INhlangano Engokomthetho: Ukumiswa Kwegunya Elingokomthetho

Izinhlangano ezilawulayo zithola igunya lazo emithethweni edluliswa yiKhomusela-mthetho, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi izithunywa zegunya lomthetho. Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., iSishaya-mthetho siphethe amandla okwenza imithetho, kodwa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho yanamuhla − ukuhlanganisa yonke into ewukuphepha kwemithi nokungagunyaza ukuhweba ngezobuchwepheshe okungaphiwe abamisimthetho. Ngenxa yalokho, iMikhandlu imisa imithetho enikeza amandla ekwazi ukugcwalisa izinhlangano ngokuhlela imithetho. Le zithunywa azinakali; izinhlangano kumelwe zisebenze phakathi kwemingcele ebekwe yimithetho ewumthetho, futhi izenzo zazo zibekwe ukuba zibukeze ngaphansi kwenqubo yokwahlulela [[Foct:0] ngaphansi kwe-APURG.[FULD] [FLAct:1] [FU.A.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka 1984 ICheveron U.S.A. ne- Inc. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. yaqinisa ngokwengeziwe indima yezinhlangano ekuchazeni imithetho ecacile. Ngaphansi kwesinqumo IChevron [ ibambezela] imfundiso, izinkantolo zithobela incazelo enengqondo yenhlangano yemithetho eyisebenzisayo, inikeze iSishaya - mthetho, inikeza i-Hulumende ukuba ingakhululi ngokuqondile empikiswaneni eqondile. Lesisinqumo esichithwe amanzi sanikeza izinhlangano imingcele eqinile elungiselelweni ngomthetho, ngokuphumelela ezibalwayo njengabasunguli bezindawo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho. Abagxeki abanjalo abaholayo bangahola ekulawuleni kwezehlulele, kodwa baqaphele isikhundla esingcono kunezezezezezezenkampathi yeze yezenkambiso yezenkambiso yezenkambiso yezezenkampane. Imvume yomthetho.

Ukuqonda lesi sisekelo esingokomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela izinhlangano ezilawulayo ezithonya ngayo imiphumela yemithetho. Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano zinobuchwepheshe obujulile bezindaba nekhono lokumisa imithetho ephethe ithonya lomthetho, izishayamthetho zivame ukubheka kuzo ukuze zithole isiqondiso sobuchwepheshe lapho zibhala imithetho. Imishini ifaka futhi ithonya elilawulayo [ elinamandla [ukulawula] eMkhandlwini, ukulinganisela izindleko, izinzuzo, nemiphumela engalindelekile yezindleko.

Indlela Izimiso Ezilawulayo Ezithonya Ngayo Umthetho: Ithonya Lobuqotho Nelingenamicikilisho

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zithonya inqubo yomthetho ngazo zombili izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezimiswe umthetho nemikhondo ehleliwe esekelwe ebuchwephesheni nasebunhlanganweni. Inqubo esobala kakhulu ingumthetho wokwenza imithetho yomthetho nombuso inqubo ngaphansi kwe-APA. Uma inhlangano ikhipha umthetho ohlongozwayo e-Federal Register, imema abantu. Lamazwi avame ukuvela emalungwini eKhongolo, ohulumeni bezwe, amaqembu emboni, namaqembu ezokuphatha izimboni. I-a Revoccounting ingaveza amaphutha amakhulu noma imiphumela engalindelekile, iqhube ukuhlaziya umthetho noma ngisho nesicelo somthetho sokulungisa ushintsho eMkhandlwini. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izinhlangano zithola ukuthi imvume yalo yenza ukuba kungabi namandla obuchwepheshe abasanda kuvela, izinhlangano zezokuhlela nokuhlela izinhlangano zezomthetho.

