Isisekelo Samalungelo Abantu Embulunga Yonke: Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

Lapho ukuhlelwa kwemithetho-mthetho yokuqala eyishumi ku-United States .Izinguquko ezaziwayo ngokuthi iBill of Rights − zagunyazwa ngo-1791, zamelela ukuyeka okukhulu kwezimiso zokubusa ngaleso sikhathi. Okokuqala, umthetho wesizwe walinganisela amandla kahulumeni oyinhloko ukuze uvikele inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Nakuba i-Bill of Rights yasungulwa ukusingatha izici ezikhethekile zeRepublic, izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo zokubusa, inkululeko yenkululeko yenkolo, isivikelo sikahulumeni ozimele, nelungelo lokuhlola ukulunga kwezwe lonke. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule, lemibono iye yawaguqula kakhulu ukuhlelwa kwenkululeko yamalungelo omphakathi wezizwe, isuka eSivumelweni se- - Uni se-OndOndrolpolation se-ond of Human Rights. Ukuqonda lokhu kungokomlando akunakuveza ukufaneleka kwemigomo engokomthetho yezizwe zonke.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Imvume Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Ukwakhiwa kweBhili leNhlalo yamalungelo kwakuwumphumela wempi enkulu yezombangazwe. Phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787, izihambeli eziningi zakholelwa ukuthi incwadi yamalungelo yayingadingekile ngoba uhulumeni kahulumeni wawungowombuso olinganiselwe, onezinombolo. Nokho, abalwayo baphikisa ukuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile, uhulumeni omusha ungaba nonya. Ukuhleba okwaholela ekuncishisweni kwamalungelo abantu kwakuhlanganisa isithembiso sokunezela ukuncitshiswa. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayengabazani, wathatha ukuhola ekubuyiseni okwaba yiSivumelo Samalungelo Enkululeko, edwebeni iSivumelo Samalungelo Esizwe sangonyaka ka 1776 nesiNgisi iSivumelo sika-1976, kanye neseMidala somthetho wesiNgisi.

Izinguquko ngokwazo zibekwa ezigabani eziningi. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela izinsika eziyisisekelo zomphakathi okhululekile: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukuconsisa, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa. Iziphazamiso Zesibili nezesithathu zikhuluma ngezisebenzi zamasosha futhi zifaka ikota yamasosha, ziveza izikhalo ze-processions. ISine kusuka ku-Eighth Reformation simisa amalungelo abamangalelwayo kanye nezimiso zobulungisa zomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuvikela ekufuneni ubugebengu obungenangqondo, ukugxambuleka okuphindwe kabili, ukuhlukana okungokobuqu, nesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile. ISijikele namashumi Ama-Tenth Ayasimende asebenza njengezimiso zokuchaza, izimpawu zokubekwa kwamalungelo athile abekwa abantu abalondolozwe abantu, kanye namandla anganikezwanga agunyazwe embusweni embusweni kahulumeni wonke wonke umuntu.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokwakha Ezathonya Umthetho Wezizwe Zonke

I-Bill of Rights yasungula izindlela eziningi zokusungula imibono kamuva ezaba yingxenye eyinhloko yamathuluzi amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Okokuqala, yasungula ukuthi amalungelo athile azalwa ngefa futhi awazange avinjelwe uhulumeni ngisho nalapho kungekho mthetho othile oqondile owavumelayo. Lomqondo “wamalungelo angenamthethweni” waphinda futhi waphinda iSimemezelo seSivumelo se-Independent futhi waphinda wakhishwa eSivumelwaneni Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu. Okwesibili, wasungula ukubopha izibopho ezingokomthetho kubenzi bezekeli bakahulumeni − /*, wesithathu, wanikeza inqubo yokubekelwa kwemithetho enkantolo: abantu ngabanye bangacela inseleleka izenzo zomthetho. Lenhlanganisela yokugcinwa kwamalungelo esemthethweni yakuba yisibonelo sezivumelwano zamuva ezihloselwe ukunikeza abantu ngabanye ukuma phambi kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe zonke.

ISimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu Nokuzalwa KweSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu

Ithonya eliqondile nelibalulekile lezizwe zonke leSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu libonakala eSivumelwaneni Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR), esamukelwa yi-United Nations General Assembly ngo-1948. Ikomiti yokudweba isihlalo sika-Eleanor Roosevelt, yahlanganisa abameleli abavela emasikweni ahlukene angokomthetho, kodwa ifa lomthetho sisekelo waseMelika laliyindawo evelele yokuhlola. Uroosevelt ngokwakhe wayevame ukuchaza iUDHR ngokuthi “igna Carta yesizwe yesizwe futhi waveza ukufana okucacile neSiko samaLungelo.

Izihloko eziningana ze-UDHR zilandela ngokuqondile amalungiselelo eSiphakamiso samaLungelo. ISiphakamiso 18 se-UDHR siqinisekisa inkululeko yokucabanga, kanembeza, kanye nenkolo − umongo ocacile weSichibiyelo sokuqala sokuzimela ngokukhululekile. ISiphakamiso 19 sivikela inkululeko yombono nenkulumo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokufuna, ukwamukela, nokudlulisela ukwaziswa. ISiphakamiso 9 sivimbela ukuboshwa okungadingekile, ukuvalelwa, noma ukuthunjwa, ukuhambisana nesivikelo seSichibiyelo seSine sokuthatheka okungenangqondo. ISiphakamiso 10 siqinisekisa ukulahlwa kobulungisa nokungamelwe kuthathwe obala ngenkantolo ezimeleyo nengakhethi, sibonakalisa ilungelo leSiphakamiso seSiyisithupha lokufuna ukuqungathwa ngokushesha nokuqulwa komphakathi. ISiphakathi 5 sesethilo sonya, noma sokuphatha abantu noma ukuthuliswa okuhlasiswayo okunga.

Abadwebi be-UDHR babeqaphela ukuba bahlanganise amalungelo ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, namasiko (njengamalungelo okusebenza, imfundo, nokulondeka kwezenhlalo) adlulela ngalé kwamalungelo esizwe nangokwezombangazwe eBill of Rights. Noma kunjalo, isakhiwo seUDHR (isiqalo sokuhlelwa kwesithunzi esingokwemvelo namalungelo angenamdlandla, alandelwa ngokuqashelwa yizihloko ezithile) ze-American Bill of Rights, eqala futhi iqala ngokushaya phambili futhi idwebe amalungelo. I-UDHR’s igcizelela amalungelo abantu ngabanye njengalokhu kuhlola amandla kahulumeni ngokungenaphutha eMelika, njengoba nje izihloko zazilandelwa ngokusebenza emhlabeni wonke.

Ngalé Kwe - UDHR: Izivumelwano Zezizwe Zonke

ISipho samaRod (ICESCR), samukelwa ngo- 1966. I-ICPR, ikakhulukazi, ifunda njengendlela ebanzi neyokwehlisa isisekelo somthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke: iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samaLungelo Amalungelo Omphakathi Namalungelo Abantu (ICCCPR), ne-International Parvenent on Economical, Community Rights (ICESCR), ne-International Commonmental Rights (ICES, ivimbela ukuhlukunyezwa (iphere 8), ivikela inkululeko nokulondeka komuntu (i-Article 9), iqinisekisa ukuphatha komuntu ngenkululeko (iphethikiswe kanye nenkululeko yokudla yomphakathi) engcono (i-199, futhi ivimbela ukuboshwa kwenkokhelo yenkululeko yenkululeko yomphakathi (i-Articlecuptic) (indectle) (inkulu kanye ne-yodwa yenkululeko engokwesibili yenkululeko yenkululeko yenkululeko yesizwe, engcono kakhulu yesizwe, futhi etholakalayodwa kwesizwe, futhi etholakalayodwa kwe

Ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo ye-ICCPR ye-ICPR , iKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu, ebukeza imibiko yezikhululo zombuso kanye nezikhalo zomuntu ngamunye − futhi ibonisa indlela yaseMelika yokwengamela amalungelo. Nakuba iBhill of Rights incike ezinkantolo zasekhaya, i-ICCPR yakha indikimba yomhlaba wonke enegunya lokukhipha izincazelo nemiphumela. Lenguquko yaveza umbono waseMelika wokugcinwa kwamalungelo.

