Indima Kahulumeni Emfundweni

Isimiso semfundo eUnited States sisebenza emazingeni amathathu ahlukene kodwa ahlangene kahulumeni: uhulumeni, umbuso, nezwe nendawo. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ungayichazi ngokucacile imfundo, iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi asiphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni, ukwenza imfundo ibe umthwalo wombuso nezwe. Nokho, uhulumeni ulawula ithonya ngezimali, ngokuqinisekisa amalungelo omphakathi, nangezinto eziza kuqala. Ukuqonda ukuthi isilinganiso ngasinye sisebenza kanjani [1] kanti lapho ukuxabana kuphakama khona kudinga abafundisi, abaphathi, nabasunguli bezimiso abahamba kule simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi nsuku zonke.

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni sihlela yonke into kusukela kuzindinganiso zezifundo kuya kumaholo othisha, kusukela ezimweni zokwakha isikole kuya ezinkonzweni ezikhethekile zemfundo. Isikole saseMontana emaphandleni sibhekene namaqiniso ahlukene kunezindawo ezibekwayo nezingangeni eziphambili zemfundo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka okungokoqobo kwezinga lemfundo likahulumeni, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zombuso, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zombuso, nokuhlanekezelwa kwezindawo.

Ithonya Likahulumeni Ozimele Emfundweni

Indima kahulumeni emfundweni iye yakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela phakathi nekhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi ngomthetho ohlangene nokuxhasa nokuthola amalungelo omphakathi. Nakuba uMnyango Wemfundo wase-U.S. ungasebenzisi izikole noma umise izifundo zesikole, uthonya kakhulu ngezimali nangezimfuneko zokuzilawula.

Ukusekela Uhlelo Nesihloko I

I-Studies enkulu kakhulu kahulumeni kuK-12 yemfundo ivela ngesihloko I sonyaka wemfundo yesikole esiphansi (ESEA), edluliselwe ekuqaleni ngo-1965 futhi yagunyaziswa muva nje njengoba i-All Students Reseed Act (ESSA) ngo- 2015. Isihloko nginikeza izimali ezengeziwe ezikoleni ezinabafundi abathola imali ephezulu abavela emikhayeni ephansi. Kunyaka wesikole wamashumi amabini anamashumi amabili namashumi amabili namashumi amabili namashumi amathathu ananye, isihloko Esabela cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-14 ezifunda emazweni onke. Izikole zisebenzisa lezimali zothisha ezengeziwe, izinto zokufundisa, ngemva kwezinhlelo zesikole, nakwenyuka izivumelwano zomkhaya.

Imiphumela yangempela yezwe: Ezifundeni ezinjengeBaltimore City Public Schools, Isihloko Izimali Ngisekela abaqeqeshi abafundile nobukhulu besigaba esincane kumamaki aphansi. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iSihloko Engixhasayo izimali asizange sanele ukuvala igebe phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu, futhi lezo zimfuneko zikahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi zidala imithwalo yezenzo edlula izinzuzo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Uhulumeni kahulumeni futhi unendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukufinyelela imfundo elinganayo. Ihhovisi le-Civil Rights (OCR) phakathi kwe-U.S. ihlola ukukhononda kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, umsuka wesizwe, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nobudala. Umthetho wezwe ohlanganisa iSihloko se-Title VI soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1946, iSihlomo seSimendo sezemfundo sangonyaka ka-19727, kanye ne-Arevolute yezentelligation Education Act (IDEA) ziye zaguqula izikole zaseMelika ngokuvimbela imingcele, ukuncithaka kwamathuba alinganayo emidlalo yamantombazane, futhi zifuna imfundo efanelekile yomphakathi yabafundi abakhubazekile.

umphumela wangempela wezwe: Ngo-2023] I-OCR yaxazulula izikhalo ezingaphezu kuka-10 000, kusukela ekuhlukunyezweni ngokohlanga kuya ekuvinjelweni kwemingcele yokuthola. Isiqondiso senhlangano selungelo lokudlulisela amalungelo abafundi siye sabangela izimpi ezingokomthetho phakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni nemithetho kazwelonke, iveza ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezindinganiso zesizwe nenkululeko yendawo.

