I-Claus Ebalulekile nefanele, etholakala eSiphakamisweni I, iSiqendu 8, i-Clause 18 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ingenye yamalungiselelo alandelayo kakhulu kumthetho-mthetho womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Inikeza iKhomishane amandla “okwenza yonke imithetho edingayo nefanele ukuthatha iMithetho engaphezulu, kanye nawo wonke amanye amandla abekwe ngumthetho kuhulumeni wase-United States, noma kunoma yimuphi uMnyango noma kunoma isikhulu sawo.” Iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, i-Lingumba elilokhu kusenkabeni yempikiswano yegunya likahulumeni, imikhawulo yamandla ahlukene, nendima efanele yomthetho wokwenza umehluko ocacile embhalweni wemithetho engokomthetho. Izimiso zoqobo zinikeza i-lectalsureyidiumgathe nakuqonda lencazelo ebanzi yencazelo engoko yomlando.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zokuqala

UbuOrigealist buyisizinda sezindlela zokuchaza ezithi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele unikezwe incazelo yawo ngesikhathi uthathiwe. Nakuba kunezinto ezibalulekile phakathi komcabango wokuqala." njengokuyinjongo yokuqala, incazelo yokuqala, kanye nokuzibophezela kombhalo wokuqala kusemvelweni eqinile, engokomlando ecindezelayo iziqondiso zokwahlulela. Abacwaningi benqaba umqondo wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo “uyincwadi ephilayo” onencazelo yawo ivela ngezindinganiso zomphakathi. Kunalokho, bagcina ukwethembeka ekuqondeni komphakathi kwasekuqaleni kulondoloza umthetho wentando yentando yeningi kanye nomthetho.

Incazelo Yomphakathi Yokuqala

Abasunguli bezincwadi zakudala, njengo-Attorney General Edwin Meese ngo-1980, ngokuvamile babegxile ezimgomweni ezicatshangelweyo zamaFramers. Namuhla, abasunguli abaningi balandela incazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni ye- esekelwa nguMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia nesazi somthetho uRandy Barnett. Ngaphansi kwalombono, uphenyo olubalulekile luyindlela umuntu onengqondo aqonda ngayo umbhalo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe-ratry, hhayi izinhloso eziyimfihlo zabaqondisi be-diplist. Lo shintsho lwenza ukukholelwa kokuqala nakwemilandweni engaziwa. Kuyi-Factory Barnettle, kuyindlela yokusetshenziswa kwayo ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, njengokuhlolelwa kwe-mthetho kanye nasemongweni yezombangazwe.

Indima Yemithombo Yomlando

Abasekeli bezomthetho bancike ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ukuze bathole incazelo yokuqala: izichazamazwi zangenkathi yokusungulwa, izimpikiswano zesifundazwe, ama-Federalist Papers, imibhalo ye-Convention yoMthetho-siseko, izikhangiso zakuqala ezingokomthetho, nezincazelo zomthetho zakuqala. Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi le mithombo ingaba miningi futhi umlando ungasho lutho. Abadali bayavuma ukuthi umgomo awuwona ophelele kodwa uyisipiki sezimiso esichaza imingcele. Umlando obalulekile nofanele uClauslee, ugcwele kakhulu, unikeza ukuchaza okukhulu kwezibalo ezinjenga James Maces, u-Alexanders, u-Hamilson, noThom Jefferson.

UClaus Odingekile Nofanele: Umbhalo Nendima

Amagama anembile e-Lifanence neFanet Claus ayewumkhiqizo wokuhlehla. Ku-Constitution, izihambeli zaphikisana ngokuthi zinikeze iziphakamiso ezinkulu noma zilinganise ngokuphelele ukuba zibale iziphetho. Njengoba i-Committee of Linual futhi yayithathiwe ngokuyinhloko yayiwumsebenzi we-Committee of Reconfrective futhi yayihloselwe ukugwema isidingo sawo wonke amandla kahulumeni acatshangelwayo. UJames Madison wachaza ku-Federalist No. 44 ukuthi “ngaphandle kwale mandla, wonke uMthetho-Constitution uzoba incwadi efile.” Waphikisa ngokuthi u-Gajikethiwawufanele ukuvumela umthetho ukuba uvumele i-Angresskondreay ukuba ufeze amandla ahlukene ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa waxwayisa futhi ukuthi awugunyazi noma yimiphi amandla amashane.

