Izimiso zezikhulu ze-volution zibumba isimo sezombangazwe ezindaweni eziningi zentando yeningi, kusukela e-United Kingdom nase-Canada kuya eNdiya nase-United States. Lezi zimiso zivuza abazowina amavoti amaningi esifundeni, ngokuvamile ziveza ohulumeni abanamandla abahlukene. Kodwa emiphakathini encishisiwe − abantu abambalwa, abantu bomdabu, amaqembu aswele ngokwezomnotho, kanye neminye imiphakathi engokomlando enciphilelwe phansi kwenani labantu, kungahluka kakhulu. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ephambili yezombangazwe ethonya ngayo idinga ukuhlolisisa inqubo engahlanganisa noma isithibe isithiwa yimiphi imishini yalabo abasemideni kakade.

Ukuchaza Izimiso Ezinkulu

Izinqubo zokhetho ezibizwa ngokuthi amajenator yilezo lapho umvoti noma umbutho othola khona isihlalo. Indlela evame kakhulu yiyo yokuqala ye-paste-presed, esetshenziswa ezifundeni ezinezingxenye ezimbili. Okunye ukuhlukahluka kuhlanganisa isimiso esizinzile esibili (eFrance kanye nokhetho lukamongameli abaningi) kanye nokuvota okuhlukile (okusetshenziswa e-Australia ukuze kungenelwe indlu ephansi). Esimweni ngasinye, isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi umnqobi uthatha isihlalo, futhi alahlekelwe yilabo abazuza ingxenye enkulu yevoti [1] Ngisho nalabo abathola isabelo esiqinile sevoti.

Lesi sakhiwo sihluke kakhulu ngokumelelwa kwezindawo ezilinganayo, lapho izihlalo zabelwa khona amaqembu asekelwe ekuvotelweni kwawo kwezwe lonke noma kwesifunda. Abasekeli bezimiso ezinkulu baphikisa ukuthi baveza ohulumeni abaqinile, ukulandisa okucacile, kanye nokuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwabameleli nommeleli wabo. Abagxeki baveza ukuthi ngokuvamile banehaba ngokunqoba kweqembu elikhulu, beshiya izithakazelo ezincane futhi besakaza ngaphandle kwezwi lomthetho.

Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta imiphakathi encishisiwe zihlanganisa isifunda (ngokuvamile isihlalo esisodwa esifundeni ngasinye), umnyango wokuwina (ubuningi noma iningi), kanye nokusakazeka kwendawo yabavoti. Uma umphakathi ungemkhulu ngokwanele ukuba usungule iningi kunoma isiphi isifunda, noma uma amalungu awo esakazekele ezifundeni eziningi."Inzima kakhulu ukukhetha ummeleli kuleyondawo ngaphansi kwemithetho emikhulu.

Imishini Yokuhlukanisa Ngaphansi Kwemithetho Ephakeme

Ubandlululo lokwakha olwakhelwe ezimisweni zezikhulu ludala izithiyo eziningana ezikhethekile zamaqembu ancishisiwe. Lezi zinqubo azizenzakaleli; zizuzwe ngomqondo onengqondo wokuzuza wonke umncintiswano.

Impumelelo Ithatha Konke Nenkinga Yokugxilisa Ingqondo Kwe - Geographic

Esifundeni esisodwa, iqembu lidinga ukuba libe yinani elikhulu labantu besifunda noma ukuba libumbe umfelandawonye omkhulu ngokwanele ukuba uphumelele. Idlanzana elisakazekile ngokwezwe eliyidlanzana elisakazekele kulo lonke izwe (njengesizwe se-diaspora) elisakazekele ezweni lonke (ukucishe kungabi nakwenzeka ukugxilisa amavoti anele kunoma isiphi isifunda esisodwa ukuze likhethe unyukeli walo siqu. Ngisho noma iqembu elincane ligxile kakhulu ezifundeni ezimbalwa, isilinganiso seqembu lonke esisezihlalweni zomthetho liyonqanyulelwa ngenani lalezozifunda. Lokhu kungaholela ekungahambisani okungavumelani okukhulu phakathi kwesizwe nesabelo saso nesihlalo saso somthetho.