Ukulandisa Nezimfuneko Zokuhlola

I-ESSA idinga izifunda ukuba zinikeze izivivinyo ezinqunyiweyo zaminyaka yonke ekufundeni nasekubaleni amamaki angu-38 futhi lapho esesikoleni esiphakeme, futhi ukuze zibike imiphumela ekhishwa amaqembu angaphansi abafundi njengohlanga, iholo, nokukhubazeka. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni emisa lo msebenzi wokuhlola, izifunda zinezinguquko ekuklameni izimiso zazo zokulandisa, kuhlanganise nendlela yokubona nokusekela izikole ezihamba phansi.

Imiphumela yangempela yezwe: Ukushintshwa kwemithetho eqinile yokuthatha i-ESSA kuvumela izifunda ezivumelanayo njenge California ukugcizelela izinyathelo eziningi hlanganise ukuthatha isikhathi eside nokuhlola isimo sezulu sasesikoleni (hhayi ukuhlolwa kwenani lonyaka kuphela. Nokho abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwaminyaka yonke kusenciphe uhlelo lwezifundo futhi kukhuthaza ukufundisa ekuhlolweni.

Ithonya Likahulumeni Kahulumeni Emfundweni

Ohulumeni banegunya elingokomthetho eliyinhloko lemfundo eUnited States. Umbuso ngamunye unomnyango wemfundo, ibhodi lemfundo (ngokuvamile emiswe umbusi), nendlu yomthetho edlulisa imithetho yemfundo nemali efanelekile. Izinga lokulawula kukahulumeni liyahlukahluka kakhulu, kodwa zonke izifunda zinegunya phezu kwezindinganiso zemfundo, ukugunyaza uthisha, ukulandisa esikoleni, nokusekela kwemali.

Izindinganiso Zesimiso Nemisebenzi Yesakhelo

Kusukela ngawo-1990, amazwe aye athatha izindinganiso ezivamile zokufunda ukuchaza lokho abafundi okufanele bakwazi futhi bakwazi ukukwenza ezingeni ngalinye lebanga. Izindinganiso ze-Common Core State Initive, eyamiswa ngo- 2009, yathathwa yizifundazwe ezingu-45 ngaphambi kokuba ukusekela kwezombangazwe kuholele ezinye ekuzibukezeni noma ekuthatheni isikhundla sazo. Namuhla, izifunda eziningi zinezindinganiso zazo ezihlobene kakhulu neCommon Core, ezinye ezivumelana kakhulu noshintsho oluphawulekayo.

Imiphumela yezwe yangempela: iTexas neCalifornia, njengezimakethe ezinkulu zezincwadi, zinethonya elithenjiswe kubamemezeli bezifundo. Uma iTexas ithatha izindinganiso zesayensi ezihlanganisa ukubuza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ithinta izinto ezisetshenziswa ezweni lonke. Ngokuphikisana, ukusebenzisa kwe-California izindinganiso zezifundo zobuhlanga kuye kwabangela imizamo efanayo kwezinye izindawo.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kukathisha Nezindinganiso Zobuchwepheshe

Izwe limisa izimfuneko ze-insum, kuhlanganise namazinga aphansi emfundo, ukudlula kwezivivinyo, nokuqhubekela phambili kwemfundo. Izimfuneko ziyahluka kakhulu: ezinye izifunda zidinga idegremu le-preserfe, kuyilapho ezinye zinikeza ezinye izindlela zesiqinisekiso zokushintsha umsebenzi. Amazwe futhi abeka izindinganiso zokuhlola uthisha, ukuthatha i-tenure, nokuxoshwa.

umphumela wangempela wezwe: phakathi nenkinga yokuntuleka kothisha ngo-202-2024, izimpawu ezinjenge-Arizona ne-Florida ezidambisa izimfuneko ze-crective zokugcwalisa izikhala, zibangela impikiswano yokuthi ingabe imishini enjalo iyathuthuka noma iyalulaza izinga lemfundo. Okwamanje, isho ngokuvikela okuqinile, njenge New York ne California, ilondoloza izindlela eziqinile zokuvimbela abanye abazakheli.

