I - Legistrate Factive of the Policy yomphakathi

Ukuthutha komphakathi e-United States kulawulwa yimithetho eyinkimbinkimbi kahulumeni, imithetho, kanye nezindlela zokuxhasa imali. Kusukela kumthetho we-Urban Mass Transportation Act ka-1964 kuya ku-Infraformation Informationment and Jobs Act ka-2021, yonke imithetho emikhulu yokuthutha iye yabunjwa ngenqubo yokuzwa yenhlangano. Lokhu kuzwakala kusebenza njengendawo eyinhloko lapho abamisi-mthetho, ochwepheshe, nomphakathi behlola ukuthi iziphi izinto ezingasebenzi, yini, nokuthi yini okumelwe ishintshe khona phakathi kwezimiso zezwe zokuthutha.

Izikhulu ze-Congress ziqulwa ngokusemthethweni ngamakomiti nasemakomitini angaphansi kokubili eNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Bavumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba baqoqe ubufakazi bezikhulu zikahulumeni, abaholi bezemboni, abacwaningi bemfundo, nabasekeli bomphakathi. Lokhu kuqoqa ubufakazi kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe imishini yezobuchwepheshe, imali, nezinga lokuthutha komphakathi. Ngaphandle kokuzwa, umthetho ubungabuswa endaweni engenalutho, ukhululwe ezinkingeni zangempela ezibhekene nezinhlangano nabagibeli nsuku zonke.

Inqubo yokuzwa futhi inikeza ukubonakala nokulandisa. Uma iqhutshwa obala, lezi zikhathi zenza izakhamuzi nezintatheli zibone indlela ehlelwa ngayo. Ubufakazi obubhaliwe, izitatimende ezibhaliwe, nemibiko yamakomiti kuba ingxenye yomlando womphakathi, kwakha inqolobane yomlando abacwaningi nabafundisi abangayisebenzisa ukuze balandelele ukuziphendukela komthetho wezokuthutha.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezindaba Zomphakathi Eziphathelene Nezindaba Zokudluliswa Kwezincwadi

Ukuqonda indlela ukusebenza kwezindlebe okubalulekile ngayo ukuze siqonde ithonya lako. Ukuzwa okuvamile okuhlobene nokuzwa kulandela indlela ehlelwe kahle, kuqale ngenkulumo evulayo esesihlalo sekomiti. Isihlalo sidweba injongo yokuzwa, siveza indaba eqondile ecatshangelwayo, futhi siveze izinga lengxoxo. Amalungu aphuma eqenjini elincane anikeza namazwi okuvula, ngokuvamile aqokomisa izindawo zokungavumelani noma izinto eziza kuqala.

Khona - ke amabhodi oFakazi abizelwa ukunikeza ubufakazi. Lamaqembu ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izikhulu ze- Federal Transit Administration, abameleli beminyango kahulumeni yezokuhamba, abaqondisi abavela ezinhlangano zezokuthutha, abaholi abavela emankampanini emboni njenge Nhlangano yezezemboni ye-[FLT] yezeNtengizimu yezokuthutha [[[FLT:]]], kanye nezindaba zezazi zezindaba ezivela emayunivesithi noma ezikhungweni zokucwaninga. Ufakazi ngamunye ufaka inkulumo ebhalwe ngaphambi kokuzwa futhi adlulise. Ngemva kobufakazi, amalungu ekomiti aphakamisa imibuzo, ngokuvamile afaka ezindaweni ezithile zemininingwane, izitejikelezo zemali, noma uhlelo lwezenkambiso-o.

Inkathi yombuzo nempendulo ilapho ukuhlelwa kwemithetho okungaqondakali kakhulu kwenzeka khona. Abenzi bomthetho bahlola ubuthakathaka ezikweletini ezihlongozwayo, basho imiphumela engahlosiwe, kanye nofakazi abacindezelayo ukuba bafake izinguquko ezithile ezithile. Ufakazi ongeke anikeze impendulo eyanelisayo ngemali efinyelelweyo noma igebe lokulawula kungashukumisela ikomiti ukuba ibukeze isikweleti ngaphambi kokuba iqhubekele egumbini eligcwele.

Indlela Izindlebe Eziwuthonya Ngayo Ngokuqondile Umthetho Wezokuthutha

Izindlebe ze-Congress zithonya umthetho ezingeni elihlukene lesimiso sokulinganisa ukuphila. Ithonya lingase libe eliqondile noma elisheshayo noma eliphindaphindekayo, kodwa kuzo zonke izimo, ukuzwa kusebenza njengomphumela woshintsho.