Ukuqondisa Okuhlelekile “Nomsizi Wobubi Obubili”

Abavoti bemiphakathi ehluzekile ngokuvamile babhekana nobunzima. Uma umjoli wabo othandwayo noma umhlanganyeli engasakwazi ukuwina, bangase bazizwe becindezelwa ukuba bavote ukuba umbhalisa ophila kangcono avimbele umphumela omubi kakhulu. Lokhu, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuvota okuwusizo noma okunezindlela zokuvota, kucindezela ukuboniswa kwezenzo zeqiniso zezombangazwe. Uma kuphindaphindwa ngokhetho oluningi, kungaqeda ukwethembana ngenqubo yedemokhrasi futhi kwakha umuzwa wokuthi ukuvota kumane kuyisenzo sokuvikela kunokuba kube ukuvuma.

Imiphumela Ephambene Yokucindezelwa Nokudangala Kwezinto Eziyigugu

Imizamo engokomlando neyesikhathi samanje yokuvimbela amalungelo okuvota − ngemithetho ye-ID yovota, ukususwa kwemicu ye-ID, ukuncishiswa kwezindawo zokuvota, noma ukuncishiswa kwezindawo zokuvota, noma ukuncishiswa kwe-felon kuncishiswe kwezindawo ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ezimizamweni eziphambili, ngisho nokuncishiswa okuncane komvoti phakathi kweqembu elithile kunganquma ukuthi lelo qembu liwina isihlalo noma liwe kancane. Ngenxa yokuthi izihlalo azihlelwangalinganiswanga ngokwesilinganiso, zicindezela izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamavoti esifundeni esiyinhloko zingaba nethonya elingcono ekumeleni wonke lowomphakathi.

Isigodi Ne - Gerrymandering

Ezimisweni eziyinhloko, ukudwetshwa kwemingcele yezifunda zevotal kuyithuluzi elinamandla. uGerrymandering .Ukwenza imingcele yokufuna iqembu elithile noma iqembu elithile, [1] ukupakisha abavoti abangaphansi kwenani elincane lezifunda (ukufaka amavoti abo ezifundeni ezimbalwa ezinkulu) noma ukuwahlukanisa ezifundeni eziningi (zisekela ithonya labo). Nakuba inguquko evimbela ukuguqula izinhlangano ezithile zikhona kwezinye izindawo, umkhuba uhlala usemthethweni futhi usabalele kwezinye, ululaza ngokuqondile ikhono lemiphakathi ephansi ukuze ikhethe abameleli bayo abathandekayo.

Imiphumela Yokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Uma abantu bebona ukuthi ukuvota kwabo akunasisi esitheni ngenxa yesimiso sokhetho, ukuganana kwabo nezombangazwe kungalimala ngezindlela ezingalungiseka. Imiphumela ayifani, kodwa eminye imiphakathi isabela ngokuzimela nangokuhlela, kodwa i-systemic diseases ingokoqobo.

Ukuvukwa Kwezimpahla Eziphansi Nokukhungatheka Kwezombangazwe

Ukucwaninga okungaguquki kubonisa ukuthi umvoti uphansi ezimisweni ezinkulu kunasezimisweni ezilandelanayo, futhi leligebe liphawulwe kakhulu emaqenjini aphansi. Uma abantu kulezindawo benomuzwa wokuthi ukuthatha kwabo iqhaza akuvamile ukushintsha imiphumela yokukhetha, bangase baveze umuzwa wobuze. Lokhu kungaholela ekujikelezeni kokwehla, uhulumeni ongasabeli, ukuhlukanisa okuqhubekayo, nokunganakwa kwezidingo zomphakathi abangazibheki njengabavoti abawuhluli.