Ukuxhasa Amafomu Esikole

Ohulumeni boMbuso bawumthombo oyinhloko wezimali zemfundo, ngokuvamile banikela nge-45% yengqikithi ye-K-12 yemali. Izindlela zokuxhasa ziyahlukahluka kakhulu: ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa ithafa ngezindawo ezibekwayo, ezinye isisindo esingokwezimali sokusekela isidingo sabafundi (izentengiselwano, ulimi lwesiNgisi, imfundo ekhethekile), kanti ezinye zithembele ezindleleni zokuthola kabusha intela yempahla.

Imiphumela yangempela yomhlaba: Inkinga yezezimali yesikole yonyaka ka-2018 e-Oklahoma, eyaholela ekuhambeni kothisha nasekufuneni intela ephezulu ngempumelelo, ibonisa amandla okuxhasa izinqumo zikahulumeni. Muva nje, amacala ezifundazweni njenge Washington (Isinqumo esicacile) neTexas aye aphoqelela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zisebenzise kakhulu izimiso zemali ezibhekwa njengezingagunyazi ukukhokhwa kwemithetho.

Ithonya Likahulumeni Wendawo Ngemfundo

Amabhodi esikole asendaweni kanye nabaphathi besifunda banomthwalo wemfanelo oqondile, wezinsuku zonke wezifundo zokusebenza. Kunezifunda zomphakathi ezicishe zibe ngu-13 000 e-United States, ngayinye ibuswa yibhodi ekhethwe yilabo abavoti bendawo. Lamabhodi aqasha abaphathi, avumela izimali, amise imingcele yokuya ezikoleni, axhumane ngezivumelwano zothisha, futhi anqume imithetho yakho yonke kusukela kwimithetho yokugqoka kuya ezifundweni zemfundo.

Ukuphatha Isikole Nemisebenzi

Izigodi zendawo ziphethe izikole, ezokuhamba, izinkonzo zokudla, nokuphepha kwabafundi futhi zenza izinqumo ezibucayi mayelana nobukhulu bekilasi, izimiso zesikole, neminikelo yangemva kwesikole. Ngenxa yokuthi ukulawula kwendawo kuvumela imiphakathi ukuba ikwazi ukuvumelanisa imfundo nezidingo zayo, kunezindlela eziningi zokusebenza kwezikole ngisho nasesimweni esifanayo.

Imiphumela yangempela yomhlaba: emadolobheni acebile, izifunda zendawo ngokuvamile zongezelelwa ngezimali ezixhaswa yintela yempahla ephayo, zisiza izifundo eziphambili zokubekwa kwempahla, izinhlelo zobuciko, nezindawo zanamuhla. Ngokungafani, amadolobha akhonza imiphakathi etholakele imali ephansi kakhulu avame ukulwa nezisekelo zokuguga, amaholo aphansi othisha, kanye namathuba amancane okucebisa lapho bethola khona ingqikithi yemali enikezwa umfundi ngamunye ngenxa kahulumeni nohulumeni.

Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini Nokuhileleka Kwabazali

Amabhodi esikole endawo anikeza indlela engokomthetho yokufaka umphakathi emkhankasweni wemfundo. Imihlangano yebhodi yesikole, abafundisi-bafundisi, namakomiti omphakathi anikeza izakhamuzi izwi ezinqumweni ezithinta imfundo yabantwana bazo. Le misuka yotshani iyisici esivelele semfundo yaseMelika kodwa ingaba nengxabano, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezifana nezifundo zemfundo, izincwadi zomtapo, nezimiso zokufihla umqedazwe.