Impikiswano kaMasipala No. 44 no-“Sifunda”

“ Akukho-athom emiswe ngokucace kakhulu emthethweni, noma ngesizathu, kunanoma kuphi lapho kudingeka khona ukuphela, izindlela zigunyaziwe; noma kuphi amandla avamile okwenza into, wonke amandla adingekayo ukuze yenze. — James Madison, Federal List No. 44

Ulimi lukaMadison lusikisela indlela yokuyekelela: noma iyiphi indlela ehlobene ngokunengqondo nesiphetho esibaliwe ivunyelwe ngokomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, wagcizelela futhi ukuthi isisho asikhulisanga amandla adwetshiwe ngokwaso. Ama-Anti-Federalist, ngokungafani, ayesaba ukuthi ulimi “lubalulekile futhi lufanelekile” luzokwenekwa ukuba lugwinye yonke imikhawulo egunyeni likahulumeni. Ngokuphendula, abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo bakhomba inkulumo ethi“ ngokufaneleyo” njengomngcele owengeziwe [1] ukuthi imithetho akumelwe nje kuphela kodwa futhi ivumelana nesimiso soMthetho-sisekelo kanye namalungelo ahlala kuso.

Ukuchazwa Kwemfundiso KaClaus Ngaphambili

Abaqondisi benkolo basebenzisa izinyathelo eziningana ezihlukile lapho behlaziya umbono obalulekile nofanele ku-Claus. Okokuqala, bahlukanisa amagama "adingekile” kanye no“kufanelekile”[[. UMahluleli omkhulu John Marshall] u-Frall odumileyo [[FFLT] ku-[FLT].[FLT] u-Mahlulele] [[FLT] u-'amukelekile] kodwa “odwa” kodwa u-'ufaneleyodwa.[4] uMarshall''' odumileyodwa. U-Thiphindwayo, obekunyenziswe (1]) kodwa okungasho ukuthi u-Enye.[5]

Okushiwo “Iphupho”

I-listradist igcizelela futhi ukuthi “kulungile” imisa i-grandt ehlukile. Ekusunguleni "ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho" kusho“ ukufaneleka, ukufaneleka,” futhi, emongweni ongokomthetho, “ukuvumelana nokwakheka kwamandla nohlelo lomthetho-mthetho.” Imfuneko yokuba imithetho inqabe“ ngokufanele” ukumisa izilinganiso eziphula ezinye izilungiselelo zomthetho-"ezifana nomthetho-iMithetho-omsphone, okuthiwa i-Bill of Rights (okanye engenela ukusebenza okungaphakathi."Ubulungisa Scalia, engqubanisweni yakhe ehlangene [[FL:] United States v. Comsck [2010]), ichaza ukuthi“ ngokufanelekile" ifuna ukuboniswa komthetho ukuthi “inciphe futhi ilinganisa amandla ombuso."

Inqubo yokuhlola yakuqala iApplicated: “Amandla angokwengqondo” Imfundiso

I-Fanect and Faith Claus ayiyiniki uKhongolo lwamandla azimele; inikeza amandla okuthatha amanye amandla. Ngakho - ke abaqondisi bemvelo badinga ukuba wonke umthetho obekwe ngaphansi komsuka uxhumene namandla akhethekile. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi [ amandla angokwengqondo [. Ngokwesibonelo, [i-MCUL] [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [i], iSivume ukuthi ibhange lesizwe liyindlela yokukhokha intela, ukukhokha imali, nokulawula. Ibhangelwa kwemithetho eqinile. Ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile, okumele ukuhlanganisa i-jhithiwe, noma ukuhlukanisa i-partment, noma i-Thostrugn. [[5] ku-T] ku-F]

