Table of Contents
IJalimane inomlando omude futhi oyinkimbinkimbi wokufuduka oye wathonya umphakathi wayo, umnotho, kanye nempucuko. Kusukela kuhlelo lwezisebenzi zezivakashi zangemva kweMpi Yezwe II kuya enhlekeleleni yababaleki ngo 2015 nasemizamweni eqhubekayo yezisebenzi ezinekhono yokuthunyelelwa, ukufuduka kuye kwaba isici esichaza ukuphila kwanamuhla kwaseJalimane. Eminyakeni yamuva, isihloko sokufuduka nokuhlangana kuye kwaba enye yezimpikiswano eziyinhloko neziphikisana kakhulu kwezombangazwe zaseJalimane, kanye namaqembu ezombangazwe ahlukene aqala izindlela zokusingatha lezi zinselele.
Ukuqonda indlela amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJalimane asingatha ngayo ukufuduka nokuhlangana kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda umphakathi waseJalimane kanye nezombangazwe zangaleso sikhathi. Iqembu ngalinye liletha uhlelo lwalo lwemibono, izinqubo eziza kuqala, kanye nombono wekusasa leJalimane njengesizwe esihluka-hlukene kakhulu. Lezi zikhundla zibonisa izimpikiswano ezinkulu eziphathelene nobuzwe, izidingo zezomnotho, izinkathazo zokulondeka, nezibopho zokusiza umphakathi waseJalimane wonke.
Umlando Wokufuduka EJalimane
Ubuhlobo beJalimane nokufuduka buye baqala ngokuphawulekayo phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa edlule. Nakuba ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, izwe labhekana nokuswelakala okukhulu kwemisebenzi phakathi nenkathi yalo yokwakha kabusha kwezomnotho. Lokhu kwaholela ekubuthweni kwezisebenzi "eGastarbeer" (eGastarbeer) emazweni ahlanganisa iTurkey, i-Italy, iGreece, iSpain, neYugoslavia phakathi nawo-1950 nama-1960. Nakuba lezi zisebenzi zazilindeleke ukuba zibuyele emadolobheni azo, eziningi zazihlala unomphela eJalimane, zimise imiphakathi eyayizoshintsha ngokuyisisekelo izakhiwo zesizwe.
Ukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin ngo 1989 nangonyaka ka-1990 kanye neJalimane kwaletha amagagasi amasha okufuduka, kuhlanganise namaJalimane angokobuhlanga asuka eMpumalanga Yurophu nasezweni elaliyiSoviet Union. Kuwo wonke ama 1990 nawo - 2000, iJalimane kancane kancane yashintsha ekuzibhekeni ngokwayo njengezwe elingenayo indawo yokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe" ukuze iqaphele ukuba ngokoqobo kwabantu bayo abahlukahlukene nesidingo sezimiso zokuhlanganisa ezibanzi.
Inkinga yababaleki ngo-2015 yaphawula isikhathi esiphelile esimisweni sokufuduka saseJalimane. Isinqumo sikaChangel Angela Merkel sokuvula imingcele yaseJalimane kubabaleki ababalekela izimpi e-Siriya, e-Iraq, nase-Afghanistan saletha abafuni bezindawo zokukhosela abangaphezu kwesigidi ezweni. Lesi sinqumo sabangela ukuba kube nempikiswano enkulu yezombangazwe eyaqhubeka ihlela izikhundla zeqembu namuhla. ISiko lezentengiselwano se-"Intraise Refugees" lathuthukiswa ngo-2015 no-2016 ngokuthathelwa indawo yisimo esiqinile phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi ezombangazwe, okubonisa ukushintsha kwezimo zengqondo zomphakathi neziza kuqala zezombangazwe.
Ukubukeza Imikhosi Engokwezombangazwe Enkulu YaseJalimane
Isimiso seJalimane esinezigaba eziningi sihlanganisa amabutho ezombangazwe amaningana amakhulu, ngalinye elinezikhundla ezihlukene ekuthutheleni nasekuhlanganeni:
- UbuKristu iDemocratic Union/i-Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU) - Izikhungo ezithatha indiva ngokufanele
- Sacial Democratic Party (SPD) - Iqembu lezentando yeningi lesizwe eliseceleni
- Iqoqo eliluhlaza (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) - Kwesobunxele okukhulayo kanye neqembu elithuthukayo elisendaweni ezungezile
- Free Democratic Party (FDP) - Classical iphokophele ezimakethe ezikhululekile kanye nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye
- Alternal for Germany (AfD) - Iqembu elikhipha i-populist elinomthetho wokuvimbela ukufuduka
- Iqembu le-socialism (eliyi-die Linte) - Kwesobunxele-intambo
- Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance - Iqembu elisha elihlanganisa izomnotho ezisuka kwesobunxele kanye nezimiso zokufuduka ezivimbelayo
Lemikhandlu incintisana nokhetho lukahulumeni, lombuso, nolwendawo, ohulumeni abahlangene bevamile ezingeni likahulumeni.
Christian Democratic Union/ Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU)
Izikhundla Zenqubo Yamanje
ICDU neCSU ezithatha ukuma okuqinile okuqinile ekuthuthweni nasekufudukeni, ikakhulukazi ekufudukeni okungavamile. Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaFriedrich Merz, leliqembu liye lasuka kakhulu endleleni yokwamukela ka-Angela Merkel phakathi nenhlekelele yababaleki ngo 2015. ICDU ne-Bavaria all CSU ikhuthaza ukuthutha okuqinile okungasuka ku-Angela Merkel's 2015 umthetho wokuvula endlini, nomholi weCDU Friedrich Merz efuna ukuba kuthathwe umthetho wokufuduka.