Ithonya Ezinsimbini Zamalungelo Abantu Zesifunda

I - Bill of Rights yasebenza njengesilinganisi esiqondile sezimiso eziningana zamalungelo abantu ezingokwesifunda, ngokuphawulekayo eYurophu naseMelika, futhi ngokungaqondile yathonya isimiso sase - Afrika.

I - European Convention on Human Rights

I-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), eyamukelwa ngo-1950 ngaphansi kwemvume yoMkhandlu waseYurophu, ibhekwa kabanzi njengesivumelwano samalungelo abantu esiphumelela kakhulu emlandweni. Abahlohli baso, abakhishwe ngemibuso ezimele yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, babejwayelene kakhulu ne-U.S. Bill of Rights. I-ECHR of Rights. I-ECHR of Rights. i-ECHR ihloselwe ukunikeza abantu ilungelo lokuphila, ukuvinjelwa kokuhlushwa, ukubekwa kwenkululeko yokuveza, nenkululeko yenkolo, kokubili i-UDHR kanye neMini engokomthetho yamalungelo eNtshona Yurophu. I-ECHR. Imishini ye-CORUR. i-Octives of Rights of Human Rights Court of Human Rights (5) iklanywe ukuba inikeze abantu ilungelo eliqondile lokumelana nohulumeni babo, umqondo oveza isiko sezeluleko sezizwe ngemithetho yezizwe zonke. Izikhulu zezizwe ezise-Europe.

Isimiso SaseMelika Engenelayo

ISimemezelo saseMelika samaLungelo Omuntu, esamukelwa ngo-1948 (izinyanga ngaphambi kwe-UDHR), sasiyincwadi yokuqala yamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke yenkathi yanamuhla. Sathonywa kakhulu yiBill of Rights. ISivumelwano saseMelika samaLungelo Obuntu, samiswa ngaphansi kweSivumelwano saseMelika samaLungelo Amalungelo Abantu ( (11969), sahlanganisa lezi sivikelo. Isivumelwano sahlanganisa lezi zikhundla zamalungelo omphakathi nawezombangazwe (*) nelungelo lokulawula isibopho sobuntu, ukufaneleka kokuphila, ilungelo lokuphatha abantu, inkululeko ebugqileni, ukubophela ubugqila, ukuyo, ukuqulungela inkululeko, ukuqulungela ukuqulwa konembeza, inkululeko elungile, inkululeko yonembeza nenkolo, inkululeko yokucabanga, ukuhlangana kwenhlangano, kanye nenhlangano yesokudla kwangakwesokudla kwe-20(is) ye-Cliternet progrees of Human Rights (Inter) yesimiso se-An (inter) empine yezimiso zezimiso zesizwe). Intenetic synetic sy yiye yaqala

Ishadi Lase-Afrika Ngamalungelo Abantu Nawabantu

I-African Charter (1981) ihlanganisa amalungelo amaningi omphakathi nawezombangazwe atholakala kuyiBhill of Rights − njengelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, inkululeko yokuveza, nenkululeko yenkolo (*) kodwa ibeka phakathi kwesimiso esibanzi esigcizelela amalungelo ahlangene, imisebenzi, nentuthuko yezomnotho. Nakuba isimiso sase-Afrika singaveli ngokuqondile ezimisweni zamaLungu kunase-Europe noma e-Internat America, ukufakwa kwaso kwenkululeko engokomphakathi kubonisa ukuhlanganiswa kwembulunga yonke kwesibonelo somthetho wezwe waseMelika, u-Albenocement