Imiphumela yangempela yezwe: Ukwanda kweqembu lesikole phakathi no-2021-2023, okuqhutshwa izimpikiswano ngenkolelo-mbono yohlanga egxekayo, LGBTQ+ izinto ezihlanganisiwe, nemithetho elandelwayo ye-COVOID-19, kwabonisa imizwelo ejulile evezwa yizinqumo zemfundo yendawo. Emiphakathini eminingi, lezimpikiswano zaholela ekukhumbuleni ukhetho, ukulahla amalungu ebhodini, kanye nokulahlekelwa kwegunya lendawo.

Ukuthutha Ngezimali Nezinqumo Zezisebenzi

Izifunda zendawo zilawula ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yemali echithwayo yemfundo: cishe amaphesenti angu-45 engqikithi yemali ye-K-12 ivela ezintelani zendawo zempahla (nakuba lokhu kuhluka kakhulu ngokombuso). Abaholi besigodi banquma ukuthi bazoyabela kanjani imali ezikoleni, noma izokutshala ezobuchwepheshe noma izikhungo, futhi iziphi izinhlelo okumelwe zinqunywe uma izimali ziqinile. Baxoxa futhi nezinyunyana zothisha ngaphezu kweholo, izinzuzo, nezimo zokusebenza.

Impikiswano ethinta isikole ngempela: nge "Izikhala zesikole" emadolobheni anjengeChicago ne-Oakland iqokomisa amandla ezindawo ezikhona. Izigodi ezibhekene nokubhalisa ziyancipha futhi zingakwazi ukuhlela imali ezikhona zivalekile, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezimnyama nase-Latino, zibangela ukubhikisha nokumangalelwa kobubomvu bemfundo. Lezi zinqumo, ezenziwe ngokwezinga lendawo, zinemiphumela emikhulu emiphakathini.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nesigaba Ngasinye Sikahulumeni

Uhulumeni ngamunye ubhekana nezinselele ezihlukene emizamweni yakhe yokusekela imfundo yomphakathi.

  • Izinga lombuso: uhulumeni wezwe uzama ukulinganisela imigomo yesizwe ngokuvumelana nendawo. U-ESSA wamelela ukuhlehla endleleni engaphambili yokuthatha umntwana Oshiyiwe, kodwa abanye abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni kufanele enze okwengeziwe ukuphoqelela ukulingana, ikakhulukazi ekuboneni ukusekela ngemali nemfundo yesikole. Indima kahulumeni ibhekene nokuntengantenga: ushintsho ngalunye lwezempatho, ukudala ukungahleleki kwezifunda nezifunda.
  • Izinga lesifundazwe:[ Ohulumeni bombuso bazama ukuxhasa ngemali ukungalingani nokungalingani kwezombangazwe. Izindlela zokuxhasa izinhlangano zivame ukuqhubekisela phambili ubandlululo phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu, futhi imibuso iya ithandabuza ukuphakamisa intela yemfundo. Okwamanje, izimpi zempucuko zidlula izifundo, izincwadi, kanye namalungelo esazimo zemfundo ziye zenza amabhodi ezwe ezimpini zezwe zezombangazwe.
  • Izinga lendawo: izigodi zendawo zibhekene nemingcele yemali kanye nemingcele yamandla. Izifunda zasemaphandleni ezincane azinazo izilinganiso zemali ukuze zinikeze umsebenzi ophambili wezifundo noma izinkonzo ezikhethekile. Izifunda zasemadolobheni zilwa nobumpofu obukhulu, ukunyakaza kwabafundi, kanye nezimiso zemisebenzi yokuguga. Futhi amabhodi esikole endawo, akhiwa amalungu okuzithandela, ngokuvamile awakwazi ukwengamela izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinemali eyanda.

Ukuhlukana kwegunya kula mazinga amathathu kudala izinkinga zokubambisana kwezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugunyazwa kukahulumeni ekuhlolweni kungadinga ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zohlelo lwezwe, eziphoqa izindleko ezifundeni zendawo. Izimiso zokulandisa eziklanywe ngokwezinga lombuso zingaphikisana nezinto eziza kuqala zendawo zemfundo esekelwe kumsebenzi noma ukuhlanganiswa kobuciko.