Isiteshi sokufuduka seCDU/CSU sigcizelela ukufuduka okulawulwa ngezindlela eziqinile zokuvikela. UMerz uthe uyoyala umthetho womngcele ohlala njalo ngosuku olunye lwezigebengu zakhe futhi andise ukuboshwa kwe "abafuduki abavalelwe e-UU", okumelela ukusuka okuphawulekayo emithethweni evamile. Lendlela enzima ibonisa ukusabela komphakathi ekukhathaleleni komphakathi ngezinkinga zomphakathi.
Ukuya Ezweni Nokuba Izakhamuzi Kuyasiphatha
ICDU/CSU isekela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ezihlelwe kahle ezihlanganisa izifundo zolimi, amathuba emisebenzi, nemfundo yomphakathi. Iqembu lisekela indlela elinganiselwe egcina ukulondeka kuyilapho likhuthaza ukubambisana kwezenhlalo phakathi kwalabo abahlala ngokomthetho eJalimane. Nokho, leliqembu liye lahlehlisa imingcele yamuva yomthetho wesizwe. Izazi zezombangazwe eziningi zezentengiselwano kuhlanganise ne-Chancellor Merz bezilokhu zizama ukuguqula imithetho yesizwe, futhi zathola indlela yazo lapho isakhamuzi samazwe angaphandle sivumela ukuba sibe izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe ezihlangene ngokukhethekile ukuba zibe amaJalimane ngemva kweminyaka emithathu yamuva ngonyaka engu-2025.
Isimiso sokukhetha se CDU sisikisela ukuhlanganisa umkhaya oneziphetho eziseceleni, ukukhipha izinqubo zesiphephelo emazweni angewona ama-EU nokuphindisela ukudingiselwa e-Siriya. Lezi zinqubo zibonisa ukugcizelela komphakathi ekunciphiseni ukufuduka okungajwayelekile kuyilapho ulondoloza izindlela zezisebenzi ezinekhono nalabo abaneziphakamiso ezingokomthetho zokukhosela.
Ukucabangela Izomnotho
Naphezu kokuma kwabo okuvimbela ukukhosela nokuthutha okungajwayelekile, iCDU/CSU iqaphela isidingo sezisebenzi ezinekhono zaseJalimane zokusingatha ukuswelakala kwezisebenzi nezinselele zamanani abantu. Leliqembu lisekela ukujoyina ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kuyilapho ligcina ukulawula okuqinile kwezinye izinhlobo zokufuduka. Lemizamo emibili yokulinganisela isidingo sezomnotho kanye nezinkathazo zokulondeka nombono womphakathi osekela izimiso eziqinile.
Iqembu Lentando Yeningi Lomphakathi (SPD)
Indlela Yokufinyelela Okuhlanganisayo
I-SPD reo ithi "iJalimane sekuyisikhathi eside izuza eqinisweni lokuthi siyizwe labafuduki," eyincazelo nombono ongahlangani neze nabanye abantu njenge-AfD. Lokhu kuqaphela okuyisisekelo kuthonya indlela yeqembu yokuthatha inqubo yokufuduka, igcizelela ukuhlangana, inhlalakahle, kanye nezinyathelo zokulwa nobandlululo.
Nakuba abaholi beqembu besanda kwamukela imithetho eqinile ehloselwe ukudingiswa, i-SDdeo ithembisa indlela ekhululekile kakhulu yokuthutha kune CDU/CSU ne AfD. Lokhu kubonisa umzamo weqembu wokulinganisa izindinganiso zalo ezingokwesiko eziqhubekayo kanye nokukhathazeka komphakathi ngezinselele zokuzibandakanya.
Ukuba Izakhamuzi Nokuhlanganiswa Komkhaya
ISPD ifuna ukubambelela kushintsho lwamuva lomthetho wesizwe, okwenza kube lula ngabezizwe ukuba bafanelekele ukuba yizakhamuzi zaseJalimane, nakuba amaqembu aphikisayo eye amemezela ukuthi angase afune ukuchitha umthetho omusha. Leliqembu lisekela ukulondoloza izindlela zokuya ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezisezingeni eliphansi futhi liphikisa imizamo yokwenza imvelo ibe nzima kakhulu.
Naphezu kwezisusa zezombangazwe zezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zokunqanda noma ukumisa ngokuphelele ukuhlangana kwemikhaya yabafuni besikhoselo abaqashelwe, i-SPD ithi ngeke kushintshe isimo sesimo. Lokhu kubonakalisa inkolelo yeqembu yokuthi ukuhlanganiswa komkhaya kubalulekile ukuze kuhlangane ngokuphumelelayo futhi kuhlangane.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwanamuhla
I-SPD ifuna ukuthuthukisa ukuhwebelana kokwaziswa okungokwezinombolo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni futhi izimisele ukusheshisa ngokuphawulekayo izinqubo zesikhoselo eFederal Office for Migration and Refugees nasendulweni yenkantolo yokuphatha. Lokhu kugcizelela kwempumelelo nokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi kwanamuhla kuhloselwe ukusingatha ukukhathazeka okungokomthetho ngokubambeka kwezindawo zomthetho lapho kugcinwa izinqubo zokukhosela ezifanelekile.
ISPD propeo igcizelela ukuphatha abantu ngenhlonipho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bavelaphi, ngemithetho ecacile neqondakalayo, ukuqashelwa kwemithetho futhi kwenze ukuba kungabi lula ukuqashelwa kwamadegree nezimfuneko ezitholakala kwamanye amazwe, ibhekisela ezindleleni ezingokomthetho zokufuduka njenge - Skilled Immigration Act.
