Table of Contents

Isingeniso: Indima Ebalulekile Esizweni Esihlukene

Sekuyisikhathi eside izikole zendawo ziyindawo yemiphakathi e-United States, kodwa umsebenzi wayo uye wakhula kakhulu njengoba izwe liya lihlukahluka. Bona abavela kwamanye amazwe nabafundi ababaleki .(bafike muva nje noma abantwana babazali abafikayo) futhi bamelela ingxenye ekhulayo yabantu abahlala eKnease12. Ngokwe-Expagration Policy Institute, cishe ingane eyodwa kwezine e-U.S. zihlala emkhayeni ovela kwamanye amazwe. Laba bafundi baletha imibono ecebile yempucuko, ukukwazi ukuvuselela, nokufuna isikhundla, kodwa futhi babuye babhekane nezithiyo ezingavamile: imingcele yolimi, ukungajwayelekile kwesimiso sesikole, ukushaqeka kwezehlakalo, futhi ngokuvamile imiphumela engapheli yenhlekelele ebangelwa ukuthuthwa umoya noma ukulwa.

Izifunda azisazona nje izindawo zokufundisa; ziyizindawo zokuhlanganisa, ukuphepha, namathuba. Ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezihloselwe ukusekela izinhlelo zolimi ukuze zifundise ukukhubazeka.

Ukuqonda Izinselele AbaFundi Abafudukayo Nababaleki Ababhekene Nazo

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole amakhambi, kubalulekile ukuqonda izithiyo okumelwe laba bafundi bazinqobe. Izinselele azigcini nje ekilasini; zigcwele zonke izici zokuphila kwengane futhi zingaba nemiphumela ehlala isikhathi eside ekwelapheni kwabo kwezemfundo nasenhlalakahleni engokomzwelo.

Izithiyo Zolimi Negebe Elikhona

Isithiyo esishesha kakhulu kubafundi abaningi abasanda kuvela sisesiNgisi esilinganiselwe. Lokhu kuthinta ikhono labo lokuqonda izifundo, ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zekilasi, nakwezabelweni eziphelele. Ngaphandle kokusekela kolimi oluphelele, abafundi bangawa ngokushesha, okuholela ekukhungathekeni nasekudumazekeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi abaningi abavela kwamanye amazwe nababaleki bavela ezimisweni zemfundo okungenzeka ukuthi ziphazamisekile, zishiya amagebe elwazini lwabo oluyisisekelo lwezibalo, isayensi, nokufunda. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi wasezweni eliphikisanayo wayengase alahlekelwe iminyaka eminingana yemfundo, okwenza ukuhanjiswa kwemfundo kube nzima.

Ukungavumelani Kwesiko Nokuzihlukanisa Komphakathi

Ukuthuthela ezweni elisha kusho ukushiya amasiko ajwayelekile, inqubo yomphakathi, kanye nezinhlanganisela zokusekela. Abafundi abaningi babhekana nokwethuka kwempucuko, okungabonakala njengokukhathazeka, ukuhoxa, noma ukuthatha inyathelo. Bangase balwe nokuqonda imithetho engashiwongo ephathelene nokuziphatha kwekilasi, ukusebenzelana nontanga, noma iziqu zegunya. Ukuzihlukanisa kuvamile, njengoba abafundi abasanda kufunda bekuthola kunzima ukwenza abangane ngenxa yokungavumelani kolimi noma ukuhluka kwendlela yokuphila. Lomuzwa wokungabi obalulekile ungalimaza ukuzilawula nowenjongo yemfundo.

