo ezungezile, nezinye eziningi. i-United States’s Data.gov wayephakathi kweyokuqala, elandelwa amatheku afanayo e-UK, eCanada, iFrance, kanye namanye amazwe amaningi. La matheku anezinga elivamile le-data (CSV, JSON, API ukufinyelela, ukufinyelela, abathuthukisi, nabacwaningi. Inseleleko ayishicilelwe nje kuphela kodwa igcinwe kodwa igcinwe ibekwe phezulu futhi ibekwe ngendlela yobuhlobo bomsebenzisi.

Inkululeko Yolwazi Nokufinyelela Imithetho Yolwazi

Amazwe angaphezu kuka-120 manje anohlobo oluthile lomthetho wokwaziswa (FOI). Lemithetho inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo elingokomthetho lokucela amaphepha namarekhodi ezindikimba zomphakathi, okungashiyi ukhuseleko lwesizwe kanye yimfihlo yomuntu siqu. Inkululeko ye-UK of Information Act engu- 2000 iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo: imboza iziphathimandla zomphakathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu futhi iye yasetshenziselwa ukudalula udoti, ukwehluleka kwezimiso, nokunxusa ngasese. Nokho, i-FOI i-soi sekeleka ekutholeni ngokusebenza nokuzimela okusemthethweni kanye nemishini yolwazi engaphoqeqelela ukuba abantu ukuba bavume.

Ukusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lomphakathi Nokubonisana Ngezimali

Izinyathelo ezinjengokuhlelwa kwemali yokuhlelwa kwezindawo kanye nokuhlelwa kwemali evulekile kunikeza izakhamuzi ifasitela lokubona indlela inzuzo ekhushulwa ngayo futhi isetshenziswe ngayo. I-International Baclive triniter travement Survey's Open Baclive Survey i-WW] ilandela izindlela zokubona izinto emazweni onke. Ohulumeni abashicilela izinhlelo zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali zezakhamuzi, ukubukeza izibalo zeminyaka ephakathi, kanye nemibiko yokubhalisa izimali yenza umphakathi ube nokubaluleka komphakathi. EBrazil, ukuhlukanisa imali emadolobhani njengoPorto Alegreetre Are ivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zivote izinto eziphambili, zombili ukwanda kokubonana nokulandelana.

Ukukwazi Ukuthola Izirekhodi Zenkantolo Nemithetho

Ukubona ngaphaya kwecala akulinganiselwe egatsheni eliphethe. Amazwe amaningi manje izimpikiswano zesambulela somkhandlu wesamende, ashicilela amarekhodi okuvota, futhi enza ukuba izinqumo zenkantolo zitholakale kuyi-intanethi. Ukuthatha izinyathelo zokwahlulela, njengokusakazwa kwecala leNkantolo Ephakeme e-United States nase-UK, kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone indlela imithetho echazwa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo. Lokhu kuveza kuqinisa ukuthemba enkantolo futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza komthetho ngokungaguquki.

Act Declaration and Conflict-o-factorys

Ukubuza izikhulu zomphakathi ukuba ziveze ingcebo yazo, inzuzo yazo, nezingxabano ezingase zithakazelelwe yinye yezinyathelo eziqondile. Izwe elinjengeGeorgia, i-Indonesia, neLatvia liye lakha amaphepha e-intanethi angaseshwa izakhamuzi. Lezi zimiso zenza kube lula ukuzwa ingcebo engachazwanga futhi zenze izikhulu ziphendulelwe ngenqubo yomphakathi engalawuleki ukuze zizuze. Nokho, ukukhohlisela inzuzo eqinile ukuze kuvinjelwe izimemezelo ezingamanga.

Izenzakalo Ezingokomlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwanamuhla

Ukugqugquzela ukuba uhulumeni ubonise ukukhanya kunezimpande ezijulile. Izazi zekhulu le-18 zokukhanyiselwa zasekela ukutholakala komphakathi kokwaziswa kukahulumeni njengendlela yokuhlola i-absolutism. Inkululeko ye-Sweden of the Press Act ka-1766, eyasungula ukutholakala komphakathi ezibhalweni ezingokomthetho, ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengomthetho wokuqala we-FOI. Ngekhulu lama-20, i-Freedom of Information Act yase-United States yaba yisibonelo sembulunga yonke, yalandelwa ukusakazwa kwemithetho esemthethweni engokomthetho esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni, ewase-1990 nawama 2000.

Ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe be-minustry kwaguqula ukubonakala kwemisebe yephepha, ukwenza izinto kube umkhuba owenziwe nge-data-drive. Ukuqala kwe- Open Government Partyship (OGP) ngo-2011] kwaphawula indawo eshintshayo: amazwe angu- 78 manje abophekile ekuhleleni izenzo zobuzwe ezihlanganisa izibopho ezithile zokubona ngale. Amalungu e-OGP abekelwe icala ngezinhlangano zomphakathi ezihlola intuthuko. I-'i-flup' iye yasheshisa ukwamukela obala i-find, ukubhalisa, nokuvula ulwazi olunobulungisa.

Muva nje, umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 ufaka ubufakazi bokuhlola. Ohulumeni bacindezelwa ukuba banyathelise ukwaziswa okunikezwayo kwezindawo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, bathulule izimpawu ezizokwabiwa kwemijovo, futhi bahlanganyele imininingwane ye-epidemiology obala. Lo mqedazwe wembula kokubili amandla okwaziswa okuvula (umz., ama-scapeard alandelela amazinga okungenwa yizifo) kanye nokulinganiselwa kwawo (umz., ukuntula ulwazi olungenazinsini lokungavikelekile emiphakathini esengozini).

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo

EUnited States: Iday.gov ne - Open Sate Data Iqala

Iqalisiwe ngo-2009, Imininingwane.gov ihlela imininingwane kahulumeni ehlanganisa ezolimo, isimo sezulu, imfundo, impilo, nezinye. Ipulatifomu manje inezisethi ze-API ezingaphezulu kuka-200 000 futhi isekela ama-AIs ukuze isetshenziswe ngempela. Umphumela ophawulekayo ukuvezwa okuzenzekelayo kwemininingwane yezezimali ngewebhusayithi yeFederal Evolution Commission, leyo intatheli namaqembu aqaphilela ukuphembelela ithonya lendlela. Nokho, izinselele zikhona: Imininingwane eminingi iyasebenza iyasheka, futhi i-athobonkela phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni iyashintsha.

EUnited Kingdom: Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Iyasebenza

I-FOIA ye-UK ibangele izinkulungwane zezicelo unyaka ngamunye, kusukela emikhandlwini yendawo yesifunda ukuya eMnyangweni we-Whitehall. Ihhovisi Lolwazi linikeza i-authonsication. I-Proferal’s profile ihlanganisa i-Cabinet Office ye-offices [ nokukhululwa kwezindleko ze-MP, okwaholela ehlazweni elikhulu nasezinguqulweni ezilandelayo. Naphezu kwempumelelo yayo, abagxeki bayaqaphela ukuthi ukulizisa nokusebenzisa kakhulu izigebetho zezentengiselwano [1] ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemiphumela yezentengiselwano.

EKenya: Isivumelwano Sezokwaziswa Nesezakhamuzi

Kenya yasungula i-Open Data Portal ngo-20, iphefumlelwe yi-US. Yaqala ukunyatheliswa ngezindawo zokuhlela imali, izindawo zezezempilo, nezibalo zemfundo. Amaqembu omphakathi womphakathi njenga Twaweza[ wasebenzisa imniningo yokuhlola imali esetshenziswayo yesifunda futhi ugcine izikhulu zendawo zilandisa. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabonisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okuvulekile kukodwa akwanele (isakhiwo sezindawo zezakhamuzi (*) ukuqonda nokusebenzisa ukwaziswa kubalulekile ngokufanayo. I-Kenya kamuva ihlanganisa imininingwane evuliweyo ezinhlelweni zezenzo zayo

EBrazil: Ukuhlanganyela Ekuhlelweni Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali kwaqala ePorto Alegre ngo- 1989 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwasakazekela ku-omasipala abangaphezu kuka-1,500 embulungeni yonke. EPorto Alegre, izakhamuzi zivota indlela yokwabela ingxenye yemali yedolobha, nemihlangano eqhutshelwa ezindaweni zomakhelwane ukuxoxa ngezinto eziza kuqala. Lendlela ihlobene nokutshala imali yomphakathi ekhuliswe kakhulu ekhuculweni, ezindaweni zokuhlala, nasemfundweni, kanye nokuncishiswa kwemithombo yempahla. Ukucwaninga [FLT: 0] IBank World [

Izithiyo Ezivimbela Ukusetshenziswa

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezicacile, izinyathelo zokubona ukukhanya zibhekene nomoya obeleselayo. Isithiyo esisodwa esikhulu ukumelana nezombangazwe: izikhulu zingabona ukubonakala ngokungathi kungusongo ekulawuleni kwazo ukwaziswa nemithombo. Ohulumeni abaningi, impucuko yenkonzo yomphakathi ihlala ingenaso isombuluko, ngaphandle kwesizathu sokudalula ulwazi ngokuphazima kweso. Imicimbi yezobuchwepheshe idala ukucindezeleka − ukuveza ukwaziswa okungathandekiyo ngokusetshenziswa komphakathi kumelwe kulinganiswe ekuvikeleni ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, njengamagama nekheli lezakhamuzi ezingosini zokuxhumana.