Ukulondeka Nokuqothulwa
Nakuba i-SPD ibonakala ifuna ukuqhubeka nezifundo zayo zokukhululeka ekuthuthweni nokuhlanganiswa, i-projecto iveza amagama angayekethisi kubantu abalimaza abanye, ngemva kochungechunge lokuhlasela okubulalayo eJalimane ezinyangeni zamuva nje. I-SPD inezela ukuthi ekulweni nokuthatheka kwemizwelo, iyogxila ezindinganisweni zokuvimbela ukulwa nokuthambekela kokulwa nedemokrati nedemocratic, ikakhulukazi ubuSulumane nobukhoma.
Iqembu eliluhlaza (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen)
Indlela Yokufinyelela Inkululeko Yabantu Namalungelo Asekelwe Kuyo
Ngokwesiko amaGreens abhekwa njengeqembu labashisekeli bemvelo nabashisekeli bezenhlalo abazama ukuphishekela izinhlelo zokungaphikisi empini kuzo zonke izindawo, bekhanga amavoti abantu abaphakeme basedolobheni, ikakhulukazi labo abanemfundo ephakeme namazinga aphakeme aseyunivesithi.
I-Greens igcizelela ukuthi ayifisi ukumiswa kwanoma ikuphi ukulinganiselwa okusha emithethweni yesiphephelo ekhona, imelana nenkambo yemithetho eqinile yesiphephelo eyolimaza labo abafuna isivikelo futhi bavimbele ukuhlangana. Lokhu kubahlukanisa kwezinye izinkolo eziningi futhi kubonisa ukuzimisela kwabo ukulondoloza iziphephelo eziqinile.
Ukuthuthwa Ngokuthunjwa
IGreens igcizelela ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kuyimbangela yesimiso sabo sokufuduka, futhi abashayeli abanamandla kakhulu bayakwazi ukuzuza ulimi, umsebenzi nomsebenzi, ngoba lapho abantu bekwazi khona ukuxhumana futhi badala okuthile ndawonye, umphakathi uyakhula ndawonye. Lombono wokuhlanganisa ugcizelela ukuvumelana kunokuvumelana komzimba.
Nakuba abanye bebheka izindlela zokuqinisa imithetho yokuhlangana komkhaya kwabafuna isiphephelo, abakwaGreens bathi bafisa ukwenza ukuhlangana kube kukhulu futhi kube lula, bagcizelela ukuthi ukuhlanganisa imikhaya ndawonye kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuhlanganeni okuphumelelayo. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi ukuma komkhaya kunengxenye ekuhlanganiseni kangcono.
Ukubambisana KwaseYurophu
I-Greens' propedo isho ukuthi imigomo yeYurophu ezimisweni zokufuduka ingafinyelelwa kanyekanye, isekela isimiso esivamile sokuthutha saseYurophu ngokungakhethi, ngokubopha nangobunye ukusakazwa kwabantu abafuna isivikelo eYurophu, ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano se-EU sokufuduka esithathwayo phakathi kwezindawo.
IGreens ilahla umqondo wokukhipha izinqubo zesiphephelo emazweni esithathu futhi igcizelela ukuthi umsebenzi wesiphephelo ngamunye noma kuphi e-EU kumelwe uhlelwe ngokwawo, wenqabe izahlulelo eziyimfihlo emazweni aphephile avela. Lesisimo sezimiso sibeka amalungelo omuntu ngamunye endaweni yokuqala kunokulawula.
Iqembu Elikhululekile Lentando Yeningi (FDP)
Isimiso sokufuduka okusekelwe ku-Murit
I-FDP isekela isimiso sokufuduka esisekelwe ekufaneleni esigcizelela ukuheha izisebenzi ezinekhono nabathengisi ukuze bathuthukise umnotho waseJalimane. Izimiso zabo zisekela izinqubo ze-vsavs kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa umnikelo wezomnotho. Leliqembu lithatha indlela yebhizinisi yokufuduka, liyibuka ngokuyinhloko nge-lens yenzuzo yezezomnotho nangezidingo zemisebenzi.
Izinguquko Zezisebenzi
I-FDP isekela ukudilizwa kwawo wonke amagunya kahulumeni akhona aphethe izindaba zokufuduka futhi ithuthukisa umqondo wokuhlanganisa zonke izindaba zokufuduka zibe yigunya elilodwa likahulumeni eliphethe ngaphandle kwesimiso sezwe. Lesi siphakamiso siveza ukugcizelela kweqembu ekwakheni kahle futhi sinciphise ubunkimbinkimbi bezindawo ezihlala abantu.
Izinyathelo Zokuphoqelela
I-FDP ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abangenamvume yokuhlala eJalimane baphoqelekile ukuba bahambe, isikisela ukuba kunciphe inhlalakahle yalabo abaphoqelelwe ukuba badingiswe, futhi ifuna ukunqanda ukuhlanganiswa komkhaya walabo abanikwe isikhundla esiphansi sokuvikelwa. Lezi zikhundla zibonisa ukuthi naphezu kwesimo sezomnotho esikhululekile, kudinga indlela eqinile yokuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo.
Okungasetshenziswa EJalimane (AfD)
Ukunqandwa Okuvimbelayo
Kukhetho lwama-2025 lwaseJalimane aseJalimane, u-AfD wathola irekhodi elingu-20,8% lamavoti futhi waphela endaweni yesibili ngemva kwe CDU/CSU, ebonisa ukusekela komphakathi okuphawulekayo ngezikhundla zabo zokufuduka ezivimbelayo. Iqembu eliphambili i-AfD laziwa ngemibono yalo eqinile emelene nokungangeni futhi lihlola cishe amaphesenti angu-20, kodwa wonke amaqembu amakhulu ahlulele ukwakha isivumelwano sikahulumeni nabo.