Ukulimala Nezingcindezi Zempilo Yengqondo

Abafundi ababaleki, ikakhulukazi, bavame ukuthwala imithwalo enzima. Abaningi baye babona ubudlova, ukulahlekelwa abathandekayo, noma bakhuthazelela izikhathi eziningi emakamu ababaleki. Ukucindezela kokubuyiselwa kwelinye izwe (neviviga izwe elisha, ukungaqiniseki ngokomthetho, ukuhlukana komkhaya, noma ubunzima obungokwezimali ("ukuqeda lenhlekelele.) Izikole ezihlulekayo ukuqaphela nokusingatha lempilo engokwengqondo zidinga ingozi yokubuyisela abafundi noma ukubaphoqelela ukuba balahle. Ukucwaninga kwe American Psychological Association kuqokomisa ukuthi inhlekelele engathsindeki ingaphazamisa ukusebenza nokufunda.

Izithiyo Zezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Imikhaya ehlala kwamanye amazwe nababaleki ivame ukubhekana nobumpofu, ukungazinzi kwezindlu, nokungatholakali kahle kwempilo. Lezi zingcindezi zezomnotho zingaphoqelela abafundi ukuba basebenze ngemva kwesikole, banakekele izingane zakubo ezisencane, noma babhekane nezindlela ezivamile. Ukuntengantenga okunjalo kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuya esikoleni, ukuqeda umsebenzi wesikole, nemigomo yemfundo yesikhathi eside.

Izinhlelo Zokusekela Ulimi: Ukwakha Isisekelo Sempumelelo

Uma ziqanjwe ngalololimi luyindlela yokuthola zonke ezinye izifundo, izikole ziye zasebenzisa kakhulu isiNgisi njengezinhlelo zeSecond Language (ESL) nesiNgisi Language Development (ELD). Kodwa ukusekela okuphumelelayo kolimi kudlulela ngalé kwenkathi eyodwa yekilasi(ilula usuku lonke lwesikole).

Isiyalo Esinemibhoshongo Nezisekelo Ezisekelwe Kukho

Izikole eziningi manje zisebenzisa iziyalezo ezisuthiwe amasu, lapho izihloko eziyisisekelo ezinjengesayensi nezifundo zezenhlalo zifundiswa khona ukusebenzisa ulimi olulula, izinsiza -kubona, izandla, nemfundo yokubambisana. Lokhu kuvumela abafundi bamaNgisi ukuba bafinyelele isilinganiso sobubanzi bebanga eliphakathi ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho bethuthukisa amakhono olimi. Izinhlelo ezinjenge SAIP[ (Imithetho elandelwayo yokudwebela i-Oligie) inikeza othisha ipulani yokuhlela izifundo zolimi olufana nolimi kanye nolwemfundo.

Izinhlelo Ezilula Nezilimi Eziningi

Ukuqaphela ukuthi amakhono aqinile olimi lwendabuko asekela ukuhlanganiswa kwesiNgisi, inani elikhulayo lezikole linikeza imfundo yemfundo noma izinhlelo zolimi oluvamile[. Lezi zimo ezifundisa ukufunda nokufunda kokubili ulimi lwasekhaya nesiNgisi. Isibonelo, uhlelo lweSpanish-indimi ezimbili alusizi abafundi abakhuluma iSpanish ukuba balondoloze ulimi lwabo lwefa lefa kodwa futhi lwakha futhi ulwazi olufanayo lapho ontanga abakhuluma isiNgisi befunda khona iSpanishi. Ukucwaninga ku- Center for Applidiadiary Linguals kuveza kahle ukuthi izinhlelo zemfundo eziphambili zemfundo eziphakathi zolimi oluphindiwe-mibili.

Izikhungo Ezintsha Nokusekela Okungenamdlandla

Izigodi ezinkulu ezineziqu eziphambili ezineziqu eziqalayo ngokuvamile zisungula izikhungo ze-Newcomer `Izikole noma izinhlelo ezinikezelweyo] zokwenza abafundi bafundiswe ulimi oluningi kanye nokusekela ukuqashwa konyaka ngaphambi kokushintshela esikoleni esivamile. Lezi zikhungo zinikeza indawo ephansi ekhathazayo, isigaba sekilasi, kanye nezisebenzi eziqeqeshelwe imikhuba ebangela usizi. Ngokwesibonelo, i Houston Independent School’s Newcomer Centers, zikhonza abafundi abangaphezu kuka-2 000 ngonyaka, zinikeza amakilasi asheshishishi, iziluleko, nohlelo lwezesiko.