Ngokwethukela, izinhlangano zinethonya ngosizo olungokwezimiso kubenzi bomthetho. Inhlangano ngayinye igcina ihhovisi lezindaba elithatha i-countaliation liphendula imibuzo evela kubalungisi bemithetho nakuzisebenzi zabo. Ochwepheshe be-Agency bafakazela ukuqulwa kwamacala ekomiti, benikeza izinqumo zezinkinga zesimiso kanye nezixazululo ezingase zivele. Lokhu bufakazi ngokuvamile buhlela izilinganiso ezifakelwe ezikweletini ze-operation. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho i-Congress acabangela imingcele evimbela ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo, i-EPAgency i-gency inikeza imiboniso ebanzi ebonisa impilo nemiphumela yezezomnotho ehlukahlukene yeminyango yokuhlola. Applish.

Ngaphandle kokuxhumana kwabantu ngabanye, amanxusa ahlanganyela futhi ekuxhumaneni [[FLT: 0] kwezimiso zikahulumeni ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-Office of Management and Baccount (OMB) neWhite House Office of Information and Reguralatory Affairs (OIRA). Ngale mishini, izinhlangano zingahlela izihlongozo zazo zokuhlela kanye nethonya lezemithetho yezejwayezi, ngokuphumelelayo elihlanganisa isikhulu esiphethe nezenzo zobukhomfazi.

Imishini Eyinhloko Yethonya

  • ubuchwepheshe nokuhlolwa kokwaziswa: Imishini ihlanganisa ukucwaninga okubukelwe kabusha kontanga, ukuhlola izingozi, futhi ithuthukise izithombe zezomnotho eziba umsuka wangempela wezihlongozo zomthetho.
  • Ukuhlolwa nokuhlola: Izikhulu zenhlangano zasebekhulile zivela phambi kwamakomiti enhlangano, ziphendula imibuzo futhi zinikeza isiqondiso mayelana nokufaneleka kwemiyalo ehlongozwayo.
  • Ukufakwa kombhalo wemithetho: Ezimweni eziningi, abameli bezinhlangano nochwepheshe bezimiso bahlela zonke izingxenye zemali yezindleko, ezibe seziqala ngezikhulu ezinesihawu.
  • Ukwenza kube yisici semithetho: Lapho i-arhente ikhipha umthetho ophikisanayo, uMkhandlu ungasabela ngokumisa umthetho ukuze ugumbuqele, ulungise, noma ufake umthetho(ukudlala) lokhu kusho isenzo senhlangano esibangela ukusebenza kwemithetho ngokuqondile.
  • IPublic i-advocation kanye ne-accom: Imishini ibamba ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, ama-webinar, nezindawo zokusebenzela ezihlanganisa amazwi ahlukene. Lezi zenzakalo zingabangela ushintsho lwemithetho lapho inhlangano ilwela khona.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ethonyani Elilawulayo

I - Agency Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile Neziphendulo Zomthetho Ohlanzekile Womoya

Ithonya le-EPA eMthethweni we-Ceador Air Act (CAA) linikeza isibonelo esivelele senhlangano elawulayo ehlela umthetho omkhulu. Lapho i-Congress ilungisa i-CAA ngo-1970, 1977, no 1990, i-EPA yanikeza ukuhlola okunzulu kwezesayensi ngemiphumela yempilo yezinto ezivame ezingcolisa umoya owenziwe nge-sulfur dioxide, ne-oxygen oxide, kanye ne-paceticiculate contrometics. Ukucwaninga kwenhlangano ngokuhlobana ngokuxhumana phakathi kokungcola komoya nezifo ze-ample , kwasekela ngokuqondile ukudalwa kwe- kwe-National Ambent Moyeal Seaty Divity Divice (NAQS) [FLTS])] uhlelo lomthetho oluvamile lwezentengo-okanye nohlelo lwe-odokisi lwe-odokisi oluye-ocensi, oluyenzekamuva kwe-1990909, uhlelo lwe-edic eveza i-tratrad, uhlelo lwezentene yezomnotho