Izimfune Zezinqumo Zokwahlulela Zanamuhla

Izimiso zoqobo ziye zahlela izinqumo eziningi eziphawulekayo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ka-Fanect noFanety Claus emashumini eminyaka amuva. United States v. Comstock [2010], iNkantolo yasekela umthetho kahulumeni ovumela ukuzinikela komphakathi kweziboshwa eziyingozi ngokobulili ngemva kokuba imibandela yazo iphelile. IJaji uThomas, ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa okunengqondo, kwathola umthetho “owesidingo nofanelekile” wokusebenzisa amandla eKhoseBhala ukuba alawule amajele angokomthetho. Isivumelwano sika-Kennedy noMahluleli u-Alito sivumela umbono ohlukeneyo ngamunye ukuba ubambe incazelo yokuqala. Umthetho, uThomas, uveza ukuthi umthetho wawungawulawuli kahle ngenxa yokungahleli embusweni wesizwe, ngenxa yemithetho yaKhela i-palkthensitiveydism.

[[UMTL:0]NFIB v. Sebelius (202) kanye noMandate ngamunye

Ku iNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, iNkantolo yacabangela ukuthi i-Affordhable Care Act ingasekelwa yini njengomthetho “odingekile nofanele” wendlela yokuqondisa imakethe yezomshuwalense wempilo. IJaji eliphethe uRoberts alizange liwulahle lowo mbono, liphethe ukuthi u-Celas angeke asetshenziswe ukudala amandla amasha, azimele (*) njengangokokubanyanzela ukuba umuntu athenge umkhiqizo. Igunya elikhona, wacabanga ukuthi, “akufanele" ngoba lawulawulayo lo mthetho ngenxa yokuthi wawungaguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wombuso nezindawo. Lokhu kucabanga kwakuqala: izimiso zokuzinziwakunikeza amandla okukhishwa kwemisebenzi, kodwa akhona.

Ubukhosi BukaHulumeni “Nokwehlukaniswa”

Enye indawo lapho umqondisi walencazelo esobala khona isobala kakhulu ([FLT: 0]) ikhona ezimweni eziphathelene nobukhosi bezwe. [[FLT:] eNew York v. United States [1992] kanye Printz v. United States[ [1997], iNkantolo yashaya imithetho kahulumeni eyahlaselayo “igunya" izikhulu zikahulumeni noma izikhulu ukuba ziphoqeqe izinhlelo zokulawula. Izikhulu eziningi [[FLT:] Shicilelaz[FLT:], ziholwa nguMahluleli kaScialia, ikholelwa ukuthi ukubusa okunjalo kwakungekho ngokomthetho ngenxa yokuhlasela ubukhosi obuqondwayo. INkantolo yezomthetho engokomlando, i-Foctivest, ne-Proustmentsting iphethe ukuthi izikhulu ze-Prouption zisebenzisa kanjani ubufakazi obungoko wokuqala." ngaphandle kobufakazi obungoko obungoko obungokobushicishiziwe.

Izicelo ZobuProthesm Zasetshenziswa KuKhisimusi Odingekile Nofanele

Naphezu kokuvumelana kwayo kokuhlakanipha, incazelo yokuqala ye-Inict ne Holy Claus ibhekene nokugxeka okuningi. Okuphikisayo ukuthi ubufakazi obungokomlando abuphelele futhi bungahlelwa ngokukhethayo ukuze busekele amandla kahulumeni abanzi noma alinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uJames Madison [1] ocashunwe ngabasunguli besonto njengegunya. ukwamukela ukufundwa okuvumelanayo okuvumelanayo phakathi nencazelo ebanzi phakathi nempikiswano yokulawula. Abagxeki baveza ukuthi isiphi iSikhundla sesikhathi sokuqala ekuphileni? Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiphi iSizandulela sokuqala okufanele silawule [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [0] uMlulloch.[FLT] v. [FLD] [FLD]] ngokwaso samukela ukufundwa okuvumelanayo “ukusetshenziswa okuvamile okuye kwenza isimo sokulawula kwanamuhla. Abagxeki beveza ukusetshenziswa kwayo, ngokuvamile, babonisa ukusekela kwayo okungokomlando.

