Isisekelo Sezimfuneko Ezinhle

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simisa isimiso sokuthi izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuvikeleka kubantu bazo, ezindlini zazo, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni emelene nokuphenywa okungacabangeli. Lokhu kuvikelwa komthetho kwakhiwa isisekelo esingokomthetho senqubo yokugunyaza, idinga ukuthi imvume kuphela ngesizathu esilindelekile, isekelwe ngokufungela noma ukuvuma, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okungaphenywa kuyo nabantu noma izinto ezizothathwa. Nakuba lento isebenza ngokufanayo phakathi kwemithetho nemibuso yeSiphendulo se 145, ukufezwa kwezimfuneko okusebenzayo kungasuka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwezimiso zikahulumeni nezenkantolo yombuso ngayinye.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani akuyona nje indlela yemfundo enikezwa ochwepheshe bezemfundo. Izikhulu zezemithetho, abameli, abashushisi, namajaji kumelwe zisebenzise lokhu kuhlukanisa nsuku zonke ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola nangokuquleka bumelana nenselele engokomthetho. Isiqinisekiso esigcwalisa izindinganiso zikahulumeni singase singafinyeleli izimfuneko zesimiso esithile sikahulumeni, futhi ngokuphambene. Lesi sihloko sihlola umehluko obucayi phakathi kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni nohulumeni, sinikeza ochwepheshe bezomthetho ukuqonda okubanzi ukuthi zingatholakala kanjani iziqondiso eziyosinda ekuhlolweni noma kusiphi isimiso.

Izimfuneko Ezinhle Enkantolo Yombuso

Isimiso sokugunyaza sezwe sisebenza ngaphansi kwe-Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, ngokuqondile uMthetho 41, onikeza izinqubo ezinemininingwane yokuthola, ukwenza, nokubuyisa izicelo zokufuna nokubopha. Imvume yokubopha kumelwe ikhishwe umahluleli kahulumeni noma, ezimweni ezithile, umahluleli wenkantolo yesifunda sesifunda sezwe. Lenqubo ibekwa ngokusesilinganisweni esiphezulu kuzo zonke izifunda zikahulumeni, nakuba kungatholakala umehluko omncane emithethweni yesifunda sendawo.

Izimfuneko Ezinengqondo Zembangela Enkantolo Yomphakathi

Umthetho kazwelonke ufuna ukuba kumiswe isizathu esingenzeka. Izinkantolo zesifunda zisebenzisa umphetho wezimo nowokugcina icala owenziwe nge-application. Le-ffidavit kumele iqukethe amaqiniso anele kanye nezimo ukuze iholele umuntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni okuzophenywa kuyo noma ukuthi umuntu oboshelwayo wenze icala. Izinkantolo zeFederal zisebenzisa izinqumo ukuhlolelwa okungakhombayo [[FLT:]] okusungulwe [iiiiiiiiilois v. . ., okuvumela ukuba abahluleli benze izinqumo ezisebenzayo, ezivamile ukuthi izimbangela ezisekelwe kukho konke ukwaziswa okukhona.

Imvume yokuthola imvume kumelwe futhi yanelise imfuneko ekhethekile ngokunembe. Imvume kumelwe ichaze ngokuqondile indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, kuhlanganise nekheli eliphelele, incazelo yesakhiwo, nanoma iziphi izici ezihlukanisa indawo kwezinye. Izinto okumelwe zithathwe kumelwe zichazwe ngokuqonde ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphenya okuvamile. Izinkantolo ze-Frederal ziye zalahla izivumelwano lapho incazelo yezinto yayibanzi kakhulu, njengemvume egunyaza ukuthuthwa kwazo zonke izincwadi noma amarekhodi ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa okufanelekile.

Izindlela Zokulwa Nesikhathi Ezilinganiselwe Eziwumphakathi

Umthetho we-Federal Guide of Criminal Procedure 41 ubeka imingcele eqinile yesikhathi ekukhishweni kwemithetho kahulumeni. Isivumelwano sokufuna kumelwe sikhishwe phakathi nezinsuku eziyi 14 kusukela osukwini lwe-issuance, ngemva kwalokho imvume iba yize ibe yize futhi ivunyelwe ngokomthetho. Izivumelwano zokuthunjwa aziphathi isikhathi esifanayo ngoba izimo ezivumela ukuboshwa ngokuvamile azinabukhali kakhulu. Izivumelwano ze-Frevel kumelwe zibulawe phakathi nobusuku ngaphandle kokuba uma umahluleli okhipha imvume yokusebenza ebusuku esekelwe empethelweni enengqondo.