Muva nje, i-EPA iye yaphoqelela ukuba kubekwe umthetho wokuhlasela amagesi abamba ukushisa. Nakuba ukuthatha isinyathelo somfelandawo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuye kwaphela ngokwezinga likahulumeni, i-999 i-EFLT] Isengozini yokuthola [ ngaphansi kwe-CAA yaphoqelela lempikiswano ehleliwe ngokuphetha ukuthi i-carbon dioxide ifaka impilo yomphakathi engozini. Ngokuphendula, kuye kwavezwa izikweleti zemali eziningana ekumiseni noma ekuqiniseni igunya le-EPA lokulawula amagesi ashisayo, ibonisa indlela isinqumo esisodwa sezekeli ezingabangela ngayo impikiswano yokuvimbela ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho.

Ukuphatha Kokudla Nezidakamizwa Nomthetho Wesimanje Wokuphepha Kokudla

I-FFOTS Safety Modernization Act [FSMA] [FFLT:1], esayinwe emthetho ngo-2011, imelela ushintsho olubanzi lokuqondisa ukudla emashumini eminyaka. Umthetho wayeka ukugxila ekuthatheni ithonya lokuvimbela ukungcoliswa. I-FDA yafeza indima eyinhloko ekulolongeni i-FSMA ngokunikeza ukwaziswa okuvelayo, ukukhomba izindleko zokungcoliswa, nokutusa izinhlelo eziqondile zokuvimbela abakhiqinisi, izimpahla, nabathuthi. Phambi kwe-FSMA, i-FDA engenaso sokukhumbula igunya lokudla okuningi; izicelo zenhlangano eziphindaphindwayo zamandla zabonakala ekugcineni emthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-FDAPD [FT] egcwele ngolimi oluningi [Foctive-S] kanye ne-SCUPD, ezibekwe ngokulandelana kwemigomo ezintsha, ezisezinye izicwangciso ezisemfashini ezivamile.[3]

Ithonya lenhlangano aliphelanga ngokudlula. Ngaphansi kwe-FSMA, i-FDA kumelwe inikeze imithetho yokusebenzisa umthetho, futhi leyomithetho ivame ukusingatha izikhala ezishiywe yi-Congress. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho i-FDA iqondisa i-FDA ukuba yakhe uhlelo lokugunyazwa kwabahloli besithathu, i-emperations, inhlangano yasebenzisa ukubeka kwayo imithetho ukuze ichaze izindinganiso ze-quality, ukuhlola, ukuphindeka nezibopho. Ngalendlela, i-FDA yaqinisa uhlelo lwemithetho olunemininingwane eminingi yezimfuneko, ilungisa ngokuphumelelayo ithonya langempela lezwe.

Ukuxhumana Kwamazwe Ahlangene Nokungathathi - hlangothi Kwama - net

I-Federal Commissions (FCC) ibilokhu iphakathi kwengxoxo yenetha kusukela ekuqaleni ko- 2000. Ngo-2010, i-FCC yamukela i-FLT Full Errect , ihlukanisa indawo ebanzi njengenkonzo yokwaziswa ngaphansi kweSihloko se-FC Act. Lapho lowo myalo wabekelwa inselele enkantolo, i-D. i-D.C. i-FLTC. i-VLT]VREZIN v. FC[20] [i-FLT] [i] [inani] (inkonzo ephakeme ngaphansi kwelungiselelo le-FCCCC, kodwa imeme icele i-FC ezindaweni eziphansi kwemithetho yemvume ephansi ye-FC. I-FCC. ikhona impone ye-osethi ehleliwe ye-FC. Nakuba ingekhona imvume engokomthetho eqinile engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ephansi engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho e

Isibonelo se - FCC sibonisa indlela izinhlangano ezingaqondisa ngayo izinqubo zomthetho ngokusebenzisa igunya lazo lokuchaza.