Ukuqoqwa Kobufakazi Nokuthola Iqiniso

Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokulalela uwukuqoqa ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa. Abaqambi bomthetho bangochwepheshe; bambalwa abanolwazi olujulile ekuqondiseni imishini yokuthutha, isimiso sokuhamba, noma izimali zezezimali. Ukuzwa ibhuloho eliyigebe lolwazi ngokunikeza ubufakazi obungochwepheshe obucacisa izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kucatshangelwa ukuxazululwa okuthatha isikhathi eside kweHighway Trust Fund, amakomiti aye ezwa kuyi-Congregational Unival Baccul Bacture Office, i-Accounting Office, i-otability Office, nesazi sezesayensi yezemfundo. Ubufakazi bawo bunikeza ukwaziswa okuthethelela ukukhushuba intela, imali yangempela, noma ukuveza izindlela ezintsha zokukhokha imali.

Ukucaciswa Kwendaba Nokuhlelwa Kwe - agenda

Ukuzwa kusebenza futhi njengesimiso sokuxwayisa sakuqala. Uma isimiso sokuthutha sibhekana nengozi enkulu noma inhlekelele yezimali, amakomiti enhlangano ahlela ukuzwana ukuze ahlole izimbangela. Lokhu kulalela kungaphakamisa inkinga yendawo ekunakeni kwezwe, kuphoqelele izinguquko zezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa ngemva kwe-2009, ukushayisana kwe-Metro kwaholela ekwandiseni ukulondeka kwe-priel e-opension, ukuphumela ekudalweni kwe-Federal Transit Administration’s State Safety Oversective program. Ngaphandle kokuhlola umphakathi okunikezwa yizinhlelo zokwezwa, izindaba ezinjalo zingahlala ngaphansi kwe-radated yabaphathi bezimiso zikahulumeni.

Ukwakha I - Bipartisan Ne - Consensus Enezitolo Eziningi

Ukuthutha komphakathi kungenye yezindawo ezimbalwa lapho kusekhona khona ukubambisana. Izindlebe zakha indawo ehlelekile yokuba abakhi bomthetho abavela kuzo zombili ukuba bazwe ubufakazi obufanayo, babuze imibuzo, futhi baxoxe ngezindlela ezingafani. OFakazi abavela ezweni elinezizinda ezihlukahlukene baqaphela iqoqo elivamile lamaqiniso nezindlela zokutusa, ezingathambisa ukuhlukahluka kwemibono. I-Fixing America's Surface Towation (FAST), ngokwesibonelo, i-Act, yavela enxanxanxathelani lwezindlebe lapho kokubili amalungu ekomiti yeDemocratic eqaphela khona isidingo esiphuthumayo sokulondoloza, ukuxhasa i-Riphabliki ne-Dmocracravity.

Ukufingqa Nokushintsha Imithetho

Umphumela obonakala kakhulu wokuqulwa kwecala ukulungisa. AmaKomiti avame ukubeka umthetho ngokushesha ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, ahlanganisa izinguquko ezisikiselwe phakathi nobufakazi. Ufakazi angase anikeze indlela eqondile yokusakaza izivumelwano zokuhamba, noma uchwepheshe angaveza iphutha ngolimi oluzojezisa amanxusa asemaphandleni ahambayo. Lokhu kulungisa ngokuvamile kubuthwa izisebenzi zekomiti ukuze ziphendule ubufakazi futhi kuhlanganiswe emalini yokugcina ebizwe egunjini eligcwele.

Ukuhlola Izindaba Ezingokomlando Ezinethonya

Ukuze siqonde ithonya langempela lezindaba eziqulwayo ezisekuthuthweni komphakathi, kusiza ekuhloleni izikhathi ezithile emlandweni lapho ukuzwa kwashintsha khona ukunqatshelwa kwesimiso sikahulumeni.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wokuhamba Ngezimoto Ezindaweni Eziningi

Ngaphambi kwawo-1960, ukuthutha umphakathi kwakuyimboni yomphakathi enkulu, futhi ukuhileleka kukahulumeni kwakukuncane. Ukuhamba ngezinyawo kwasemadolobheni nokuncipha kwezimiso zokuthutha izimoto kwabangela inkinga emadolobheni. Ngo-1963 nango-1964, iKomiti yeSigele eBanking and Rangean ne House Committee on Banking and Lage kwabangela uchungechunge lokuzwa olwakhela lelicala ukuze kusizwe usizo lukahulumeni. OFakazi babehlanganisa izimeya, izinkampani zokuthutha, nabahleli basedolobheni abanikeza ubufakazi bokuncipha kokugibela imoto, izindleko eziwohlokayo, nezindleko zezenhlalo zokuncintisana kwezimoto. Izindlebe zendlu ye-Bankn Bank and Lagementss zabangela uchungechunge we-Urban Miss Act ka-19649, owasungula uhlelo lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lwezezezindlu zohambo lwamakolo. Lomthetho uyaqhubeka ngomthetho wezwezwe lwanamuhla.