Izinyathelo Zokuhlanganisa Amasiko: Ukuba Umfundisi Nenhlonipho

Impumelelo yemfundo ingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kwenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Izikole ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukwakha impucuko yokwamukela abantu kubalulekile njengokunikeza amakilasi olimi.

Ukuthola Izikole Nemikhuba Ehlanganisa Abantu

Izinguquko ezilula zenza umehluko omkhulu: ukubeka izimpawu ngezilimi eziningi, ukuveza amafulegi emazweni asekhaya, nokugubha amaholide ahlukene. Izinhlelo zeWellating Schools, njengalezo ezikhuliswe yiSouthern Poverty Law Center iprojective Colectives, izisebenzi zesitimela ukuxoxa ngemibono ephambene, ukudala isikole esiphelele, nokusabela ekuchukumiseni. Izikole eziningi zimisa futhi izimiso ze-buddy [[ lapho abafundi abasanda kuzalwa besiza khona abafundi abasanda kuzalwa ukuba bahambele imigqa yokuhamba, ukuthola amakilasi, futhi benze abangane.

Ukuba Umfundisi Namathuba Okuhola

Izinhlelo zobuqeqeshi ezisungulwe zihlanganisa izifiki kanye nabafundi abaqeqeshiwe abanothisha abadala, abeluleki, noma izisebenzi zokuzithandela zomphakathi. . Ezinye izikole zibuye zakhe amaklasi anezigqizo eziqinile [[[FLT: 1] njenge International Club noma a Refuged Students Union, eyenza abafundi babe nendima yobuholi neqophelo lokuxoxa ngezindaba zabo. Lezi zinhlelo zibuye zimise amapulatifomu aqinile.

Ubusuku Besiko Nezenzakalo Zomkhaya

Imikhosi yezizwe, izihlabelelo zokudla, kanye nezindawo zokusebenzela zabazali kuthuthukisa ukuqonda okungaqondakali [ kanye nezimpawu emikhayeni ukuthi ifa labo liyaziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, isikole singaba ne “Ubusuku beNyaka Yomhlaba Wezilimi” lapho abafundi becula khona nezingcezu zezithombe zamazwe abo. Izenzakalo ezinjalo azikhuthazi nje kuphela ukwahlukahluka kodwa futhi zikhuthaza abazali ukuba bahileleke ekuphileni kwesikole.

Iziphazamiso: Ukuthuthukisa Insimu Yokudlala

Ngaphandle kolimi, abafundi abavela kwamanye amazwe nababaleki ngokuvamile badinga ukuhlohlwa ukuze bahlangane nontanga yabo.

Umfundisi Nezinhlelo Zangemva Kohambo

Izifunda eziningi zinikeza amahhala [ ngemva kwesikole]. Lezinhlelo zinikeza usizo lwasekhaya, ukusekela, nokucebisa. Kubafundi abadala, ezinye izikole zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokululama [[FLT:][FLT] ukusiza labo abafika ngezithuba zemfundo bazuze izikweletu ezidingekayo.

Ukukwazi Ubuchwepheshe Nokufunda Ngezinombolo

Igebe le-millimetic lithinta ngokungalinganini imikhaya yabafuduki nababaleki, engase ingabi namacomputer, ungenelo lwe-Internet, noma amakhono obuchwepheshe. Izikole zikhuluma ngalokhu ngokunikeza izigquma namachashaza ashisayo[, ukunikeza amakilasi okufunda amanani kubazali nabafundi, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amapulatifomu okufunda ahlanganisa izigaba zezilimi eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, i- New York City Department of Education[[ yasakaza imishini engaphezu kwekhulu edamu nakuvezinze idesiki losizo lwezilimi oluhlukahlukene.