Inkinga Yokulawula “Isandla Esifile”

Enye i-critique iwukuthi ukuchaza kokuqala kwe-system kuvumelana ne-system - system nezwe leshumi nesishiyagalombili elingenakukwazi ukubheka phambili izinto zanamuhla zezomnotho nezezobuchwepheshe. I-diect ne-Fanant Claus, ekuqondwayo ekuqaleni, kungase kungagunyazi izinhlelo eziningi zikahulumeni amaMelika manje azithathe kalula − njenge-Social Security, i-modual, noma imithetho yokulawula izibhamu. Abaqondisi baphendula ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungabhekana futhi kufanele ulungiswe ukuze kuhlangatshelwe izinselele ezintsha, nokuthi ukuvinjelwa kokwahlulela kungcono ekwenzeni imithetho yokwahlulela. Baphawula futhi ukuthi ulimi oluthambileyo manje “nenzuzo” futhi“ luyimithetho esemthethweni yezenziwa ngamabomu, noma imingcele eyisisekelo yezakhiwo ihlale ikhona.

Ukuzitika Njengokungalawuleki

Naphezu kwalokhu kugxeka, ukuqamba okusaqala kuhlala kukhanga kumajaji amaningi nezazi ngoba kuthembisa ukucindezelwa kwezimiso zokwahlulela. Emlandweni wendlela yokuhlela u-Claus obalulekile noMfanele, indlela yokusungula i-codentist inamandla okuzibopha ukuba zibuze imibuzo engokomlando eqinisekile: Abasunguli babuqonda kanjani ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso ehleliwe neyokubalwayo? Yimiphi imikhawulo ababehlose “okufanele” ukuphoqelela? Ngokuhlela umbhalo nomlando, ukukhomba ukuhlelwa kohlelo olucacile oluyelele ekulungiseni okuvame ukuholela ekuxazululeni ukuphikisana nokushaya imithetho engokomlando. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inikeza isithembiso esiqhubekayo yindaba eqhubekayo, kodwa ithonya layo ezicikweni ezinkulu zomthetho - yiqiniso.

Isiphetho

U-Fanetic noMphathi-Mnumzane u-Claus u-lunchpin yamandla kahulumeni, futhi incazelo yayo yokuqala iyaqhubeka ibalulekile emthethweni-sisekelo waseMelika. Ngokugxila encazelweni yokuqala yasobala ye- “amandla ombuso” kanye no-“afanelekile,” abahluleli bokuqala bafuna ukuphoqelela umbono kahulumeni olinganiselwe osekelwe esikhathini sokusungulwa. Lendlela ilolonge izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezilawulayo ezilawula ukugcinwa kwemali, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nobukhosi bukahulumeni, futhi iyaqhubeka iqondisa izimpikiswano ngobukhulu bemibuso ye-Congressbourcement. Nakuba ingekhona abagxeki bayo abagxeki bayo, ukusebenza kwayo ekuqondeni okufanelekile nokwehlisayo, ngokomlando okumelene nokufundwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphansi. Enkathini yokuhlolwa kwe-prigan, ukuhlolelwa kwe-ogrationtion kunikeza ukukhomba umthetho wezwe lonke.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ku-Foct:2] i-Hamilton ku-Federal No "Fact:3], hlola i- i-Contitution's translate translation [, [[FLT:] i-Hamilton] ukuzivikela ku-Federal No.[[FLT:] 33, nemibono yeNQUMVUMVU [FL:][FLT][FLT][FLT][11].FLT:[FLT][FLT][FLT]