Imingcele yezenzuzo ingenye inselele enzima. Ukwakha nokugcina amatheku avulekile kudinga izisebenzi ezinekhono, i-software, kanye nezindlela zokuhlela eziqhubekayo. Emazweni angenayo, ohulumeni bavame ukuntula isisekelo semitapo egciniwe, ingasaphathwa eyokuyishicilela ngamafomethi aphinde asetshenziswe. Ngaphandle kokunikezela ngemali, amatheku okubona ngalé ngokushesha aphelelwa isikhathi noma aphelela. Okokugcina, ukungaqapheli komphakathi kululaza ngisho nezinyathelo ezingcono kakhulu: izakhamuzi zingase zingazi ilungelo lazo lokucela ulwazi noma ukungena kumapulatifomu. Ngaphandle kwesidingo, inyathelo okubona ngale ndlela azenzeki kalula kunokuba zishintshe.

Izisusa Zokushintsha Inguquko Enenjongo

Ukuze basuke ngaphandle bevumelana nokuthulula isifuba, ohulumeni nomphakathi bangathatha amasu amaningana aqinisekisiwe:

  • [ Ukwambula okugunyazayo: Kunokuba balinde izicelo ze-FOI, ohulumeni kufanele bamemezele njalo ama-memosethi ayinhloko (-acts, amabhanya, ama-parence, imibiko yamakhasethi-(-"nephutha.] i-National Transparency Platform[ ifuna izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukunyathelisa izibopho ezikhethekile ezingaphezu kuka-200 ngokuzenzekelayo.
  • Ukubonakala gca kokukhanya kwemitayela nokungaqondakali: kuphumelela kuphela uma abantu bekwazi ukukusebenzisa. Ohulumeni kufanele basebenzelane nemitapo, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezikole ukuze baqeqeshe izakhamuzi ngendlela yokuthola nokuchaza ukwaziswa komphakathi. Izifushaniso zolimi olucacile namabhodi okubona kunganciphisa isithiyo ekungeneni.
  • Ukuqondisa okuzimele okuqinile: amakhomishane olwazi, amahhovisi ombuthi, nezinhlangano zokuhlola izibalo eziphezulu kumele zibe nemithombo namandla angokomthetho okuphoqelela izibopho zokubonana. Kufanele zivikelwe ekungeneni kwezombangazwe futhi zinikwe izimvume ezicacile zokujezisa ukujeziswa okungezona ezokukhipha imvume.
  • Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze wenze i-FOI ibe lula izinqubo: izicelo ze-Online, ukulandelela, nokuthatha komshini kunganciphisa ukubambezela. Amazwe anjenge-Estonia akhile isimiso esisodwa sokuzichaza esivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithumele izicelo ze-FOI futhi zizilandele ngesikhathi sangempela.
  • Ukusebenzelana nomphakathi oqaphile: Izinhlangano ezingezona ze-othonal zivame ukusebenza njengezindawo zokuxhumana, ukuhumusha ukwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi ezindabeni eziwumkhankaso. Ohulumeni bangakha izikhundla ezisemthethweni lapho amaqembu omphakathi ehlola izinga lemininingwane futhi aveza iziteshi ezintsha.
  • Imbobo yokubona bhabha ekutholeni nasekuhleleni imali: ihlanganisa ukwaziswa okuvulekile ngqo emijikelezweni eyenza izinqumo] ngokwesibonelo, ukunyathelisa izivumelwano zemiphumela ethambile phambi komklomelo / /izinto ezivumela izimbangi nezinombolo ukubona ukungalingani ngokushesha.