Ukuphendukela Ekulaleni Nokungahlanganyeli Kwezolimo

Amanye amaqembu ahluliwe ayisa amandla awo ezombangazwe ngaphandle kwenkundla yokuvota. Ukubhikisha, ukubhikisha, imikhankaso ye - Internet, kanye nezimiso zomphakathi zokusizana kungaba izindlela eziyinhloko zokukhuluma kwezombangazwe lapho kubonakala sengathi kuvaliwe. Nakuba le misebenzi isemthethweni futhi ingabangela ushintsho emphakathini, ingaqinisa futhi umuzwa wokuthi isimiso sezombangazwe esingokomthetho singesabanye. Lokhu kuphambanisa kungalulaza ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi kwezinhlangano ezikhethiwe.

Ukunganakwa Kwezenqubo

Uma imiphakathi ehluzekile ingamelelwa ngokwenani layo, izinqumo eziphikiswana futhi ezibekwe ezindlini zomthetho zithambekele ekuboniseni izinto eziza kuqala zamaqembu awina ukhetho. Ngokwesibonelo, imiphakathi yomdabu eCanada nase-Australia iye yawabona ngokomlando amalungelo ayo ezwe, ukulondolozwa kwempucuko, nezidingo zezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo zincishiswe ngaphansi kwezimiso eziphambili. Ukuntula incazelo echazayo . . .Izimo ze-profecta . . .izethumela ezisekela isizinda somphakathi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuvamile, [1]

Imiphumela Engokwengqondo: Ukungafundi Nokuthembana

Isihluthulelo sokunqanda ukubophana kwezombangazwe singaphakathi futhi sinamandla angaphandle kwezombangazwe − inkolelo yokuthi umuntu angaqonda ezombangazwe nokuthi uhulumeni usabela ezakhamuzini. Izimiso zobuholi zingalimaza zombili. Lapho abavoti abangaphansi kwemingcele bebona abavoti belahlekelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe emphakathini wabo naphezu kokuthola amashumi ezinkulungwane zamavoti, bangase baphethe ngokuthi isimiso simelene nabo. Ukuthembela kuhulumeni kuwumphumela oqondile, futhi kwanenza izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izakhamuzi Ezingahlukene Ezizweni Ezingaphansi Kwezwe

Imiphakathi YaseAfrika YaseMelika NeyaseLatino E - United States

I-United States isebenzisa i-past-pad-past kukhetho oluningi lwemithetho, ihlangene nezifunda ezizimele. Naphezu kwe-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, eyayenqabela imikhuba yokulawula futhi ifuna amagunya athile ukuze isungule izigodi eziningi, imiphakathi yaseMelika ne-Latino isabhekene nokwehliswa. Ukunyuka kwe-asethi ye-germaninder ne-ovectial eqinile imithetho ye-ID kuye kwathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa nakakhulu lamaqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Blackpotooce yayicishe yabhekana nezinkinga zokuhlola izicelo. Nakuba izifunda zezifunda eziningi ziye zasiza ekukhetheni abafuni bemibala eminingi, futhi zigxilisa ukuvota kwale imithetho ye-ID yalemist kulomist kulo mphakathi ezilinganisweni ezilinganiselwe, yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthonya kakhulu.

Abantu Bomdabu ECanada

Isimiso sokuqala semuva seCanada se-pare - prest-prest yenze imiphakathi yama-Inodevery yangakhokho. Nakuba inani lamalungu ePhalamende ezakhamuzi zakhona liye landa eminyakeni yamuva, lisaqhubeka lilandela ingxenye yenani labantu abahlala e-Iafrintal. I-Gographic iyisicindezelo esikhulu: abantu abaningi abahlala emaphandleni nasezindaweni ezikude, kodwa abanele ukwakha iningi emigqeni eminingi. Ukhetho lwamazwe angohulumeni angu-2021 luye lwaveza umbhalo ophezulu we-Ihotela, kodwa isithiyo ehlala. Abanye abameleli be-Irovalvery babiza ushintsho olungokohlelo, njengophawu oluphakathi noma izihlalo ezinikezelweyo, ukuqinisekisa amazwi abo.