I-AfD ifuna ukuba iJalimane iphume eMfuduko ne-Provice Pacts zeZizwe Ezihlangene, iguqula iGeneva Refugee Convention ukuze kuvunyelwe abafuni bezikhoselo ukuba bamiswe emngceleni. Lezi zihlongozo zingamelela izinguquko eziyisisekelo ezizibophweni zezizwe zonke zeJalimane neziphephelo.
Ukuzigcina Uzinzile Nokukhuthaza Ithonya
I - AfD ifuna ukuba kumiswe izindawo zokuvalelwa eduze komngcele nasezikhumulweni zezindiza, kwandiswe uhlu lwamazwe alondekile avela kuwo, kuncishiswe izinzuzo zabafuni bezikhoselo abalahliwe ukuze baphile ngendlela engcono, esikhundleni senzuzo yemali ababaleki abagunyaziwe ngemvume efanayo, nokudingiswa ngokushesha kwawo wonke umuntu ebheka njengezigebengu ezingathi sína nabashisekeli benqaba, elimbiza ngokuthi "ukuqothulwa kwezwe".
Ngo-January 2024 I-Lediv yabika ukuthi amalungu e-AfD ayehlangana ngasese nezibalo ezivela e-German nase-Austria ekude kakhulu ngoNovember 2023, lapho kuthiwa akhuluma khona ngecebo "lokufuduka" lokuxosha abafuduki, okungahlanganisa izakhamuzi zaseJalimane ezithuthukile. Lombono oyimpikiswano uye waveza ukugxekwa okusakazekile kweminye imiphakathi nezinhlangano zomphakathi.
Ukuhlanekezelwa Nempikiswano Yezombangazwe
Ngo-2025, i-BfV yahlukanisa ngokusemthethweni i-AfD njenge-"eqinisekisiwe ukuthi inhloso yokuzabalaza ehambisana nokulunga," evumela iziphathimandla ukuba zandise ukuqapha futhi zivumele ukusetshenziswa kwezazi nokuqondisa ukuxhumana, nakuba lokhu kuhlelwa kwe-odoli kwamiswa ngemva kwenkantolo engu-2026. Lokhu kuhlelwa kubonisa ukukhathazeka ngemibono nenkulumo yeqembu phakathi kwezikhulu zezokuphepha.
Iqembu Lakwesobunxele (Isivumelwano Sedie)
Iqembu lasekhohlo libhekwa kabanzi njengeqembu elineziphakamiso eziqinile nezisobala kakhulu zezimiso zokukhosela, nokuthandwa kwalo okuphawulekayo emasontweni amuva, manje lihlola cishe amaphesenti angu-7. Iqembu lisekela umphakathi "wezokufuduka" futhi ligcizelela ilungelo lokukhosela njengelungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo okungamelwe lihlehliswe.
IQembu LaseKhohlo limelene nokudingiswa, lisekela izimiso zomkhaya zokubuyisana, futhi lifuna ukuba kube lula ukuba kube nezakhamuzi nomsebenzi ukunikeza imvume kubo bonke abafuduki kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakhona ngokomthetho. leli qembu livumela ukufuduka njengendaba yamalungelo abantu kunokuba ngokuyinhloko likhathazeke ngokwezomnotho noma ngokulondeka, lilenza lihlukane namanye amaqembu amaningi ezombangazwe zaseJalimane.
ISahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW)
I-BSW iyiqembu elisha kakhulu kunyulo lwaseJalimane lwango-2025, olwaziwayo ngokubiza izinqubo zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano kodwa futhi olunemithetho evimbelayo yokuthutha, okwamanje oluhlola cishe amaphesenti amahlanu. Lemizamo engavamile yokunxusa abavoti abasekela izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle kodwa abakhathazekile ngokufuduka.
I-BSW isekela ukumiswa kokunye ukulinganiselwa ekuthuthweni kwezindawo futhi ifuna ukudala imisebenzi yamaJalimane angasebenzi kunokuba igcwalise lezikhundla nezisebenzi zangaphandle ezinekhono. Lendlela yezomnotho yesizwe ihlukanisa iqembu kuzo zombili izikhungo ezivamile ezithwala ngakwesobunxele nakubathengi ababambelele kakhulu emabhizinisini.
Isimiso sokuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zeJalimane
Izifundo Zokuzula
EJalimane, izifundo zokuhlanganisa ziyizikole ezisemthethweni zolimi kanye nezifundo zokufundisa eziyindlela enkulu yokufunda okwengeziwe ngomphakathi waseJalimane. Lezizifundo zimelela isisekelo sokuhlangana kweJalimane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elisebusweni, nakuba amaqembu ehlukile ekuxhaseni imali, izimfuneko eziphoqelelwe, kanye nokuqukethwe izifundo.
Izikole zokuhlwithwa zihlanganisa izihloko zansuku zonke ezinjengemisebenzi, ezokuthenga, ithelevishini nemfundo yobuntwana, ukufundisa abahlanganyela indlela yokusingatha amahhovisi okuqondisa, ukubhala ama - email noma izincwadi nokuzithwala ngokufanele engxoxweni yomsebenzi, kuyilapho zihlanganisa nempucuko, ezombangazwe nokuhlala ndawonye eJalimane, kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi waseJalimane.
Ngokuvamile izifundo zokufundisa zihlanganisa izifundo eziyikhulu, kanti izifundo zolimi zihlanganisa izifundo ezingu - 600. Izikole zokuhlanganisa izilimi zendawo ezingaphezu kuka - 1 600 futhi zixhaswe yi - Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF).
Izinhlelo Zokuhlanganisa Ezikhethekile
Kunezikole ezikhethekile ezinikezwa abesifazane, abazali noma intsha nabantu abadala abaneminyaka engu - 26, phakathi kwezinye izinhlelo ziqaphela ukuthi abantu abahlukahlukene abavela kwamanye amazwe banezidingo ezingafani futhi babhekana nezinselele ezingafani enqubweni yokuhlangana.