Iziqondiso Ezihlukahlukene Nezinqubo Zohlelo

Othisha basekilasini baqeqeshelwe ukusebenzisa imfundo ehlukaniswe phakathi kwe- `ukwenza umehluko okuqukethwe, inqubo, nomkhiqizo osekelwe ekukulungeleni komfundi nokwazi ulimi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukunikeza abahleli ababonisa umfanekiso, ukunikeza amazinga okufunda ahlukene, noma ukuvumela izinqumo zomlomo esikhundleni sezibhaliwe. Izikole zifaka futhi imali ekwakheni iziteshini zezifundo ezihlobene nohlelo [[[FLT]]] ezibonisa okuhlangenwe nakho nezindawo zezindawo zabafuduki nabafuduki, okwenza ukufunda kube nokuqonda ngokwengeziwe.

Impilo Yengqondo Nokunakekelwa Okunokwakheka Okuqinile

Ukusekela yonke ingane kusho ukusingatha amanxeba angabonakali abafundi abaningi ababaleki abawaphethe. Izikole zikhula zithatha trauma-enziwayo .ukusuka ekuqeqesheni ukujezisa kuya ekugxileni ekulondekeni, ekwethembeni, nasekuphulukiseni.

Izinkonzo Zempilo Yengqondo Ezisekelwe Esikoleni

Amagodi aqasha [[FLT: 0] abeluleki besikole abafundayo nezisebenzi zezenhlalakahle abaqonda abacindezeli abayingqayizivele ababhekene nemikhaya yabafuduki. Ezinye izikole ezikanye nezinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi ukuze zinikeze ukwelashwa okungahambi, ukululeka ngeqembu, nokungenela kwenhlekelele. Ngokwesibonelo, School-Banglity Alliance [ isekela izikhungo zezempilo zesikole ezingaphezu kuka-500, eziningi zinikela izinkonzo ezilungisayo zentsha yababaleki.

Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe obuyi-Trauma

Ukuqeqesha kothisha manje kuhlanganisa izimo ezihlanganisa ukuqaphela izimpawu zokukhungatheka, ukwakha amagumbi okufundela aphephile, kanye nokusebenzisa izinqubo ezinjenge amakhoneni e-'FLT' kanye nezindlela zokuqeda izibalo [ esikhundleni sesijeziso. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- i-National Child Traumatic Prective Network[[] zinikeza imithombo yesihle ngokukhethekile kubafundisi abasebenza nabantwana babaleki.

Izimiso Zokufunda Ngemizwelo Yomphakathi (ISIBHEKISO)

Ukungenisa i-SEL ezifundweni eziyinhloko kusiza bonke abafundi ukuba bahlakulele amakhono anjengokuzivumelanisa, uzwela, nokuxazulula izinkinga. Kubafundi abavela kwamanye amazwe nababaleki, i-SEL ingaba usizo kakhulu ekwakheni ilulazelweni nasekunciphiseni ukukhathazeka. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yazo zonke izikole zase-U.S. manje zisebenzisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lwe-SEL, futhi abaningi bazivumelanisa nokusabela ngokwesiko.

Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini Nomkhaya: Ukwakha Ukwethembana Nobuhlobo

Ukubambisana okuqinile nemikhaya nezinhlangano zomphakathi kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinto eziphilayo ezisekelayo.

Ukuzitika Nokubonisana Nomkhaya

Izikole eziningi zisebenzisa [[QL:0] abaxhumanisi bemindeni noma ubudlelwane obufanayo abakhuluma izilimi zomzimba wabafundi. Lamalungu ezisebenzi asebenzisa amabhuloho okuxhumana /ukuchaza amabhuloho, ukuchaza izingqungquthela zothisha-mzali, nokusiza imikhaya ukuba iqondise isimiso sesikole (umz., umbiko wokuqonda amakhadi, ukubhalisa isikole, ukungenela izinkonzo zezempilo).