Ubuncane Bezinhlanga E - United Kingdom

Ku-UK, amaqembu amancane ezinhlanga agxile kakhulu emadolobheni, aye awavumela ukuba akhethe inani elandayo lama-MP. Nokho, imiphakathi yonke yama-Black, Asia, kanye nama-Green Party (abamadume) isahluleka ukuhlanganisa izihlalo zawo zesizwe. Isimiso sokuqala sezezikhohlo siveza amaqembu amabili amakhulu futhi ngaphansi kwangaphansi avame ukudonsa i-volution. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Liberal Democrates ne-Green Party ithola isabelo esincane kakhulu sezindawo ezikunyelwa kuzo kunesabelo sayo sokhetho, futhi ngokuvamile baye basekela izimpikiswano ezincane. Lokhu kungaduma i-BAMABAMA - COLOT ekusekeleni iqembu lawo uma bebona ukuthi lifuna ukuvota.

Izakhamuzi ZaseDalit Nezase - Adivasi ENdiya

INdiya isebenzisa izihlalo zokuqala ezidlulile zendlu yayo ephansi kakhulu, i-Lok Sabha. Nakuba igcinelwe ama-constitue e-Shedymard Castes (ama-Dalits) ne-Shedyd Parations (Adivasis) iqinisekisa inani elilinganiselwe lezihlalo zalamaqembu, ilungiselelo linemingcele. Izihlalo ezisele zisemaphethelweni kuphela ezinamaqoqo aphezulu alemiphakathi, futhi abajahili abawinayo bavame ukuvela ezindaweni ezivelele zezombangazwe, hhayi ngempela izimpande zotshani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amaqembu anezinhlayiya zenkolo ezifana namaSulumane angebona abavile, agcinekile futhi ahlala ngaphansi kwesabelo sabo esiphawulekayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekubopheleni kwezombangazwe phakathi kwalabo abanomuzwa wokuvota kwabo.

Izimpikiswano Zokuncintisana: Izinguquko Nezenzo Zokuhoxa

Naphezu kokungakhi kahle, imiphakathi ehluzekile iye yasungula amasu okwandisa ukuthembisa kwayo kwezombangazwe nethonya ngaphansi kwezimiso ezinkulu.

Isakhiwo Esinemidanti Nemifelandawonye

Uma kungekho qembu elinciphileyo elingawina isifunda ngokwalo, lakha imifelandawonye namanye amaqembu − kuhlanganisa abavoti abaningi abathuthukayo @tayle amaqembu awinayo. Lokhu kudinga ukwethembana, ukuxoxa, nokuhlanganyela izinqubo eziphambili. Isakhiwo sokubhalisa amaqembu angabuye athole imali yokubhalisa abavoti, ukuthatha i-asethi, nokukhuthaza izithakazelo ezifanayo.

Ukushintsha Kwesimiso Esivamile

Izinhlangano eziningi zobuthakathi, njenge-Fairvocote e-United States kanye ne-Electoral Reform Society eUnited Kingdom, zisunduza ukusuka kusuka ku-de-sekudlule-isigqebhezana ukuya ekuvoteni okunesigaba esilinganiselwe noma izimiso ezixubeneyo. Lezinguquko zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amavoti eqembu elincane noma amabhunga azimele awalahlwanga, futhi ukuthi isihlalo sonke sihlanganyela ngokuseduze kakhulu ekuboniseni isabelo. Amanye amazwe aye athatha inguquko enjalo ngokuphumelelayo: INew Zealand yashintshelwa esimisweni se-interlinear exparted system yeMaorio kanye namanye amaqembu amancane kamuva athuthukisiwe. Ukuveza ushintsho kunzima ngokwezombangazwe, njengoba amaqembu amakhulu azuzayo ekutholeni isikhundla esivame ukumelana noshintsho.