IFederal Office for Migration and Refugees inikeza izifundo zokuhlangana kwabesifazane ngokukhethekile ezisungulelwe abesifazane abafisa ukufunda isiJalimane nabanye abesifazane, ukukhulisa izingane, abakwazi ukuya ezifundweni zamaJalimane nokho noma abakwazi ukuya njalo ekilasini ngenxa yemisebenzi yomkhaya, benikeza ukwaziswa ezikhungweni zomsebenzi wenkulisa nezikole, izinhlangano ezinikeza ukuhlolwa kokusekelwa, umsebenzi, ukuphila kobuchwepheshe, kanye nemithetho, ezombangazwe, amasiko nomlando waseJalimane.
Ukuba Izakhamuzi Nokuzalanisa Abantu
Uhulumeni waseJalimane walungisa iSivumelwano seSizwe ukuze uqinise ukuhlobana phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kwemvelo nokuhlanganiswa okungaguquguquki, uqeda ukukhetha kokuzivumelanisa ngokushesha ngemva kweminyaka emithathu yokuhlala, kanye nezicelo zezakhamuzi manje ezidingeka ukuba zihlale eJalimane okungenani iminyaka emihlanu futhi zihlangabezane nezinye izimfuneko ezinjengokukwazi ulimi lwaseJalimane okwanele nokuzimela ngokwezimali, ukunqanda ingxenye yomthetho wezakhamuzi walelizwe wama - 2024.
Ukuthola ngokuphumelelayo isitifiketi sezifundo zokuhlanganisa kuvumela abafaka isicelo sokuba isakhamuzi saseJalimane ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yokuhlala ngokomthetho eJalimane, kunikeze indlela ecacile yokuba amalungu aphelele emphakathini waseJalimane kulabo abanezimfuneko eziphelele zokuhlangana.
Intuthuko Yemithetho Yamuva Nezinguquko
Izinyathelo Zohulumeni Abafuna Inkululeko Yokuzisebenzela
NgoApril 9, 2025, iDemocrates yamaKristu esenkabeni kanye ne-padscritial Social Democrates yavumelana ukwakha uhulumeni ohlangeneyo eJalimane, futhi bobabili bakhipha isivumelwano esihlangeneyo esichaza amacebo abo esimiso sokuthutha eJalimane. Lesi sivumelwano somfelandawonye simelela ukuvumelana phakathi kwendlela yeCDU/CSU evimbelayo nezimiso ze-SPD ezihlanganisa kakhulu.
Inqubo yokuthutha i-minucro iyakuba yindawo yokuqala, kuhlanganise namasu okusungula i-Agency ye-Magital for Sykilliged Immigration, indawo ye-tegrafi ehlangene ku-inthanethi ye-vsav, umsebenzi uvumela nokusetshenziswa kokuqashelwa kwezinga okulindeleke ukuba kungene izinqubo zokufuduka. Lesi sinyathelo sibonisa ukuqaphela kwawo womabili amaqembu ukuthi ukuhluleka kokwenza izinto zibe yingozi kulimaza ikhono leJalimane lokudonsa izisebenzi ezidinga amakhono.
Umsebenzi Nokuhlala Ungumsizi
Olunye ushintsho olukhulu oluhlelwe ukuba luqale i-Work and Stay Agency, okumelwe ithuthele izisebenzi ezinekhono ekuthutheleni kwelinye izwe, okuhloselwe ukusiza izisebenzi ezingezona i-EU ukuba zihlale eJalimane futhi zinikeze ukwaziswa okucacile nokusheshayo, okusebenza njenge-"Inye-Ima-Government" exhuma amahhovisi e-visa, i-Federal Blody Agency kanye namahhovisi okufuduka.
UNdunankulu we - labour Bärbel Bass (SPD) wathi i - digital Work and Stay Agency iphula izithiyo zezisebenzi zaseJalimane ngaphambili eziye zenza kwaba nzima ukungena emakethe yezisebenzi, ngesimiso esiqinile sokumiswa iminyango kahulumeni ngo - March 1st, 2026, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso esilandelanayo okwenzeka eminyakeni ezayo.
Ukushintsha Kokufuywa Kwenhlabathi YaseNtshonalanga Balkan
Imithetho ye-Western Balkan, eyicebo elikhethekile lokufuduka elivumela izakhamuzi zamazwe aseNtshonalanga Balkan ukuba zisebenze eJalimane, izolinganiselwa ku-25 000 ngonyaka, kusuka ku-50 000. Lokhu kunciphiswa kweminye imizamo yenhlangano yokulinganisa izidingo zemisebenzi ngemiqulu yezincwadi yokufuduka.
Izinselele Eziyinhloko Nezingxoxo Eziqhubekayo
Ukuphumelela Okuqhubekayo
Izimpikiswano ezithinta ukufuduka eJalimane zivame ukugxila ekuphumeleleni kwezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa futhi noma izindlela zamuva zihlanganisa ngokuphumelelayo abasanda kuhlanganyela emphakathini waseJalimane. Ingxenye yabantu abaqeda izifundo zokuhlanganisa izinga elingu-B1 ngo-2015 iye yehla cishe ngamaphesenti angu-70 kuya cishe engxenyeni ye-BMF, isho ukuthi ukwehla ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa ukushintsha kwabahilelekile.
BAMF wathi eminyakeni yamuva nje kwakunabahlanganyeli abaningi abanezizinda zababaleki ababenolwazi olukhudlwana "lolimi" futhi kwezinye izimo kwakudingeka kuqala ukuba bafunde izinhlamvu zesiLatini, nakuba ingxenye iyonke yabahlanganyeli abanezimo zababaleki incipha. Lezinselele ziye zabhebhethekisa izimpikiswano zezombangazwe mayelana nezimfuneko zokuhlanganisa nokusekela.