Izakhiwo Nezimemezelo Zokushintshana Nezinguquko Zezimali

Ngemva kwenkinga yezezimali ka-2008, i-Secturance and Exchange Commission (SEC) yayiwumdlali oyinhloko ekulolongeni i- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation neConsumer Protection Act ka-202010. I-SEC inikeza i-Consurection enikeza imininingwane eyingozi edayisayo edayiseni lezentengiselwano, ukuhluleka kwezinhlangano zokukhokha isikweleti semali. Ngokusekelwe ekutusweni yinhlangano, i-Dodd-Flad-Frank ihlanganisa izivumelwano ezifuna ukubhaliswa kwabathengisi bemali, umthetho wezinhlangano zokukhokha isikweletuzo, kanye nendalo ye-okhensi yohwebo [FLT:] i-Arectororserver [FFOLT] phakathi kwe-SEC. I-SEC i-VC i-Pritemplyt (irstmistmist) ebizwa kanye neminye i-odmistrive) ebhanxa.

Kusukela ku-Dodd-Frank, i-SEC iye yaqhubeka ithonya umthetho wezezimali ngokunikeza imibiko yaminyaka yonke kuKhomishane imisebenzi yayo yokuqinisekisa nokukhipha imithetho ngezinye izikhathi ebangela ukubukezwa kwenhlangano ngaphansi kwe- Conregational Review Act (CRA)[FL:1]. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-SEC ka-2020 wabaphathi be-Acc wabangela umzamo wokuyiqeda ngokusebenzisa i-CRA, ubonise ukufakwa kwesinqumo okungapheli phakathi kokwenza umthetho nomthetho.

Ezombangazwe Ezinethonya Elilawulayo: Ukubusa Nokulwa

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlangano ezilawulayo noMkhandlu abuvumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izingcindezi zezombangazwe, ukushintsha kwezimo eziza kuqala zokuphatha, kanye nezithakazelo ezincintisanayo zingabangela izingxabano. Indlela yokulawula eyinhloko i- Conregational Review Act [ ka-19, evumela uKhongolo ukuba lungavumelani nomthetho omkhulu ngesinqumo esihlangene, ukuphathwa umongameli u-cweveto. Kusukela ngo-2017, imithetho eminingi iye yagumbuqelwa ngokusebenzisa i-CRA, kuhlanganise nolunye olungase lubeke imingcele eyimfihlo egcweleyo kanye nogesi we-methane. I-CRA inikeza i- Consengresssion aroundation, ubukhali, ithuluzi lokusunduza emuva kumthetho obekwe kumongameli benhlangano efuna ukumiswa njengenhloso enkulu.

Omunye umthombo wengxabano yi- Office of Information and Regatoriation Affairs (OIRA) ngaphakathi kweWhite House. OIRA ihlola imithetho ephawulekayo yokumisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ihambisana nezinto eziza kuqala zikamongameli, izindleko zokuhlola, kanye nokubambisana. Uma ukuqondisa okusha kuthatha ihhovisi, i-OIRA ingamisa, noma ilungise imithetho evela kubaphathi be-Whitestry. (*) i-OIRA i-projectivementationstuation ngokuthonya lokho izinhlangano ezihlongoza iBhunganiso. Isibonelo, ukuqondisa i-Trump kwadingeka izinhlangano ezimbili ukuze kukhishwe zonke izinhlelo, isiqondiso esithinta ikhono le-EPA ukuqhubekela phambili ngemithetho yesimo futhi ishintshe uhlobo lwemithetho ecatshangelwayo.

