Siyini Isimiso Sikahulumeni?

Isimiso sikahulumeni siwuhlelo lwezinhlangano, imithetho, nemikhuba okuhlelwa ngayo isifundazwe noma umphakathi futhi kubuswa ngayo. Sinquma indlela igunya elihlanganyelwa ngayo, indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo, nendlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo phezu kwenani labantu. Izimiso zikahulumeni zibumba zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi (kusukela emalungelweni ezakhamuzi nasenkululekoni ezijabulela amathuba angokomnotho atholakalayo. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ezibophele ukuhlanganiswa, ukuqonda lezizimiso kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni ngolwazi enkulu enkulumweni yomphakathi nasekuqhathaniseni indlela izizwe ezizisingatha ngayo imibuso engoko. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okuphelele kwezinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimiso zikahulumeni, ukuhlola indlela ezihluke ngayo ekusebenzeni kwazo.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zezimiso Zikahulumeni

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezindaweni ezithile, usiza ekuqondeni izisekelo ezichaza noma isiphi isimiso sikahulumeni.

  • Umthombo wegunya: Uhulumeni uthola kuphi ukufaneleka kwakhe? Izenzo zihlanganisa ukuvuma okuthandwayo, ilungelo laphezulu, ukulandelana kwefa, noma amabutho ezempi.
  • Ingxenye yamandla: Amandla agxile kumuntu oyedwa noma eqenjini elincane, noma ahlanganyelwe phakathi kwamagatsha namazinga kahulumeni? Lokhu kuhlobene nezakhiwo zikahulumeni kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.
  • I-'Umthetho': Ababusi baboshwe umthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho, noma bangathatha isinyathelo ngokuthanda kwabo? Ukubusa komthetho kuvikela izakhamuzi egunyeni elingalawulwa.
  • [ Ukuthatha Ingxenye:[ Abantu bathonya kanjani uhulumeni? Izinketho zisukela ekuvoteni nasekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile kuya ekucindezelweni nasekususweni ngokuphelele.
  • Ukulawula kwezomnotho:[ Umbuso uphatha umnotho ngezinga elingakanani? Izimiso ziyahluka kusukela ku-laissez-faire isimiso sokuzisebenzela kuya kusayensi yezentengiselwano ezilawulwa uhulumeni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Amalungelo nenkululeko:[ Ingabe inkululeko yomphakathi ivikelwe umthetho, noma ingabe umbuso ungawaphula ngentando?

Lezizici zakha ilens ye-alytical esingaqhathanisa ngayo izimiso zikahulumeni ezilandelayo. Akukho simiso sezwe esiphelele esiyisibonelo esiphelele; izizwe eziningi zixuba izici ngezinhlobo eziningi.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zezimiso Zikahulumeni

Izingxenye ezilandelayo zihlola izigaba ezivame kakhulu zezimiso zikahulumeni, ezinezincazelo ezithé xaxa, izibonelo ezingokomlando, nokuhlaziya okunombono ohlukile.

Intando yeningi

Idemokrasi, isuka kumagama esiGreki ivota ngokuqondile emithethweni nasenkambisweni (abantu) kanye kratos[ (igunya), isambatho sombuso kubantu. Endleleni yayo ehlanzekile, izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile emithethweni nasemithethweni] − isimiso sokubusa esisetshenziswa e-Athene yasendulo. Namuhla, imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi inguhulumeni yentando yeningi [[[FLT:]], lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha khona izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo ngenxa yazo. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa inkululeko nemithetho ekhululekile, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukuvikela iningi ngokuhlonipha amalungelo amancane, nomphakathi.