Ukuhlela Imfundo Yomphakathi Neyokusebenza

Izinhlangano ze-rasroot zifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhipheni abavoti abakweleleyo futhi zibafundise ngendlela izindaba zabo zokuvota ngisho naseminyangweni emikhulu. Ngokugxila emincintiswaneni yendawo, yokukhetha kwesikole, neminye ephansi, lamaqembu abonisa ukuthi ukuthembisana kungaveza imiphumela esobala emphakathini. Imfundo ephumelelayo isusa futhi izinganekwane eziphathelene nokudlala amavoti futhi ichaze indlela ukuvota okunenzuzo okungasetshenziswa ngayo ngezinye izikhathi ukuthuthukisa izithakazelo zeqembu.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nenguquko Evuselelayo

E-United States, i-Voiting Rights Act inikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sezindlela zokuvota zobuhlanga ezibekela inselele. Amaqembu asebenza ngokusemthethweni njenge-Brennan Center for Justice ne-American Civil Liberaties Union aye aletha ngokuphumelelayo amacala avala imithetho ye-Id evotayo noma aphoqelela ukusungulwa kwezifunda zezindawo ezinabantu abambalwa. Nokho, izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zalulaza ezinye zalezi sivikelo, zenza inguquko ibe yindida egxeka kakhulu. I-consoledificificiation ikhomisha enzima, njengoba isetshenziswa emazweni anjengeCalifornia neMichigan, inganciphisa i-gerryman futhi idala amabalazwe alungile.

Ezinye Izifanekiso: Ama-seat agcinelwe kanye nophawu lokulawula

Amanye amazwe aye azama izihlalo ezibekelwe imvume yamaqembu athile angaphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-New Zealand inezihlalo ezinikezelwe zamaMaori, futhi amazwe amaningana agcinela abesifazane izihlalo. Lezi zinqubo zingaqinisekisa isisekelo sokumelelwa nokuphikwa, kodwa azinakugxekwa. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi izihlalo ezigciniwe zingadala ithonya eliqinile noma ukuthi abameleli abangase bangabi nacala emphakathini obanzi. Noma kunjalo, emiphakathini engaphansi kakhulu, izihlalo ezigciniwe zinikeza ikhambi eliqinile phakathi kwepulani enkulu.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokhetho ezinkulu zinethonya elinamandla ekwakhekeni kwezombangazwe emiphakathini ehluliwe. Izici zokwakha zezifunda ezinqobayo, zihlangene nokucindezela kokuvota, ukuvota, ukucindezela, kwakha izithiyo ezinkulu zokuhlanganyela nokumelela. Imiphumela [1] Ukugwenywa kwezwe, ukudumazeka, nokungakhathaleli kwesimiso akunakwenqatshelwa, kodwa kusekelwe ngokujulile endleleni lezizimiso ezihlela ngayo amandla.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiphakathi ehluzekile ayizona izisulu ezilula zokuhlelwa kwendlela yokukhetha. Ngokwakha okuhlangene, ukuhlelwa kwezimpande zotshani, izinselele zomthetho, kanye nokukhokha imvume yokuguqula isimiso, iye yaqopha izindawo zokuthonya ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi. Izimiso ze-Electoral azikho neze, kodwa futhi kungokufanayo nangokuzimisela kwemiphakathi ukwenza amazwi ayo azwakale. Ukuqonda ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwemithetho ephakeme kanye nokuthembisa okungalinganiswayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ozinikele ekwakheni idemokhrasi eligcwele kakhulu, lapho ivoti ngayinye, ithwala khona isisindo.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda ngemiphumela yesimiso sokukhetha, bheka umsebenzi we- i-Electoral Reformation Society kanye ne- Brennan Center yeJaji[. Izifundo ze-Academic ngu-Arend Lijphart no-Pippa Norris zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okukhulu.[