Izibonelo Zangempela Zezwe Zokuthonya Kukahulumeni Emfundweni

Ukuhlola izindaba ezithile kuyasiza ekusikhanyiseni indlela lemisebenzi enamandla esebenza ngayo.

Isifundo Sendaba Sokuqala: Isihloko Sesifunda EMississippi Esemaphandleni

Ku-Mississippi Delta, izikole ezisezifundeni ezinjenge Sunflower County zithola isiHloko esikhokhelwayo sokuxhasa imali ngenxa yamazinga aphakeme obumpofu. Lezimali zisekela izinhlelo zangaphambi konyaka wonyaka, abaxhasi abafundayo, nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisayo. Nokho, naphezu kokwanda kokuvezwa kwemali kahulumeni ewumbuso eshumini leminyaka, ukuphumelela kwabafundi endaweni kulokhu kulokhu kusephakathi kwezwe. Inselele ayikho kuphela ngemali: ukuswela kothisha, ukufinyelela kwempilo okulinganiselwe, nobumpofu obuphakathi kwazo konke kunegalelo. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi izimali zikahulumeni kuphela azikwazi ukuqeda izimali ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu zemfundo.

Ukuhlola Indaba 2: Inguquko Yesimiso Sikahulumeni eNew Mexico

I-New Mexico, ngokuvamile ibekwe engxenyeni ephansi yemfundo yesizwe, yathatha uhlelo oluphambili lwezifundo ngo-2020. Izwe lamukela i-"New Mexico Confit Lealvements" ngokugxila ekufundiseni okungokwesiko nasekufundeni kobuzwe, iveza inani elikhulu labantu bamazwe base-Hispanic nase-Melika. Imiphumela yakuqala ibonisa intuthuko elinganiselwe ekufundeni impumelelo phakathi kwabafundi bamaMelika aboMdabu, nakuba ukuhlolwa kwenani eliphelele kusesezantsi. Inguquko ibonisa ukuthi izinga lezifundo zikahulumeni zishintsha ukuze ziqonde emasikweni nasekwele, kodwa iqokomisa ubunzima bokuguqulela izindinganiso zezifundo zekilasi ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa ikhono.

Isifundo sendaba 3: Ukubuyiselwa kwendawo eMiami-Dade County

Miami-Dade County Public Schools, isifunda sesine esikhulu kakhulu ezweni, siye sasebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo eziqhutshwayo ezisetshenziswayo ezikhona. Lezi zihlanganisa indawo yonke ngaphambi kwe-K, uhlelo "lokukhetha" olunezikole zikazibuthe ezigxile kwi-STEM nasemisebenzini, kanye nobudlelwane namabhizinisi endawo ngenxa yomsebenzi wesikole. Isifunda safaka inzuzo eshicilelwe kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, sinikeza abafundi bonke ama-praptop phakathi nesifo. Nakuba i-Michia-Dade isabhekene nezinselele zobumpofu nezokufunda ulimi lwesiNgisi, abaholi bakhona baye babonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezintsha zingathuthukisa ngisho nasemiphumeleni emikhulu, ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesifunda.

Ikusasa Lokubusa Kwemfundo

Njengoba ikhulu lama - 21 liqhubeka, izimo eziningana zishintsha izindima zikahulumeni ophethe, ongohulumeni bendawo, nowasendaweni ekufundiseni.