Izibonelo zezimiso zentando yeningi zihlanganisa i-United States (irepublic yezentando yeningi), iNdiya (isigaba sentando yeningi), neJalimane (iphalamende). Ngokwe- i-Economist Intelligence Unity Unity Index Index [[[FLL: 1]], izizwe zibekwa isigaba senqubo yokhetho, ukusebenza kukahulumeni, ukuthatha iqhaza kwezombangazwe, impucuko yezombangazwe, nenkululeko yomphakathi. Izikhulu zezwe zingadinga izivumelwano zezembubhiso zezelo, imithombo yezindaba ezimele, kanye nempucuko yokuthemba izinhlangano. Nakuba idemocraliti yezedemocrali ngezinye izikhathi ingaholela ekubeni i-propedial noma ukuntenga okuthandwa kakhulu kwenkululeko yabantu.

i-Republic

IRepublic iwuhlobo lukahulumeni lapho inhloko yezwe ingeyiyo inkosi kodwa isikhulu esikhethiwe noma esimisiwe, futhi izwe libhekwa njenge-"indaba yomphakathi" ngokwesiko, amarepublic asebenza ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo olinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi olawula umthetho. Emazweni amaningi, njenge-United States neFrance, amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kwezikhulu, izikhulu zemithetho, namagatsha okwahlulela ngesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa.

AmaRepublic angaba ngumongameli (umz. Brazil) noma iphalamende (umz., Italy). Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwerepublic nedemokrasi ngokuvamile awucashiwe: wonke amarepublic angamademokhrasi ngokwengxenye (anokhetho), kodwa akuwona wonke amademokrasi angumariphabliki (imibuso ezimele) ayizwe eliwumbuso wentando yeningi njenge United Kingdom kodwa ayilona irepublic. AmaRepublic agcizelela ubuhle bomphakathi kanye nokuhle komphakathi, kodwa abagxeki bangahlukaniswa nokhetho uma abameleli bengalingani nomthetho-gekho.

Umbusi

Umbusi ungomunye wezinhlobo zikahulumeni ezindala kakhulu, onombusi oyedwa (inkosi) ophethe isikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuphila nokulandelana kwefa. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • Absolute Monacy: Imonarch isebenza cishe cishe u-69 ulawulo lwezwe futhi ayiboshelwa ngumthetho-sisekelo. Izibonelo zezomlando zihlanganisa uLouis XIV waseFrance nezibonelo zanamuhla njengoSaudi Arabia no-Oman. Kulezizimiso, igama lenkosi lingumthetho, futhi akukho ukuhlola okungokomthetho emandleni ayo.
  • I-Constigational Monational: Amandla enkosi alinganiselwe ngumthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho, futhi igunya langempela lezombangazwe likhona kumphathi wephalamende okhethiwe nondunankulu. Inkosi ivame ukusebenza njengenhloko yesizwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iUnited Kingdom, iJapane, neSweden. Kulezi zimiso, umbusi unikeza ukuzinza nokuqhubekeka kuyilapho izinqubo zedemokhrasi zibusa izindaba zansuku zonke.

Imibuso yamakhosi inganikeza umuzwa wokuba ngumuntu wesizwe nokuqhubeka, kodwa ingase ingabi nasibopho sokulandisa uma i - monarch iqhubeka iphethe amandla abalulekile.

Umbhali

Ubukhomanisi bugxilisa amandla kumholi oyedwa noma kumuntu omncane ophakeme, okungenalutho oluhlanganisa ubuningi bezombangazwe nokuhlanganyela komphakathi okulinganiselwe. Nakuba imibuso yempoqo ingase ithathe ukhetho, lokhu akukhululekile noma akulungile, futhi umbuso uvimbela kakhulu ukuphikiswa. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukugxilisa amandla kumuntu noma eqenjini elincane, ngokuvamile elisekelwa iqembu lezempi noma elinye.
  • Ukucindezelwa kokungavumelani ngokucusumbulwa, amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, noma ngokuhlukunyezwa okungokomthetho.
  • Imithombo yezindaba nezakhamuzi kulinganiselwe noma kusetshenziswa kabi.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa iSoviet Union ngaphansi kukaStalin, iJalimane yamaNazi, nezenzakalo zanamuhla kakhulu njengeChina (nangoba iChina ihlanganisa ukulawulwa kwempoqo nentengo) neBelarus. U-asterrianism ingadala ukuzinza okufushane nokukhula kwezomnotho (njengoba kubonakala kwezinye izifunda zeMpuma Asia“ ezingokwezimo zengqondo”), kodwa icindezela inkululeko njalo futhi ngokuvamile iholela ekonakaleni nasekuntengantenga ekugcineni lapho ukushintsha kobuholi kwenzeka.