Izinkinga Zokulondeka
Izindaba zokulondeka ziye zavelela kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zokufuduka, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-profile ephakeme eJalimane. Wonke amaqembu manje agcizelela ukulondeka ngezinga elithile, nakuba ehluka kakhulu kumakhambi awo ahlongozwayo. Amaqembu agcizelela ulawulo lwemingcele, ukuthunjwa, nemingcele yesivikelo, kuyilapho amaqembu ahamba ngakwesobunxele egxile ekuvimbeleni, ekuhlanganiseni, nasekubhekaneni nezimbangela eziyinhloko ze-spression.
Imiphumela Engokomnotho Nokuswelakala Kwezisebenzi
Iziphathimandla zaseJalimane zizama ukukhuthaza ukufuduka ukuze kuxazululwe ukuswelakala kwezisebenzi, okuya kudlondlobala njengoba isizukulwane esikhulayo sithatha umhlalaphansi, sishiya umgodi esimisweni sokuvikela somphakathi. Leliqiniso elingokwenani labantu libangela ukucindezeleka komphakathi ngenxa yemithetho evimbela ukufuduka, liphoqelela amaqembu ukuba alinganisele isidingo sezomnotho nokucindezela kwezombangazwe.
IJalimane ithatha ukuma okuqinile ngokumelene nokufuduka, njengoba kunjalo emazweni amaningi kulo lonke elaseYurophu nasezweni, njengoba izinguquko zamuva nje ezinjengokuqedwa kokuhlanganiswa kabusha komkhaya kwababaleki, ukuqeda ukuba nezakhamuzi ezisheshayo nokuguqula isimiso sesivikelo konke okubhekisela ekushintsheni kwezombangazwe nasekuhlukahlukaneni, njengoba ukufuduka kukhula ngokwandayo njengomthwalo emphakathini.
Ukumelelwa Kwabafuduki Ngokwezombangazwe
Ukucwaninga kwathola ukuthi izahluko eziningi zendawo zamaqembu ayinhloko ezombangazwe eJalimane azikabi namasu okukhanga amalungu abafuduki, futhi kuyilapho iningi lamaqembu aseJalimane manje lithembisa ukuzibophezela ekwahlukaneni nasekuzifuneleni amalungu amasha nawabesifazane, imizamo efanayo ayikaboniswa uma kuziwa ekuhlanganisweni kwabafuduki namaqembu amancane ezinhlanga.
Amaqembu athatha ipromigration akhetha amalungu amasha anesizinda esivela kwamanye amazwe kuyilapho amaqembu amelene nokufuduka ethanda amalungu angenasizinda sabezizwe, kodwa izahluko ezimbalwa zeqembu zigxile ekuhlanganisweni kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe zabafuduki noma emasubeni okwenza kanjalo. Lokhu kungabangela ukuhlangana phakathi kwemiphakathi yabafuduki nokwenza izinqumo zezombangazwe.
I - European Union Umxholo Ne - asylum System Evamile
I-SPD ithi i-Common European Asylmu System (CEAS), ezakuba yi-asmond ngo-2026, iyindlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ababaleki baphathwa kahle kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswa yiphi i-EU. Lenguquko yezinga le-EU izohlela indlela wonke amaqembu aseJalimane asebenzisa ngayo izinqubo zokukhosela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi akhetha imibono yawo.
I-EU ilungisa imithetho yesiphephelo ngo-2026, izwe iJalimane, njengelungu layo, eliye lavuma ukuyisebenzisa. Lezi zinguquko ziyodala izindinganiso ezivamile kulo lonke i-EU zezokulungisa isiphephelo, ukuphathwa kwemingcele, nokugada imithwalo phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu, okungase kunciphise ezinye zezingxabano zezombangazwe ezithinta ukufuduka emazweni ngamanye.
Nokho, ukumiswa kwezinguquko ze - EU zesiphephelo kuhlala kuphikisana, kunezici ezinjengezimpi zokubambisana ze - AfD eziphikisana neYurophu ezindabeni zokuthutha nokusekela ubukhosi besizwe ekulawuleni umngcele nasezinqumweni zokukhosela. Ukungezwani phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kweYurophu nokulawulwa kwesimiso sokufuduka kwezwe kuyoqhubeka kubumba izimpikiswano zezombangazwe zaseJalimane.
Imibono Yomphakathi Nemishini Enamandla
Umbono womphakathi ngokufuduka eJalimane uye washintsha kakhulu phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule. Nakuba ukusabela kokuqala enkingeni yababaleki ngo 2015 kwakuhlanganisa ukusekela okukhulu nomzamo wokuzithandela, iminyaka eyalandela kuye kwabonakala ukukhathazeka okukhulayo ngezinselele zokuhlanganisa abantu, ukulondeka, kanye nokushintsha kwendlela yokuzalana kwabantu. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kwathonya wonke amaqembu amaqembu athatha ngisho namasiko okuqapha nomthetho.
Ukhetho lwama - 2025 lungase lube oluphumelela kakhulu kodwa kuyi - Alternative for Germany (AfD), njengoba kunezilinganiso zamuva zokubeka iqembu eliyilungelo endaweni yesibili cishe eliyingxenye yesihlanu yaleyovoti, nakuba i - AfD cishe ingaba ingxenye kahulumeni ohlangene njengoba wonke amanye amaqembu engakaze athembise ukungahlanganyeli nawo, nakuba kuye ngobukhulu nokwakheka kwalo ekugcineni eBundestag, i - AfD ingaba nethonya eliphawulekayo emicimbini yokuthutha njengeqembu eliphikisayo.