Izindawo Zomsebenzi Zabazali Nemithombo

Izikole zinezitsha eziphethe izihloko ezinjengesithi “Ukuqonda Isimiso Semfundo sase-U.S.,”“ Indlela Yokusiza Umntwana Wakho Ophandleni,” "Ukuphepha,” ne-“Siqinisiso Sezimo Zomphakathi Zasekholiji.” Ezinye zihlela futhi izihlokwana [[FLT:]] lapho imikhaya ingaxhuma khona nosizo olungokomthetho, usizo lwezindlu, izikhungo zokwelapha, nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha umsebenzi. I-immigracting Weal Centers [[ emadolobheni anjengoLouisville noSan Francisco ikhonza khona njengezindawo ezihlukene ezisemthethweni, izinkonzo.

Imikhumbi Yomphakathi

Inzuzo yendawo, izinhlangano zababaleki, izinhlangano zenkolo, namabhizinisi ngokuvamile asebenza nezikole ukuze anikeze ukusekela okwengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Internationaler Replation Committee (IRC) iphethe izinhlelo zesikole ezisekelwe ezizweni eziningi ezinikeza ukufundisa, umfundisi, kanye nokuphatha abafundi bababaleki. Amalabhuri neminyuziyamu nakho kuyabambisana nezinhlelo zokucebisa isikole.

Ukusekelwa Kwesimiso Somthetho Nesimiso: Indlela Izifunda Namazwe Okusabela Ngayo

Nakuba imizamo yesikole ngasinye ibalulekile, izimiso zesimiso ziqinisekisa ukulondolozwa nokulingana esifundeni.

Ukuxhasa Kwezimali Kukahulumeni NakumaFederal

Izinhlelo ezinjenge Tit III ye-All Students Reduevect Act (ESSA) inikezela izimali zikahulumeni ngokukhethekile kubafundi besiNgisi nabafundi abafudukayo. Amazwe futhi anikeza izimali ezengeziwe kubantu abaswele kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FLT i-Locale Control Funding Forula inikeza iziqeshane zezifunda ezinezinombolo eziphakeme zabafundi besiNgisi, abafundi abathola imali ephansi, kanye nokukhulisa intsha.

Amahhovisi Ebanga Eliphakathi Nabaxhumanisi

Izifunda eziningi ezinkulu ziye zanikezela Office yeminyango e-Multlimetic Service noma Amagunya Omsebenzi Ongamele awengamele ukumiswa kohlelo, anikeza ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, kanye nemiphumela yabafundi. La mahhovisi aqinisekisa ukuthi izikole ezisesifundani zilandela imikhuba engcono kakhulu engaguquki futhi abafundi abafuduki abanganakiwe.

Ukuvikelwa Kwabafundi Abafudukayo Ngokomthetho

Umthetho we-Federal uqinisekisa zonke izingane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlala kanjani, ilungelo lemfundo yomphakathi yamahhala (Plyler v. Doe, 1982). Izikole azivunyelwe ukubuza ngesikhundla sokufuduka noma ukunqaba ukubhalisa okusekelwe ephepheni lezincwadi. Izigodi ngokuvamile zinezimiso ezikhona zokuvikela imfihlo yabafundi nokuqeqesha ukuthi zingasabela kanjani ekuvimbeleni ukuthunyelwa kwabantu. U.S.UMnyango Wezemfundo weHhovisi Yamalungelo Omphakathi unikeza isiqondiso kulezi zindaba.