Izingxabano Zesithakazelo Nokubanjwa Kwama - agency

Ngezinye izikhathi izinhlangano eziqondisayo ziyagxekwa ngokuthi “zikhuthuzwe” izimboni ezizilawulayo. Uma izikhulu zezinhlangano zivela noma zilindele ukubuyela engxenyeni ezimele, zingazithanda ngokungaqondi izikhundla zezimboni ekubuseni nasekutuseni kwabo imithetho. Lokhu okunamandla kungaholela izinhlangano ekufuneni amanxusa ukuba asebenzise ulimi lwe-statory oludambisa ukuqondisa noma ukudala izikhalazo. Ngokwesibonelo, imizamo yokulawula imali ekupheleni konyaka ka-1990 yaqhutshwa ngokwengxenye yizimboni eziphethe izikhundla zemboni ezisekela [FLT: 0] i-Gram-ate-Lat Act [FLT] ebangela ukuba kube khona ukubambisana kwezenteko. [iiiiigethi ye-slas-stall Act], enziwayo futhi yaphinde yaveza izingxenye zezente. Abagxekishoshosholo oluyi benhlangano bafaka i-unyaka 2008.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqembu anesithakazelo somphakathi angabamba nezinhlangano, afune imithetho eqinile ebangela izindleko eziphakeme ngaphandle kwezinzuzo ezihambisana nazo. Ukucindezela phakathi kwezindlela zokuthumba ezincintisanayo kusho ukuthi ithonya lezezomthetho lezinhlangano alikho neze ngezobuchwepheshe kuphela; njalo liyinani elibalulekile futhi lincintiswane.

Ukumiswa Kwezombangazwe Nesiqondiso Senhlangano

Abaholi bamisa amakhanda ezinhlangano ezinkulu eziqondisayo, futhi labo abamiselwe bamisa imithetho yokugcinwa kwezezimali nokuhlelwa kwezimiso. Ukushintsha kokuqondisa kungaliguqula ngokuphawulekayo ithonya lenhlangano lezenyunyana. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwe-Obama, i-EPA iphikelele imithetho yesimo sezulu, eyathi ngokukhuthaza iziphakamiso zemithetho yesimo sezulu. Ngaphansi kwe-Trump, i-EPA ihoxiwe noma i-mousesfectionss, i-EPA provior, i-occollation isho ukuthi ithonya lenhlangano linentelentele yomthetho wezombangazwe phakathi kwamagatsha ephethe ne-Rouniment. Uma i-White House ne-Congresstings ilawulwa yizinhlangano ezihlukene, izimelwanezekeli ezihlangene noma ezihlangene.

Izingcindezi Zokubusa Nomthetho Womphakathi

Indima yezinhlangano eziqondisayo enqubweni yokushaya umthetho iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokulandisa ngentando yeningi nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Kwesinye isandla, izinhlangano zinikeza ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile, ukuphumelela, nokuvumelana nezimo. Zivumela iSishaya-mthetho ukuba siphumele ezimpini zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu futhi zakhe izisekelo ezivumelanayo ezingase zishintshwa ngaphandle kwempi egcwele yemithetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhula kwamandla ezinhlangano kunganciphisa ukuphakama kwabenzi bomthetho abakhethiwe. Njengoba izinhlangano ziba abashicisheli bemithetho, ukulandisa okuvela ngezombangazwe ezingase zehlise.

Kubafundisi nabafundi bokubusa, ukuqonda lokhu kusebenzelana kubalulekile. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ayiyona indlela elula, elandelanayo kusukela kumthetho ukuya kumthetho; iyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi ezungezile lapho izinhlangano, amaqembu ezithakazelo, imithombo yezindaba, nezinkantolo zinamandla khona. Izinhlangano zokuqondisa, ikakhulukazi, azizona izisekeli ezingochwepheshe zokusekela ukuthunywa kwazo kanye nemininingwane yezombangazwe. Ikhono labo lokubhala imithetho echaza injongo, ukunikeza ukwaziswa okuklanywa kwempikiswano, nokubangela ukusabela kokushaya umthetho ngezenzo zabo siqu, kuzenza zibe yisisekelo sokwenza inqubo yanamuhla.

Ukuqaphela lokhu, imikhuba engcono kakhulu yohlelo lwezishayamthetho ngokuvamile ihlanganisa isiqondiso esicacile sezinhlangano, ukuhlelwa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile, kanye nokuqondisa okuqinile ngamakomiti ombuso. I-Office ye-Government Accounting (GAO) nesimiso sedemokrati yezentengiselwano sokuhlola izinhlangano.

[[UMTH:0] Imithombo yemali ye-External:[