Ukulinganisa Umphumela Wokubona Imibala

Kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuthi izinyathelo zokubona ngenhlaka ngempela yini ukubusa. Ama-metrics ahlanganisa inani lama-mitheki ashicilelweyo, amanani okuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela uhlelo, ukuhlukanisa izimpawu, kanye nohlu lwezilinganiso zokonakala. Nokho, imiphumela yemiphumela yezinga lomphumela kunzima ukuyilinganisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ingabe uvula ulwazi lokusebenza kwesikole empeleni luholela emiphumeleni engcono yemfundo? Ubufakazi bokuqala obuvela ku- Melikannical Review[ lusikisela ukuthi ukukhanya okungakho okungakho okuhambisanayo kuphela okumelwe kwanele nokwenziwa ngekhono lokuthatha ulwazi (umz., ukukhetha komzali noma ukucindezela komphakathi).

I-ependent ihlola, njengalawo aqhutshwa yi-International Baccultural Prenetship, ihlola ukuthi amazwe akhipha amabhukwana okuhlela imali ngendlela efike ngesikhathi neyobungane bezakhamuzi. Ngokufanayo, i-Open Data Barometer ihlola ukufinyelelwa, ukuthululana, kanye nethonya lemininingwane kahulumeni. Lamathuluzi avumela abashisekeli benguquko ukuba baqhubekele phambili, baqaphele amagebe, futhi bacindezele amaphutha ezifundweni zezifundo.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo: Ukubona Okugqamile Enkathini Yezinombolo

Kuzoqanjwa izimo eziningana ezizohlela isizukulwane esilandelayo sokuthatha izinyathelo zokubona. Ukuhlakanipha okuwenziweyo kanye nokulungisa ulimi olungokwemvelo kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlukanise amabhukwana amade enqubo noma zithathe ukwaziswa okuyisihluthulelo ezinkulungwaneni zezigaba ezisezivumelwaneni. Ama-blockchain ayahlolwa ukuze athole amabhukwana okuhlola indawo okungangenisiwe futhi athole amarekhodi alondekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunyuka kohlelo lwe-interformation kanye nokulawula kwe-algorialtance kuveza izinselele ezintsha: ukuba bhande ngendlela ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo amanani enziweni yokwenza izinqumo (umz. g. e, i-egigamigation, i-oficity).

I-Open Governmentary Governmenter isanda kusungula inselele kaHulumeni evulekile" ukusheshisa izibopho ezikhona ekwahluleleni, esimweni sezulu, nasekubuseni. Ukubheka phambili kuzohlangana kakhulu nezinye izinguquko zokulawula, njengamaphepha azuzisayo okugcina abantu beboshela amasheke. Indlela engeziwe ehlanganisayo yokuveza ukubonakala kweqophelo eliphezulu, ukuveza kwezezimali kwezombangazwe, kanye nokufaka amaphepha ezincwadi (-ascription) ekwakhe ulwembulo lwenkululeko olunzima kubadlali abayingozi ukuba bangenise.

Okokugcina, indima yezakhamuzi izoqhubeka iguqukela ku-amukela ukwaziswa okuvulekile okungenamsebenzi kuya ku-openstors kanye nophawu oluhambisanayo lwezimiso zokubona ngaphandle. Ukuhlola kwezakhamuzi, lapho izisebenzi zokuzithandela zihlola khona ukulandisa komphakathi, zibonise isithembiso e-Uganda nase-Philippines. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bunciphisa izindleko zokubambisana, umngcele phakathi kwemizamo kahulumeni nesakhamuzi ukubonakala ngaphandle kuyofiphaza, kuholele ekubeni indawo ezungezile eqinile nengenakushintshashintshashintsha.

Isiphetho

Izindlela zokubonisana ziye zasuka esusweni elingcono kakhulu kuhulumeni ophethe kahle ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulandisa, ukwethembana, nokubusa okuphumelelayo. Ngomthetho we-data ovulekile, i-FOI, ukuhlelwa kwemali, namathuluzi emishini, ohulumeni bangasusa imingcele yemisebenzi yabo futhi bafake ukuqondisa umphakathi. Kodwa ukubonakala ngaphandle akuyona indlela edinga ukukhokha izimali zezombangazwe, ukutshala izimali, nokuthembisa kwezakhamuzi ukuveza imiphumela yangempela. Indlela engaphambili ihilela ukumane nje ukusakaza ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa kuyasebenziseka, kuyafaka imvume yomphakathi, futhi kuyahlanganisa nokuhlela izigigaba zomphakathi. Uma kwenziwa kahle, akufuni ukuveza izakhiwo zobuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nomphakathi, ukubeka isisekelo sengxenye engcono neyo.