Isimiso sikahulumeni sidinga futhi ukuba izikhulu zinikeze ikhophi yencwadi kanye nerisidi kunoma iyiphi impahla eyathathwa umuntu ompahla yakhe yahlolwa noma yathathwa. Ngalesosikhathi ngemva kokubulawa, izikhulu kumelwe zibuyisele imvume futhi zinikeze uhlu lwempahla ethathwe umahluleli okhiphayo. Lezizivikelo ziqinisekisa ukulandisa futhi zinikeze umbhalo wokubukeza uma imvume ibekelwe inselele kamuva.

Imishini Yobuchwepheshe

Umthetho we-Federal uqukethe amalungiselelo akhethekile emvume yokuhlola ngemishini ngaphansi kwesihloko III se-Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act ka-1968, kanye noMthetho we-Vredd Communications Act wobufakazi be-mini esemthethweni. Lemithetho ibeka izimfuneko ezengeziwe ngaphandle kwemithetho evamile yokufuna iziqondiso zokuxhumana ezingavumelani nophendlo. Imvume ye-electal efuna ukuvunyelwa uMnyango wezikhulu zezobulungisa ophezulu futhi ingaphansi kokubukezwa okuqinile kwemithetho yokwahlulela kunezimpawu ezivamile.

Izimfuneko Eziphuthumayo Enkantolo YoMbuso

Izimiso zikahulumeni zigunyaza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo seSichibiyelo sesine kodwa zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, nemithetho kahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe zilondoloza izimfuneko ezihambelanayo nezindinganiso zikahulumeni, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zamukela amalungiselelo esivikelo ngaphansi kwemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni wazo. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States ibambelele ngokungaguquki ekubekeni izimfuneko eziqinile kunemithetho kahulumeni, futhi amazwe amaningi aye enza kanjalo ezindaweni ezisukela ezinqubeni ezifanele ukumiswa kwemithetho yokubulala.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezindinganiso Ezinesizathu

Nakuba zonke izigodi zidinga izizathu ngokunokwenzeka zemvume, izindinganiso zokuthola imbangela kungenzeka zingahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe zilandela ingqikithi yezwe yezimo ku- Illinois v. Amasango[, kodwa ezinye ziye zenqaba loluvivinyo oluqinileyo olungcono kakhulu ku [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Alinalar v. Texas kanye [FLT]SPINLLL v. United States]. Ngaphansi kovivinyo olungaphezulu lwezimbili-e-egles, ukuhlolwa okusekelwe ekwazisweni okusekelwe ekwazisweni okumelwe kwazinziwa yikhomba ukuqinisekisa kokubili.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zaseNew York ngokomlando ziye zasebenzisa izindinganiso zazo ekuhloleni amacebiso anikeza ukwaziswa, zidinga ukusekelwa okuningi kakhulu kunezomthetho zikahulumeni.

Ukuqulwa Kwenkantolo Kahulumeni Nokubuswa Kokwahlulela

Imvume kahulumeni ikhishwa abahluleli noma izimantshi zikahulumeni, futhi izinga lobubonisi bokwahlulela lihluka kakhulu ezikhundleni eziphethe. Kwezinye izifundazwe, izicelo zigunyaza ukuba kuhlolwe izicelo zokwahlulela eziqinile namajaji njalo abuza izikhulu ngesisekelo esiyiqiniso sesizathu okungenzeka sikhona. Kwezinye izifundazwe, inqubo yokubukeza ingase ibhalwe ngokulandelana, futhi abahluleli bamukele ama-affidavits uma kungekho ukushiyeka okusobala.