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Ezadlula Imikhawulo

Izimiso eziningana eziqondile ezivela kuyi - Bill of Rights ziye zaba izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, ngasinye esinendlela ehlukile yokusuka emthethweni - sisekelo waseMelika kuya emthethweni wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

The First Amendment’s protection of free speech has been enormously influential. The UDHR (Article 19), the ICCPR (Article 19), and the ECHR (Article 10) all protect freedom of expression. While international law permits more restrictions than U.S. law (e.g., prohibitions on hate speech, defamation, and incitement to violence are more common), the default presumption in favor of free speech—and the prohibition on prior restraint—is a direct legacy of the Bill of Rights. The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), which established robust protections for criticism of public officials, has influenced the European Court of Human Rights’ approach to political speech.

Isivikelo Ekuhlukunyezweni Nesijeziso Esinonya

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sokunqabela “isijeziso esingavamile” kwakuyisivimbeli sokuqala esicacile somthetho-mthetho sokuhlushwa nokuphathwa kabi nguhulumeni. Lesi simiso manje sifakwe kuyiUDHR (Umthetho 5), i-ICPR (Actlerle 7), i-Convention Against Torture (19984), kanye nemishini eminingi yesifunda. Umthetho wezwe uvinjelwe ngokusemthethweni womthetho wezizwe zonke ( unezikhojikijoli ) ezingenakuvunyelwa ukuba ziphele, ngisho nangezikhathi zempi noma zesimo esiphuthumayo. Ukuvinjelwa kokuhlushwa kokuhlukunyezwa (19984), ngaphandle kwesizwe ( ukunweba okuyisisekelo kwelungelo elithile laseMelika.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

ISiphakamiso samaLungelo siqinisekisa amalungelo amaningana akhethekile abamangalelwa: ilungelo lokuquliswa kwecala elisheshayo neliwumphakathi (ISichibiyelo), ilungelo lejaji elingakhethi (isiHlanzi seSiphazamiso), ilungelo lokululeka (ISichibiyelo se-Sixth), isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili (ISiphendulo secala), nelungelo lokumelana nokuzimelana ngokomthetho (ISiphendulo Secala). Lezimiso ziye zahlelwa emhlabeni wonke ngeSiphakamiso 14 se-I-ICICPR, esihlanganisa ilungelo lokulalela ngokulunga, ilungelo lokungasoleki, ilungelo lokutshelwa izikhalo, ilungelo lokutshelwa isikhathi esifanele nezindawo zokuvikela, ilungelo lokuhlola usizo olungokomthetho, nokuhlola ofakazi kwesokudla. INkanto ye-Calvin ne-hostriod Hocsburg (ngeR, i-Rwanda) i-ocensective.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala simisa kokubili i-Free Express Claus ne-Premidition Claus, sidala isibonelo esiyingqayizivele saseMelika sokuhlukana kwesonto nezwe nenkululeko engokwenkolo. Izwe lonke, iUDHR (umchazi 18), i-ICPR (Artle 18), kanye neSimemezelo sokubuyiselwa kwenkululeko yonke yenkolo neNguquko esekelwe eNkolweni noma eKholweni (19981) sivikela ilungelo lokuba nenkolo noma izinkolelo. Nakuba amazwe amaningi engavumelani nokuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwesonto nombuso otholakala eU.S., isisekelo senkululeko kanembeza nokukhulekelwa kwenkolo siqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengomphumela wethonya likaBill wamaLungelo.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Kungaba okudukisayo ukuthi iBill of Rights yamane yakopishwa yafakwa emthethweni wezizwe zonke. Kukhona ukungafani okukhulu. I-Bill of Rights ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso kuphela, hhayi kohulumeni (oshintshwe yiSichibiyelo se-14th). Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke, ngokungafani, usebenza ngokuqondile kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. I-Bill of Rights ayihlanganisi amalungelo ezomnotho noma ezenhlalo, aphakathi kwemishini yomhlaba wonke. Isivikelo sempahla (ISiphendulo se-Fith'Scrences’s Ethicaine) asinagunya eliqondile kuwo wonke amalungelo abantu. Futhi i-Bill of Rights yayisekelwe ekungathembeni amalungelo ezwe lonke, kuyilapho umthetho wezizwe zonke udinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sokufeza amalungelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iBhill of Rights yamukelwa emphakathini osebenzisa ubugqila, owaphika abesifazane ukuvota, futhi wawabeka imingcele yamalungelo ukuba abe abamhlophe babe yimpahla. Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yomhlaba wonke, nakuba ithonywe yisibonelo saseMelika, iye yafuna ukunqoba lokhu kulinganiselwa okungokomlando ngokuvumelana nomphakathi wonke, nokungabikho kokungalingani kwawo wonke amalungelo. I-UDHR isho ngokucacile ukuthi amalungelo ayasebenza kuwo wonke amalungu omkhaya wesintu” ngaphandle kokwehluka.