Ukuphakama kwe-AfD kuye kwaphoqelela amanye amaqembu, ikakhulukazi iCDU/CSU, ukuba athole izikhundla ezivimbela ukufuduka ukuze ancintisane nabavoti abakhathazekile ngalezizindaba. Lokhu kususa inkulumo yezombangazwe yonke ngokuqondisisa ukufuduka, ngisho nanjengoba amaqembu elondoloza ukungafani kwawo okuyisisekelo kwemibono.
Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo Nemiqondo Eyakhulayo
Ukusetshenziswa Kwemishini Nenguquko Ebusayo
Bonke amaqembu amakhulu manje bayasiqaphela isidingo sokuqondisa ukufuduka okuphumelela kakhulu. Izindlela zokuhlela ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo ezisemthethweni, kuhlanganise ne-Work and Ballage Agency futhi zihlangene kumapulatifomu e-inthanethi ukuze kusetshenziswe imvume yokubhalisa, zimelela izindawo zokuvumelana okuphambana. Lezi zinguquko zihlose ukwenza iJalimane idolo libe nemphikiswano ekukhangeni izisebenzi ezinekhono kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuqondisa nokuqondisa okudingekile.
Ukulinganisela Izinto Eziza Kuqala
Amaqembu aseJalimane abhekene nenselele eqhubekayo yokulinganisela izinto eziningi eziza kuqala: izidingo zezomnotho zezisebenzi ezinekhono, izibopho zokusiza ababaleki, ukukhathalela ukulondeka, ukuhlanganisa, nombono womphakathi. Amaqembu ahlukene alinganisela ngokungafani ukuthi lezi zinto zibaluleke kangakanani, kodwa bonke kumelwe babhekane nokungezwani okuyisisekelo phakathi kwesidingo sezwe laseJalimane sokufuduka nomphakathi ngokukhathalela ukushesha nokuphatha kwayo.
Ukungena njengenqubo yesikhathi eside
Izindlela eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukwandisa ulimi nokuhlanganisa izifundo zabafuduki, ukuhlanganisa ukufunda ulimi nokuqeqeshwa komsebenzi, nokusheshisa ukuqashelwa kwezici zangaphandle. Lemizamo ibonisa ukuqashelwa okwandayo kwezombangazwe okudinga ukugcinwa nokusekelwa okuqhubekayo, hhayi nje ukwamukela kokuqala.
Ukugcizelelwa kokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo kuveza izifundo ezifundwa kumaza adlule okufuduka, lapho ukusekelwa okunganele kokufunda ulimi nokuqashelwa kwabangela izinselele ezithatha isikhathi eside. Nakuba amaqembu ehluka emicimbini, kunemibono ebanzi yokuthi izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa zibalulekile ukuze kuhlangane abantu futhi kube neqhaza elingokomnotho.
Ukuqhathanisa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nemikhuba Emihle
Indlela yeJalimane yokungena nokuhlangana ingaqhathaniswa namanye amazwe aseYurophu namazwe avamile okufuduka. Isimiso sokuhlanganisa izifundo, nakuba singaphelele, simelela indlela ehleleke kakhulu kunamazwe amaningi. Ukugcizelela ukufunda ulimi, imfundo yomphakathi, kanye nezindlela zokuya ekwakheni izakhamuzi kunikeza uhlelo ezinye izizwe eziye zafunda futhi zalulingisa ngezinye izikhathi.
Nokho, iJalimane ibhekene nezinselele ezivamile ezikhona embusweni wentando yeningi waseNtshonalanga: ukunyuka kwezinhlangano ezikhuthaza ukufuduka eziphikisa ukufuduka, izinkinga ezihlanganisa ababaleki abanolwazi olulinganiselwe lwemfundo noma ulimi, kanye nokungezwani phakathi kwemibono yezinhlanga nemfuno yesiko. Indlela amaqembu aseJalimane asebenzisa ngayo lezinselele ayiyikuthonya ikusasa leJalimane kuphela kodwa futhi nendlela yokuthatha i-Europe ekuthutheleni kwamanye amazwe.
Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini Nabathuthi Bendawo
Ngaphandle kwezombangazwe zamaqembu, izinhlangano zomphakathi, ohulumeni bendawo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuzithandela zifeza indima ebalulekile ekufudukeni nasekuhlanganeni. Izinhlelo eziningi eziphumelelayo zokuhlanganisa abantu zisebenza endaweni yakubo, lapho kuxoxwa khona ngezinselele ezisebenzayo zezindlu, imfundo, nemisebenzi. Amaqembu ezombangazwe ayaqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano zezwe kumelwe zisekele futhi zivumelane nale mizamo yendawo kunokuba zithathe indawo yazo.
Amasonto, amaqembu ezemidlalo, izinhlangano zamasiko, kanye nomphakathi ngokuvamile kunikeza ukuxhumana komphakathi nokusekela okuwusizo okusiza ukuhlangana.
Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho Komthetho Wokufuduka
Izici zezomnotho zokufuduka zakha izisekelo zezombangazwe eziyinkimbinkimbi.Izinhlangano zamabhizinisi nezazi zezomnotho zivame ukusekela izimiso zokufuduka ezisobala ukuze kusingathwe ukuswela kwezisebenzi nokuncipha kwamanani abantu. Izinyunyana zezokuhweba ziye zaqapha kakhulu ngokomlando, zikhathalela ukuncintisana ngeholo nezimo zokusebenza, nakuba abaningi manje beqaphela ukuthi ukufuduka kudingekile ukuze kusekelwe izimiso zomphakathi zokuphepha.