Imithetho kahulumeni iyahluka futhi ngokuphathelene nokuthi ubani ongase asebenzise imvume. Imithetho kahulumeni itholakala yizikhulu zikahulumeni ezinakekela umthetho njenge-FBI, DEA, noma amanxusa e-ATF. Izivumelwano zikaHulumeni zingatholwa amaphoyisa kahulumeni, amaphoyisa kamasipala, nakwamanye amazwe, izikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu noma ngisho nezakhamuzi ezizimele ezimweni ezilinganiselwe. Izakhiwo ezisetshenziswayo zezicelo zikahulumeni zihluka kakhulu, ezinye izifundazwe zifuna imininingwane ye-affidavits ngokwezindlela ezivamile kuyilapho ezinye zivumela ukuba ubufakazi bomlomo bufunyaniswe.

Imithetho Ehlukahlukene Kahulumeni Yokubulala Ngokungenaphutha

Imithetho yoMbuso elawula ukukhishwa kwezincwadi zomthetho ingahluka kakhulu emithethweni kahulumeni. Izindawo eziningi zifuna ukuba izimvume zikhishwe phakathi nenkathi yesikhathi emfushane kunenkathi yonyaka engu-14 kahulumeni, ezinye izifundazwe ezifuna ukubulawa phakathi kwamahora angu-48 kuya ku-72. Imithetho ephathelene nokubulawa ebusuku iyahluka futhi, eminye imibuso enqabela ukuphenyiswa kwasebusuku ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe izimo ezithile ezicacisiwe, kuyilapho eminye ibeka umthwalo emyalisweni womthetho ukuze ithethelele ukubulawa kwasemini.

Imfuneko yokungqongqoza nokwe-annansi inikeza enye indawo yomehluko kahulumeni. Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni ufuna izikhulu ukuba zimemezele ukuba khona kwazo nenjongo ngaphambi kokungena, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukuthi lemfuneko ayigunyaziwe ngokomthetho kuzo zonke izimo. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zahlanganisa izimfuneko zokungqongqoza nokwethulula imvume, ngaphandle kwezimo lapho isaziso singaba yingozi noma singasebenzi. Ezinye izifunda ziye zathatha izindinganiso ezivikela ngokwengeziwe ezilinganisela ukusetshenziswa kokungasebenzisi i-kkickingless.

Ukungafani Okuyinhloko Phakathi Kwamabutho KaFederal NoMbuso

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Eziyimbangela Efanele

Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni nombuso usezindinganisweni ezisetshenziselwa ukumisa imbangela okungenzeka. Izinkantolo zamaFederal zisebenzisa ingqikithi yezimo ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izigodi. Nokho, i-United States ingasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuphelele noma ukuhlolwa okufuna izicelo ezimbili ezifuna amandla. Lomehluko unemiphumela yangempela ekuhlolweni kwezidakamizwa, amacala okukhwabanisa, nezinye izindaba lapho abanikeli benikeza khona ingxenye enkulu yobufakazi obusekela isicelo sobufakazi.

Uhlelo olugunyaza imaji kahulumeni olungasuthiswa kalula ijaji likahulumeni lingase lenqatshwe umahluleli wezwe odinga ukusekelwa okuzimele kolwazi oluqinisekile nesisekelo solwazi. Ochwepheshe bomthetho kumelwe bazi izinga elisebenzayo ekuqondiseni kwabo futhi bavumelane nezicelo ngokuhambelana. Cornell Legal Information Institute inikeza isiqondiso esibanzi ngemigomo engenzeka [ ngaphesheya kwemikhakha ehlukene.

Imithetho ehleliwe kanye nombhalo

Imithetho efanayo ilandela izinqubo ze-URP 41 ze-Federal Rules of Criminal Procedare, idala ukungaguquguquki kuzo zonke izifundazwe. UHulumeni ugunyaza izinqubo zehluka kakhulu ngokwezimiso zikahulumeni, imithetho yenkantolo, nemikhuba yendawo. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga izicelo ezigunyaziwe ukuba zidluliselwe, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela izicelo ze-panectom noma ze-electronic. Izimfuneko zokubhala ziyahluka, ezinye zifuna ukufakwa kwemithetho ye-affidavit kanye nezinye ezifuna ukwamukela izimendezo ezingagunyaziwe ngaphansi kwesijeziso se-pejury.