  • Igcizelela ukulingana kwe-equity: Umqedazwe odaluliwe nowenziwe wahlukahluka, uholela ekuvuselelweni kwezicelo zikahulumeni zokuthatha isinyathelo sesikole sokuxhasa imali ehlangene, ukuhlangana okubanzi, nezinkonzo zempilo yengqondo. Ukugcizelela kwesimiso sokungalingani kwe-equat kwemigomo yayo yemfundo, kuhlanganisa ukunyukela ehlongozekile esihloko se-I ne-IDEA(*) okuhlongoze indima kahulumeni eqhubekayo ezinhlwini ezincincane.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwezeteknoloji nokuhlukaniswa kwenombolo: Ukushintshela ekufundeni okukude phakathi ne-COVID-19 kwaqokomisa ukwehlukana kwamanani, nezigidi zabafundi abangenakho ulwembu lwe-internet noma imishini ethembekile. Izimali zosizo ze-Federal zasiza ekuvaleni leligebe elincane, kodwa uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo manje babhekene nenselele yokusekela izimali zobuchwepheshe. Ulindele ukuba kuqhubeke ukusekela kwezezimali ze-opulatistbactic short nemithetho yemfundo yolwazi lwezinombolo.
  • Ukuhlelwa kwemfundo nemithetho-mthetho: Umzabalazo wesikole wokukhetha, kuhlanganise nezikole zomthetho-mthetho, izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa, nama-akhawunti emfundo, kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi ezizweni zaseRepublican. Lokhu kushintsha amandla kusuka ezifundeni ezingokwesiko ezihlala kubazali nakubaphathi-mhlala-mshayo, kufaka isampula engokwesiko. Indima yesikole esikhethayo ihlala ilinganiselwe kodwa incintisana, ngokusekela izikhungo zezeko nezindawo zokusekela amalungelo omphakathi.
  • Isimo sokubekwa kwegunya lendawo: Eminyakeni yamuva, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zangenela kakhulu ezinqumweni zemfundo yendawo, zivimbela izincwadi ezithile, zilinganisela indlela othisha abangaxoxa ngayo ngezinhlanga nangabobulili obubodwa, futhi zisekela imithetho yeqembu lesikole yendawo yokufihla nokugoma. Lokhu kubekwa kwegunya kumelela ukushintshwa okuphawulekayo esikweni lokulawula kwendawo, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwe-comntreant nokuhlakanipha komphakathi.
  • Ubungani obuhlangene kanye nezinkonzo ezihlanganisayo: Isibonelo se "izikole zomphakathi", ezihlanganisa impilo, izinkonzo zomphakathi, kanye nokusekela umkhaya ezakhiweni zesikole, zithola isilinganiso kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Izinhlelo zisekela izikole zomphakathi, izimiso zikahulumeni zikhuthaza ukuhlangana nezinhlangano ezingakhiphi inzuzo nezokuhlangana kwezindawo. Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi imiphumela yemfundo iklanywe ngezindlela ezingaphandle kwekilasi, idinga ukuxhumana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni nemfundo abukho obuqinile futhi abulula. Izinga ngalinye `izentengiselwano, isifundazwe, nezindawo'ezikhona" linamandla ahlukene nemithwalo yemfanelo, futhi ukudlala phakathi kwazo kulawula zonke izici zemfundo, kusukela ekusekeleni imali nasekhondweni lemfundo kusuka ezingeni lothisha nasemiphumeleni yabafundi. Izinselele ezibhekene nemfundo yaseMelika (ukulingana, ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe, ukuvinjelwa kwemicebo, kanye nezimfuno zezomnotho ezishintshayo) azinakuxazululwa nganoma yiliphi izinga elilodwa lokusebenza kukahulumeni kuphela. Badinga ukubambisana, ukuxhumana okucacile, nokuvuma ukuvumelana.

Kubafundisi nabenzi bezimiso, ukuqonda lesi simiso sokubusa akuyona indlela engabonakali. Ichaza ukuthi kungani izinguquko zithatha isikhathi, ukuthi kungani izinhlelo ezithembisayo ngezinye izikhathi zihluleka, nokuthi kungani imiphakathi yendawo ivame ukuzizwa ibambeke phakathi kwemiyalo ephikisanayo. Njengoba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngendima efanele yesigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni, uvivinyo oluphelele luyoba ukuthi isimiso singanikeza yini isithembiso saso: imfundo ephambili kumntwana ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-zip code.