Amaqembu ahlukene avumelana nezithakazelo zezomnotho ezihlukene kanye nombono. I-FDP nezingxenye zeCDU/CSU igcizelela izidingo zebhizinisi zezisebenzi ezinekhono, kuyilapho iSD ne-Ofred Party igxila ekuvikeleni amalungelo ezisebenzi nasekuqinisekiseni iholo elifanele lezisebenzi zaseJalimane nezifudu. I-AfD ilahla izimpikiswano zezomnotho zokufuduka, ithi izimoto neholo eliphakeme lezisebenzi zaseJalimane zinikeza amakhambiza angcono ekuncipheni kwezisebenzi.
Izimpikiswano Zesiko Nezokuphawula
Impikiswano eyisisekelo yezimo zezihambi yimibuzo ejulile mayelana nokuthi ungubani umJalimane, impucuko nezindinganiso. Kusho ukuthini ukuba umJalimane emphakathini ohlukahluka kakhulu? Ukuzivumelanisa kwempucuko okungakanani okumelwe kulindelwe kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, futhi kufanele kushintshe kangakanani umphakathi waseJalimane ngokwawo? Lemibuzo ayinazo izimpendulo ezilula futhi ibonisa umehluko oyisisekelo emibonweni yezwe phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe.
Amaqembu anezimo ezihlukene athambekele ekugcizeleleni ukubaluleka kwabafuduki abathatha izindinganiso namasiko aseJalimane, ngokuvamile abakhiwe ngokuthi "iLeitkultur" (ikhokela emasikweni). Izinhlangano eziqhubekayo zigcizelela ukuhlukahlukahluka kwezinhlanga nokuzivumelanisa, zibheka ukuhlukahluka komphakathi waseJalimane njengokucebisa kunokusongela umphakathi waseJalimane. Lemibono ehlukene yesimo sesikhathi esizayo hhayi nje kuphela sokufuduka kodwa futhi nezimpikiswano ngemfundo, ulimi, inkolo, kanye nokuhlangana kwezenhlalo.
I - media Eyimithombo Yezindaba Nenkulumo Yeningi
Imithombo yezindaba ithonya kakhulu imibono yomphakathi yokufuduka nokuguqula izimpikiswano zezombangazwe. Ukubika ngobugebengu obuhilela izifiki kungabangela umuzwa wokumelana nokufuduka, kanti izindaba zabantu ezibonisa isithakazelo sokuhlangana okuphumelelayo zingakha ukusekela izimiso zokwamukela okwengeziwe. Amaqembu ezombangazwe asabela futhi azame ukuguqula izindaba zezindaba eziphathelene nokufuduka.
Izokuxhumana ziye zanezela izici ezintsha kulezimpikiswano, zivumela kokubili ukuxoxa okwakha nokusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile. Imicimbi isebenzisa izokuxhumana ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ixhumane ngokuqondile nabavoti ngezindaba zokufuduka, ngezinye izikhathi idlulise abagcini bamasango bezezindaba abavamile. Lokhu kuxhumana okuqondile kungacacisa izikhundla zeqembu kodwa futhi kunganezela ekuncipheni imingcele kanye nasemagumbini okunanela.
Isiphetho
Amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJalimane ayaqhubeka ehlela indlela yezwe yokufuduka nokuhlangana ngemibono yawo ehlukahlukene futhi evame ukuncintisana. Kusukela ekubekeni imingcele eyandayo kuya ekugcizeleleni kwe-Green Party yezenhlalakahle, kusukela ekumelaneni ne-AfD ukuya ekungeneni kwe-SPD, lezi zikhundla zibonisa umehluko oyisisekelo ezindinganisweni, izinto eziza kuqala, nemibono yekusasa leJalimane.
Ukuqonda lezi zikhundla zeqembu kubalulekile ekuqondeni ezombangazwe nasemphakathini waseJalimane wanamuhla. Ukuhlangana nokuhlangana kuyohlala kuyizindaba eziyinhloko zezombangazwe zekusasa elilindelekile, ezishukunyiswa amaqiniso angokwenani labantu, izidingo zezomnotho, izinkinga zomphakathi, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuqondene nokuma kwesizwe nokuhlangana kwezenhlalo.
Inselele yentando yeningi yaseJalimane ukusungula izimiso zokufuduka nokuhlanganisa ezincintisanayo ezingokomthetho: izidingo ezingokomnotho zezisebenzi, izibopho zokusiza ababaleki, izimfuneko zokuphepha, ukuhlanganisa, nokubambisana kwezenhlalo. Akukho qembu elinezimpendulo, futhi izimiso eziphumelelayo cishe ziyodinga izici ezihlukene, ezisungulwa ngohulumeni abahlangene okumelwe bavumelane.
Njengoba iJalimane iqhubeka iguquka njengezwe elifudukayo, izikhundla zamaqembu ezombangazwe ziyoqhubeka zithuthukiswa ngenxa yezimo ezishintshayo, umbono womphakathi, nokuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene. Abafundi bezombangazwe nomphakathi waseJalimane akumelwe baqonde izikhundla zeqembu zamanje kuphela kodwa futhi nomongo womlando, izindinganiso eziyisisekelo, nezinselele eziwusizo ezithonya lezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo.
Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda iJalimane lanamuhla, izinqubo zokufuduka nokuhlangana zinikeza incazelo ebanzi yemibuzo ephathelene nentando yeningi, ukuma, izomnotho, nokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Ukuhlukahluka kwezikhundla zeqembu kubonisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwalezimpikiswano nenkulumo - mpikiswano yentando yeningi ephawula ukuphila kwezombangazwe kwaseJalimane.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezimiso zokufuduka nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa abantu baseJalimane, vakashela eJalimane, itheku elingokomthetho lezisebenzi ezinekhono, noma iFederal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF)[FLF] ukwenzela imithombo ebanzi yezifundo zokuhlanganisa nezinqubo zokhuseleko.