Inqubo yokubuya kwemithetho ekhishwe ibonisa omunye umehluko wezenqubo. Umthetho kaFederal ufuna ukuba kubuyiselwe imvume kumajaji okhiphayo onohlu lwempahla ethathwe ngesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukubuya phakathi nezinsuku ezithile, futhi ukwehluleka ukubuyisela isiqinisekiso ngesikhathi esifike ngesikhathi kungaphumela ekucinyweni kobufakazi kulezo zindawo ngisho nakuba ukulibala okufanayo kungeke kubulale enkantolo kahulumeni.

Izinga Legunya Nezinhlangothi Ezihlukile

Imithetho yoMbuso ingaqaphela ukuhluka kwemfuneko egunyaziwe engenziwa umthetho kahulumeni, noma ingase ibeke imingcele kulowomthetho kahulumeni ovumelayo. Ukuthatha imoto kunikeza isibonelo esiwusizo. Izinkantolo ze-Frederal zivumela ukuphenywa okungenasisekelo kwezimoto uma kungenzeka kubangelwa, okusekelwe ekuhambeleni kwezimoto okungokwemvelo kanye nokunciphiswe kokungamfiki. Ezinye izifunda, njenge New Jersey nePennsylvania, ziye zalinganisela ukukhishwa kwemoto ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wombuso, zifuna imfuneko yokuhlola izimoto ngisho noma kunokwenzeka ukuthi zikhona, ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe izimo ezingekho.

Ukuphenya okugunyaziwe kubonisa futhi ukungqubuzana kwezindinganiso zikahulumeni nombuso. Izinkantolo zomphakathi zisebenzisa indinganiso yemvume yokuzithandela esekelwe engqikithini yezimo. Ezinye izifundazwe zifuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kwazise abantu ngelungelo labo lokwenqaba imvume, futhi ubufakazi obutholakala ngaphandle kwesaziso esinjalo bunganqandwa. Igunya lesithathu lokuvuma kwengxenye yesithathu lapho umuntu evuma ukuseshwa kwezindawo ezahlukene, kubuye kuhlukane ngalé kwemibuso.

Ukuphatha Nokwahlulela

Amajaji amajaji kahulumeni athola ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile futhi ajwayelene kakhulu nomehluko womthetho weSichibiyelo sesine kunabahluleli bakahulumeni abasingatha uhlu olubanzi lwezindaba zomthetho. Lolulwazi olukhethekile lungathinta indlela izicelo ezibukezwa ngayo. Izimantshi zikahulumeni zingasebenzisa izindinganiso ezingaguquki kakhulu emacaleni ngenxa yegunya lazo eligxile ezindabeni zobugebengu zikahulumeni kanye nokujwayelana kwazo neFederal Magella of Criminal Procedure.

Abahluleli bezwe, ikakhulukazi labo abasezindaweni zasemaphandleni noma ezinkantolo ezilinganiselwe zezindawo ezilawulayo, bangase babe nolwazi oluncane ngezicelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, amajaji ombuso ezindaweni ezinkulu zasedolobheni bangaphatha umthamo omkhulu wezinhlelo ze-odoct futhi bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile. Umehluko ekwakheni uveza umehluko phakathi kwezimo zikahulumeni ezilawulayo ekusebenziseni izimfuneko. IHofisi Elawulayo ye-U.S. izinkantolo zinikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngokuqeqeshwa kwejaji elinomthetho kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo [.

Abahlukile Esiya Endinganisweni Eyinqaba Yangaphandle Kwezinsolo

Kokubili izimiso zikahulumeni nohulumeni ziqaphela ukungafani nemfuneko yokugunyazwa, kodwa ubukhulu nokusetshenziswa kwalokhu kuhlukile kuhluke kakhulu. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ezisebenzini eziphoqelela umthetho ezisebenza ngaphesheya kwemingcele ephakeme nakubameli abavikelayo ababekela ukuphenywa inselele ngaphandle komthetho.

Izimo Ezibi

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziqaphela izimo ezibonisa ukuthi zihlukile emfunweni engokomthetho, zivumela ukuphenya lapho kudingeka isinyathelo esisheshayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, ukuvikelwa kokuphila, noma ukuvinjelwa. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ngokuvamile ziyakuqaphela ukungafani okufanayo, kodwa izimo ezingokoqobo eziveza isimo esizwakalayo zihlukile. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukuboniswa kokuphuthuma okukhulu kunasekufuneni kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokubhujiswa kobufakazi ekuhlolweni kwezidakamizwa.