Ukunconywa Nokuqhubeka Kwezinselele Zanamuhla

Namuhla, iBill of Rights isalokhu iyikhomba eliphilayo labameleli bamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Lapho abashisekeli baseHong Kong befuna inkululeko yokuhlangana, lapho izintatheli eMexico zilwela ukuvikelwa ekuhloleni iziboshwa eRussia lapho zibekela izimo zokuhlushwa, bafaka izimiso ezilandelela emuva kuma-antement. Izincazelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. zeSikhamu Samalungelo Abantu ziyaqhubeka zithuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwenkulumo engokomthetho yomhlaba wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, izinqumo zenkantolo zezindaba zezezindaba zomthetho weze-adicture (umz. g.[FLT:]] Ry v. California, 2014, ifuna imvume yokuhlola amacellulage) zitho zomthetho waseYurophu.

Kodwa ithonya alikho kanye. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke uye wasunduza i-United States ukuba iphinde ihlole imikhuba yayo. I-ICCPR, eyavunyelwa yi-U.S. ngo-1992 ngezindawo ezinqikazayo, iye yaholela ekubukezweni ngezikhathi ezithile yiKomiti yamaLungelo abantu eqokomisa izindawo lapho umthetho we-U.S. uhluleka khona, njengokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga enkantolo yobugebengu, imikhuba yokuvalelwa eGuantanamo Bay, nesigwebo sokufa. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi i-Bill of Rights ayiwona umthombo wempundelo kuphela kodwa futhi futhi nengxenye yengxoxo eqhubekayo ngencazelo yamalungelo abantu emhlabeni oshintshayo.

Isiphetho

I-Bill of Rights yayiwumkhiqizo wesikhathi sayo − ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 le-Externet eyakha uhlelo lwenkululeko ezweni elisha. Nokho abaklami bayo babengeke balindele ukuthi umsebenzi wabo ngolunye usuku ubeyosebenza njengesibonelo salo lonke izwe. NgoMthetho Wezizwe Zonke Wamalungelo Abantu, iSivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Samalungelo Abantu, neSivumelwano Samalungelo Ezwelonke eNtshonalanga, kanye nezimiso zesifunda eYurophu, iMelika ne-Afrika, izimiso zokukhuluma ngenkululeko ekhululekile, ukuvivinywa okungakhethi, inkululeko engokwenkolo, nesivikelo ekuhlushweni kuye kwaba yilungelo elivamile lenkululeko yabantu. UBill Wamalungelo Amalungelo enkululeko enkululeko engabantu akakaze ayisungulangasungulanga imisukanga emisukangalabhulo yezo efilosofi nasenkoloni ephambili. Kodwa yazinika isimo esingokomthetho esibonakala singaphandle kakhulu. Njengoba izinhlangano zomphakathi ziqhubeka zibhekene izinselele ezintsha zenkululeko zokuhlasela kwenkululeko yenkululeko yomthetho ku-Bill (indec.)