Ubushiqela

Ubushiqela buwuhlobo lwempoqo olufuna ukulawula ngokuphelele zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi nokungasese. Isifundazwe singena kuzo zonke izimbulunga(ipolitiss), umnotho, impucuko, inkolo, ngisho nezinkolelo zomuntu siqu. Izici eziphikisanayo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukulawula umnotho nomkhiqizo kahulumeni.
  • Ukucusumbula okuqhubekayo nenkulumo - ze ukuze kulolonge imibono.
  • Ukusebenzisa uvalo nokuqapha ukuze kuqedwe ukuphikiswa.
  • Imfundiso eyodwa, ewubala edlula zonke izakhamuzi okumelwe zamukeleke kuyo yonke indawo.

Izibonelo ezingokwezigaba yi-Adolf Hitler’s Germany ne-Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union. INyakatho yeKorea ngaphansi kombuso kaKim ingumbuso wobushiqela wamanje, lapho umbuso ulawula khona ukwaziswa, uvimbela khona ukubusa, futhi ufuna ukwethembeka okuphelele. Ubushiqela bulahlwa kabanzi ngenxa yokwenza izimo zokucindezelwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu, nokungalawuleki kwezomnotho. Ukuwa kwaleyomibuso kuvame ukushiya izibazi ezijulile emphakathini.

I - oligarchy

I-oligarchy iyisimiso lapho iqembu elincane labantu linegunya, ngokuvamile elisekelwe engcebweni, ezihlotsheni zomkhaya, ekulawuleni impi, noma ethonyeni lenkampani. Ngokungafani nombuso wenkosi, osekelwe ekubuseni okungokwefa, i-oligarchy ingaba ngokwethukela futhi ingaba khona phakathi kwezimiso zentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kwamanye amazwe, idlanzana lemikhaya ecebile noma ibhizinisi linethonya elingalawuleki kakhulu enkambisweni, emithonjeni, emithonjeni, nasekukhethweni. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi i-plucracy (umthetho ocebile]).

Izindawo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa idolobha lohwebo i - ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ i - Italian yaseNkathi Yenguquko, njengeVenice. Izibonelo zanamuhla zihlanganisa iRussia, lapho iqembu elincane lama - oligarch lanqwabelanisa khona amandla amakhulu ezomnotho nezombangazwe ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union. Ama - Oligarcher angaphumelela ekunqumeni ngoba leli qembu lincane, kodwa athambekele ekuzishayeni indiva izidingo zabantu abaningi, agxilise ingcebo, futhi alulaze izinqubo zentando yeningi.

Inkawu

I-narchy ngokwezwi nezwi isho "ngaphandle komthetho" ichaza ukungabikho kwegunya eliphethe. Ekwenzeni, isiphithiphithi singaholela esiyaluyalwini, ubudlova, nokuwohloka komthetho, njengoba kubonwa ezifundazweni ezihlulekile njengeSomalia phakathi nawo 1990. Nokho, ezinye izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe ziphikisa ngokuthi isiyaluyalu singaba isimiso sokuzithandela, sobunye, somuntu siqu esisekelwe ekubambisanani, isinqumo esihloniphekile sokusebenza (‘protectionism), kanye nokuqondisa idemodemocracy (ukulawula ngentando yeningi), njengoba lokhu kuyinto engcono kakhulu kunesimiso soqobo sezwe esiqinile.