Umphakathi unikeza imvume yokunakekela okungagunyaziwe lapho izikhulu zihileleke emisebenzini engahlobene nophenyo lobugebengu, uye wathathwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlukene ezibusweni zikahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zandisa lokhu kukhetha ukuze zihlanganise ukuhlola inhlalakahle nosizo oluphuthumayo, kuyilapho ezinye izifundazwe ziye zanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo ukuze zivimbele ukuxhashazwa umthetho.

Funa Ithuba Lokuboshwa

Isenzakalo sokufuna ukubopha ukunqatshelwa sivumela izikhulu ukuba ziseshe umuntu oboshiwe nendawo eseduze ngaphandle kogunyazo. Umthetho weFederal, ulandela uChimel v. California no [[FLT]] Awazodwa. [FLT] , ulinganisela indawo yokuhlola umuntu oboshweyo nendawo elawulwa ngokushesha. Amanye amazwe aye amukela lendawo ehlukene, kuyilapho amanye evalelwe imingcele yokuhlola isenzakalo sokubopha ngenxa yezenzo ezincane noma ukulinganisela indawo yemoto ukuze abophe abantu abambalwa kakhulu kunaleyo efunwa umthetho kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziningana ziye zathi ukuhlola isenzakalo sokubopha ukuphulwa kwezimoto noma amacala angewona abaphathi kuphula imithetho evikelayo, ngisho noma ukuphenya okunjalo kungavunyelwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. Lezi zinqumo ezicaciswe nguhulumeni zidala imingcele ebalulekile okumelwe iqashelwe lapho umthetho usebenza kuleyo mikhakha.

Umbono Ongamanga

Imfundiso ecacile ivumela ukuthatheka okungabekezeleleki kobufakazi obusobala lapho izikhulu zikhona ngokomthetho. Izinkantolo ze-Federal nezwe ngokuvamile ziyayisebenzisa ngokungaguquki lemfundiso, kodwa kuvela umehluko ekusetshenzisweni kwayo. Ezinye izigodlo zifuna ukuba isimo sokunikeza ubufakazi sibonakale ngokushesha, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa indinganiso evumelanayo. Ubukhulu bokuhlola okungokomthetho okubangela umbono ocacile uhluka futhi, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwamathoshi, izinkcunkcanco, noma ukuhlola emoyeni ukuze kuqaphele ubufakazi obufihlekile.

I-National Institute of Justice iye yakhipha isiqondiso esibanzi ngokuseshwa nokuthatheka komthetho ezifundeni ezinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwalokhu shintsho olucaciwe lwezwe.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Ukuphenya Kwamacala Esiphambano

Kuzo izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ezisebenza emingceleni kahulumeni nombuso, ukuqonda ukungafani kwezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe kuyabucayi. Amanxusa aphethe ahlanganyela emsebenzini kahulumeni kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi izivumelwano ezitholakele zivumelana nazo zombili izindinganiso zikahulumeni nombuso uma ubufakazi buzosetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isimiso. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezifuna imvume kahulumeni kumelwe zilandele izinqubo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwezimo ezigunyaziwe kanye nokuvunyelwa kwemingcele yesikhathi.

Uphenyo oluhlangene phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nombuso ludinga ukubambisana ngokucophelela ukuze kunqume ukuthi iliphi igunya elizofuna izimvume. Isinqumo sokuqhubeka enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni asithinti izimfuneko ezigunyaziwe kuphela kodwa futhi nezijeziso ezingase zivele, izivikelo, nemithetho esobala. Amabutho angokomthetho alwa nezenzo zokulwa okuhlukahlukene kumelwe akulungele ukululeka izikhulu ngezindinganiso ezingokoqobo ngesikhathi sokuhlola okusheshayo.