Izindaba Nemiphumela Yabantu Abaphumelela

Ukubonisa impumelelo yalemizamo, cabangela izibonelo ezimbalwa ezingokoqobo. Kubafundi baseCounty County County [Uhlelo olubanzi] (Las Vegas), uhlelo oluhlanganisa ukuqondisa okungamasonto ayisithupha, ukusekela, kanye nomzali ophumayo kwabona ukwanda kwenani lama - 20% ekuthweseni iziqu zesikhathi sabafundi abangababaleki iminyaka emithathu. St. Paul, isikole esinendawo esisebenza nomphakathi wendawo yakini kaKaren ukuze sakhe uhlelo lwemfundo yeminyaka emibili yabafundi abavela eMyanmar, okuphumela ekufundeni okuthuthukisiwe lapho izikole zemfundo, nakwenani eliphakeme. Lezizindaba zibonisa ukuthi lapho izikole zithola iziteshi ezisekuhlwini zezekuyo, abafundi abafudukile futhi abafudukile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinzuzo zidlulela ngalé komuntu ngamunye. Abafundi abafudukayo nababaleki baletha imibono ehlukene, amakhono okufunda, kanye nezimiso eziqinile zomsebenzi ezicebisa wonke umphakathi wesikole. Impumelelo yabo inezela ekusebenzeni okunekhono kakhulu nokugcwele, okuzuzisa ezomnotho nasemphakathini.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwalokhu kuphumelela, izinselele ezinkulu zisasele. Izikole eziningi azikabi namali eyanele, izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe, noma izinto ezifanele. Ukuguqukela kothisha kuphakeme ezikoleni ezisiza amanani aphezulu obumpofu, futhi imfundo ye-ESL ephezulu ayitholakali ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelana nemizwa eqinile kwezinye izindawo kungadala indawo eyingozi kwabasanda kufika, futhi izimiso zezwe noma uhulumeni zingashintsha ngokungasoleki (njengoshintsho ekungeneni kwababaleki noma imithetho yababaleki).

Zibheka phambili, izikole kumelwe ziqhubeke zikhona:

  • Ingenele ekuthuthukiseni kobuchwepheshe [ kuzo zonke izisebenzi, kuhlanganise nothisha abaphambili, ekunakekeleni okusabelayo okungokwesiko kanye nokuhlinzeka okungokwezimo.
  • Izinhlelo ezihlanganisa izilimi ezimbili [ futhi iqinisekise ukuthi abafundi bangalondoloza izilimi zabo zasekhaya njengempahla.
  • Izimiso zemininingwane eziqinisayo ukuze kulandele intuthuko yabafundi abafudukayo nababaleki futhi kubonwe labo abasengozini yokuwela emuva.
  • ukwakha ubudlelwano bomphakathi obuqinile ukunikeza izinkonzo ezihlanganisa impilo, indlu, nezidingo ezingokomthetho.
  • Ukusekela ukuxhasa okuqinile kwezimali [ emazingeni kazwelonke nakuhulumeni ukusekela lezinhlelo ezibalulekile.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wabo Bonke

Izikole zendawo zenza umsebenzi ophawulekayo wokusekela abafundi abavela kwamanye amazwe kanye nababaleki − azithembisi nje kuphela imfundo kodwa indlela yokuba abelungu, ithuba, nethemba. Izindlela ezibekwe lapha `kusukela kuzinhlelo ze-ESL kanye nokunakekelwa kwezenhlalakahle yomkhaya ekusekeleni ukubophana komkhaya nokuqondisa inqubo] bonisa lokho okungenzeka uma othisha, abaphathi, imikhaya, nemiphakathi isebenza ndawonye. Kodwa umthwalo wemfanelo awukho ezikoleni kuphela. Sihlanganyela sonke: abenzi bezimiso, abaphathi bezimiso, abaqashi, nezakhamuzi. Ngokusekela izikole ezizimele futhi sisekela izingane ezihamba eminyango yabo, sifaka ishende, sisebenza ngokuphishesheka ngokwengeziwe, ngekusasa eliphilile kuyo yonke imiphakathi.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu, vakashela i-website Colorado ye-FLT] ukuze uthole imithombo yokufundisa isiNgisi, noma ufunde Umbiko we-UNEFF]F ngemfundo yababaleki[. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Mugategate Policy Institute’s Education and Training Projects [[[FLT:]] inikeza ukwaziswa nokuhlolwa, kanye nenhlangano yezemfundo yezemfundo yezwe [[FLTLT:]] inikeza amathuluzi awusizo asebenzayo. Okokugcina, [FLTLD:]