I-narchy ayivamile ukuba khona njengesimiso sikahulumeni esizinzile, esithatha isikhathi eside. Ivela okwesikhashana phakathi nokuvukela kwemibuso, izimpi zombango, noma ukuwa kombuso. Imiphakathi eminingi ekugcineni yakha uhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni ukuze inikeze ukulondeka, isisekelo, nesinqumo sokuphikisana. Lo mbono usebenza njengesixwayiso ngesidingo sokubusa nezingozi zokungabi namandla.

Ukuhlaziya Izimiso Zikahulumeni Eziqhathaniswayo

Isimiso sikahulumeni ngasinye sinezici ezihlukene ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi, ukuchuma kwezomnotho, nokuzinza okuthatha isikhathi eside. Ngezansi kufana okufingqiwe:

  • I-Democracy:[ Ikhulisa inkululeko yezombangazwe nokulandisa kodwa ingaba yi-ropulism eqinile noma iphambukiswe. Ifuna isakhamuzi esifundile nezinhlangano eziqinile.
  • Republic:[ ilinganisela amandla ngemithetho elawulayo nomthetho-sisekelo kodwa ingaqala ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabameleli nabameleli uma bengalawulwa kahle.
  • Inikeza ukuhola okucacile, okuzinzile nokuqhubekela phambili kwesizwe, kodwa imibuso yemonarchy ephelele ifaka engozini ubushiqela, kuyilapho ezomthetho ngokomthetho womthetho-sisekelo zingalwisana nezindleko nokubaluleka kwenhloko yezwe yemikhosi.
  • I-Authoritarist:[ ingaphoqelela ukuhleleka nokuthuthuka ngokushesha (ikakhulukazi emongweni wezemisebenzi) kodwa ngokulahlekelwa inkululeko yomuntu siqu, amalungelo ezombangazwe, kanye nokulandisa isikhathi eside.
  • UbuTotaliarianism:[ buveza ukulawula okukhulu nokuvumelana kwemibono kodwa buholela ekucindezelweni okukhulu, ezomnotho ezingaphumelelanga, kanye nezinhlekelele zamalungelo abantu.
  • [ ivumela ukuthatha isinqumo esisheshayo, esihlangene ngeqembu eligcwele kodwa ingayinaki inani elibanzi labantu futhi igxilise ingcebo, ngokuvamile ibangela ukucasuka nokuntengantenga.
  • Archy: inikeza inkululeko yomuntu siqu ephelele emfundisweni kodwa ngokwesiko ngokuvamile ibangela ukungalondeki nobudlova, ihluleka ukunikeza izinto eziyisisekelo zomphakathi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amazwe amaningi ahlanganisa izici. Ngokwesibonelo, iSingapore ihlanganisa ukhetho lwentando yeningi nokuthambekela okunamandla kwempoqo, futhi iUnited Kingdom iwumbuso womthetho - sisekelo onentando yeningi engokomthetho. Izinhlobo ezihlanzekile ziyivelakancane.

Indlela Izimiso Zikahulumeni Ezinciphisa Ngayo

Izimiso zikahulumeni azimi ndawonye. Ziyashintsha ngezinguquko, izinguquko, ushintsho oluqhubekayo lomthetho-sisekelo, noma ukucindezela kwangaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Ushintsho lokuziphendukela kwemvelo:[ INguquko yaseFrance yagumbuqela umbuso wamakhosi ombuso ophelele yaholela eriphabliki. INguquko yaseRussia yaletha umbuso wobukhomanisi wobushiqela.
  • Inguquko ePhakeme: I-United Kingdom yandisa i-pane yase-intellinet emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, iguqula kusukela kumbuso wenkosi elinganiselwe yaba idemokrasi egcwele lapho igcina i-monarch.
  • Ukuguqula i-decolon: Amakoloni amaningi ngaphambili amukela izimiso zikahulumeni zabahlaseli bawo, ezihlanganisa namasiko abomdabu. I-Indiya yaba yi-republic yentando yeningi; izizwe eziningi zase-Afrika zaqala ukusebenzisa izimiso zempoqo eziphethe ezashintshela kamuva embusweni wentando yeningi.
  • [ Ukuwa nokwakhiwa: Ukuwa kweSoviet Union kwaholela ekutheni imibuso emisha yentando yeningi ne-phoqelism idlange i-imprecraties eMpumalanga Yurophu nase-Asia ePhakathi.