Ukucindezelwa Nezinselele

Abameli bezempi abacela inselele yokugunyazwa kwemvume kumelwe bahlaziye ngokucophelela ukuthi imvume inelise izimfuneko ze-arhente ethile lapho icala likhona. Isiqinisekiso esingase sibe semthethweni enkantolo kahulumeni singacinezelwa enkantolo yezwe uma umbuso ubeka izindinganiso eziqinile ngenxa yesizathu, ukunikeza, noma izinqubo zokubulala. Ngokuhlukile, ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni zidebeselela kakhulu ekubukezeni izicelo ezigunyaziwe kunasezinkantolo zikahulumeni, okwenza ukucindezelwa kube nzima kakhulu kulezo zinqubo.

Umthetho wokuhlukanisa, ocindezela ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphula iSichibiyelo sesine, usebenza kokubili enkantolo kahulumeni nesombuso ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Nokho, izinqumo zingasebenzisa umthetho ohlukanisayo obanzi kakhulu kunangomthetho kahulumeni odinga ngokucindezela ubufakazi bokuphulwa kwamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni oweqisayo owedlula isivikelo sikahulumeni. imfundiso yokuzihlukanisa komthetho iyaqhubeka iguqula [[, futhi abenzi kumelwe baqhubeke bekhona kuzo zombili izenzakalo zezwe nombuso.

Ukuqeqeshwa Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezimiso Zokusebenza

Izinhlangano eziqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe zithuthukise izinhlelo zokuqeqesha nezimiso ezisingatha izimfuneko eziqondile zezindawo ezisebenza kuzo izikhulu. Izikhulu eziphethe eziphethe izifundazwe eziningi zibhekene nezinselele ezithile, njengoba ukungafani kwemingcele phakathi kwezifunda ezingomakhelwane kungadala ukudideka nengozi engokomthetho. Ukuqeqeshelwa ukuhlanganisa ngezimfuneko zokugunyazwa kufanele kuhlanganise izimfuneko, ukulungiselela, ukugunyaza izinqubo zokubulala, kanye nokuhlangana phakathi komthetho wezwe nowezwe.

Amahhovisi abashushisi kufanele alondoloze isiqondiso samanje ezidingweni ezigunyaza izifundazwe abazisebenzisayo, kuhlanganise nokushintshwa kwezinqumo zamuva zenkantolo eziguqula izindinganiso ezikhona. Iziqephu zokuqeqesha zasikhathi sonke ezikhuluma kokubili izinqubo ezigunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kumelana nokuhlolwa futhi kuvikele ukubonakala kobufakazi obubalulekile.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko ezigunyaziwe ezimisweni zenkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso zihlanganyela isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo esifanayo esiSichibiyelweni Sesine, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalezozimfuneko kusuka ngezindlela ezinengqondo. Izinkantolo zeFederal zisebenza ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezifanayo zeFederal Rules of Criminal Procediture, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa amalungiselelo azo siqu omthetho - sisekelo, imithetho, nemithetho engokomthetho engase ibeke izimfuneko eziqinile kunemithetho kahulumeni efunwayo.

Ochwepheshe bezomthetho kumelwe baqaphele lokhu mehluko ukuze banikeze abathengi iziqondiso eziphumelelayo, bathole imvume esemthethweni, futhi babeke inselele. Ukuhlukahluka kwezimo ezingase zibangele izindinganiso, ukukhipha izinqubo zokubulala, ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokugunyaza, futhi ukuqondisa kokwahlulela kwakha indawo eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ukuthatha uhambo olucophelelayo. Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziyazuza ngokusungula izimiso ezibanzi ezisingatha izimfuneko eziqondile zawo wonke amagunya lapho izikhulu zisebenza, kuyilapho abameli kumelwe bahlaziye ngokucophelela izindinganiso ezisebenzayo lapho kufunwa isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ekhondweni eliyinselelwe.

Njengoba izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso ziqhubeka zithuthukisa ukuvikelwa kweSichibiyelo sesine, ukuhlobana kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni nombuso kuhlala kunamandla. Isimiso esiyinhloko sihlala siqinile: Izivumelwano kumelwe zisekelwe cishe ngesizathu, ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi ithathwe izinto, futhi kumelwe ibulawe ngendlela eqondene nesivikelo somthetho kanye nezimfuneko zomthetho. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezizimiso zisetshenziswa kanjani ezimisweni ezihlukene kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izenzo zokugcinwa komthetho zingokomthetho zingokomthetho futhi ubufakazi buhlala bungekho enkantolo.