Ukuqonda lemisebenzi kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani amazwe anezakhiwo ezifanayo zomthetho-sisekelo kungaba nemiphumela ehlukene kakhulu. I-IDEA'S Internationalwild State of Democracy Indicas ilandela lemiqondo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ebonisa indlela izinga lentando yeningi eliguquguquka ngayo embulungeni yonke.

Indima Yezimiso Zikahulumeni Ezinkingeni Zanamuhla

Uhlobo lwesimiso sikahulumeni luthonyela ngokuqondile ukuthi luthinta kanjani izimpikiswano ezinkulu zamanje ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, impilo yomphakathi, nengxabano yomhlaba wonke. Imibuso yamademocracrac ivame ukulwa nokumisa izimiso zenkathi ende ngenxa yomjikelezo omfushane wokhetho, kuyilapho imibuso ye-phoxalist ingasebenzisa izinguquko ezisheshayo kodwa ingazishaya indiva ukuvunywa komphakathi. Umqedazwe othile we-demoshitheli (njenge-China) ufaka inselele ukuvale ngokushesha, kuyilapho amazwe entando yentando yeningi ayephikisana ngemithetho yentengiselwano phakathi kwempilo yomphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi. Nokho, ukuvela nokwenziswa kwemithetho yenguquko elawulwa ngentando yeningi kwasiza ukwakha ukuthemba nokulungisa imithetho yomphakathi esekelwe ebufakazini nasembonwenini yomphakathini.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Izimiso Zikahulumeni Kubaluleke

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqondisisa izimiso zikahulumeni kungaphezu nje kokuzivivinya ngokwezemfundo. Kukhuthaza ukufunda nokubhala , kusiza abantu ukuba bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ngempikiswano yezombangazwe, bahlole abaholi, futhi basekele izinguquko. Kukhuthaza futhi ukuqaphela kwembulunga yonke [[[FLT:], kusiza abantu baqonde ukuthi kungani amazwe ebusa ngendlela ehlukile nendlela leyo ngxabano ethinta ngayo ubudlelwane bomhlaba wonke, ezohwebo, namalungelo abantu. Ezweni elihlangene, ulwazi lwezimiso zikahulumeni luyisihluthulelo sokuba isakhamuzi nesithazeli sembulunga yonke.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zikahulumeni ziyitshebe lenhlangano yezombangazwe, ithonya yonke into kusukela ezinhlanganweni zobuzwe ngazinye. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaqokomisa izinhlobo ezinkulu zenkululeko. ((democracy), irepublic, i-monacy, i-tomistry, i-totalicialism, i-oligarchy, nesrapy), kanye nezici ezihlukanisayo, amandla, amandla, nobuthakathaka. Akukho simiso esiphelele, futhi amazwe amaningi ahlanganisa izici eziningi kusukela ezigabani eziningi. Ngokufunda lezizigaba, abafundi nabafundisi bangathuthukisa ukwazisa okuhlukile ngendlela amandla ahlelwe ngayo, indlela asetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo kangcono ekulungiseni ukubusa kwazo siqu. Kulabo abafisa ukuhlola ngokwengeziwe, imithombo enjenge [FLD:0] i-Ecclopie Britannica Britannica ezimisweni zezombangazwe kwezombangazwe [FOctalbooks], futhi kunikeza ngayo ulwazi oluningi kakhulu, umbiko wezwezwezwe lonke.[3]