I - ISTEA Ezindlebeni Nezinguquko Zokuhamba Ngo - 1991

I-Intermodal Surface Treaty Euniverse Act ka-1991 yamelela ukushintshwa kwe-paradigm enkambisweni yokuthutha, igcizelela i-intertradalism nezindlela eziguquguqukayo zokuxhasa izimali. Ukuzwa kwe-Congress okuholela e-ISTEA kwaqokomisa ubufakazi obuvela emaqenjini endawo emvelo, abaxhasi bebhayisekili nabezokuhlela izakhiwo ezibanzi. Laba ofakazi baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni kazwelonke akumelwe nje wakhe imigwaqo emikhulu kodwa kufanele ufake imali emshinini, i-rangeyo ewunyaka ka-20, nezindlela ezingekhoyo ezisekelayo ezivumelanayo. ISTEA zikhomba ukuva okuphoqelelwa ngokuqondile izingxoxo ze-mgwade ezindaweni zokuthutha izimoto, okuphumela ezindaweni ezisemthethweni ezinikezwayo.

Ukuqubuka Kwangemva Kwehorricane Katrina

Ngo-2005, iSiphepho uKatrina sabhubhisa iGulf Coast futhi sadalula amaphutha amakhulu ekuhleleni izinto zokuhamba eziphuthumayo. Izimemezelo zezikhulu zamacala zahlola indlela izinhlangano zezokuthutha ezasusa ngayo abantu abasengozini, indlela imishini kahulumeni eyaqoqwa ngayo, nendlela izimiso zokuxhumana ezingaphumeleli ngayo. Ubufakazi bezikhulu zendawo zokuthutha eNew Orleans naseHouston banikeza izindaba ezihlasimulisayo zesiyaluyaluyalu nezindawo zokuhlela. Lokhu kuzwakala kwathonya ngokuqondile ukufakwa kwezimfuneko eziphuthumayo ezikwehliseni zemali ezilandelayo, kanye nokusungulwa kwe-FTA'Emergement Program.

Inqubo Yokutshala Imali Nemisebenzi Ka - 2021

Isibonelo samuva kakhulu sokulalela imithetho emikhulu ehlanganisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho ye-Ifraublicament and Jobs Act (IJA) ngo-2021. Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa, iKomiti ye House yeNdlu yezokuthutha neNkampane ne-Infraformation kunye neKomiti yeSishaya-mthetho yeSikhungo soMzalo neMisebenzi ka-Phili yabamba izimemezelo eziningi ezweni lezezezimali zaseMelika. OFakazi babehlanganisa unobhala wezezimali zezezokuthutha iPete Buttigie, abaqondisi bezinhlangano abathwesi bezindawo ezinkulu, abathuthisi bezindawo zasemaphandleni, nabameleli benyuselwa izinhlangano. Ubufakazi baqokomisa izinga lokugcinwa kwezindawo zokuzimo ezinikezelweyo, nokubaluleka kokufinyelela kokuzihambela kwezindawo ngaphansi kwemiphakathi kwezindawo ezigciniwe. Izinhlelo eziningi ezisekugcineni, kuhlanganise neziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 zemali ezingenisa ukuthunyelwa kohambo, zanikezwa ngokuqondile, zanikezwa ngalabhhhhdrishini ezinikezwa yile bufakazi.

Abagibeli Abayinhloko Nendima Yabo

Ukuzwa kwenhlangano ngokuhamba komphakathi akuvamile ukuba kube yingxoxo elula phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho nofakazi oyedwa.

Izinhlangano Ezizimele Nezikhulu

I-Federal Transit Administration (FTA) kanye noMnyango Wezokuthutha (DOT) bangofakazi abavamile. Ubufakazi babo bunikeza umbono weziphathimandla ngenqubo yamanje, izidingo zezimali, nezinselele zokuqondisa. Izikhulu ze-arhente ziyangatshazwa futhi ngokumiswa kwemithetho ekhona, zenze kube nokulalela. Uma ikomiti iveza igebe phakathi kwenhloso ye-state nezenzo zenhlangano, ingamisa umthetho wokuvala lelogebe.

Abameleli Bezemboni Nezinhlangano Zohwebo

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Public Transportation Association (APTA), i-American Association of State Highway and Traffation Offairs (ASHTO), ne-TRB ye-Forgate Research Board (TB) imelela inzuzo yezinhlangano zezokuthutha, abenzi bokwakha, nonjiniyela. Ubufakazi bazo buqokomisa izinto eziza kuqala ezimbonini, njengokuzinzisa kwezimali, ukuthuthukisa intuthuko yezezimali, kanye nentuthuko yomsebenzi. Izinhlangano zezohwebo zivame ukunikeza iziphakamiso eziningi zezimiso zekomiti ezisebenzisa ukuhlela ulimi lwe-wistoms.

Amaqembu Ezikhungo Zokubusa Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Izinhlangano ezingazuzi nzuzo, amaqembu emvelo, kanye nomphakathi kufakazela futhi ukuzwakala kwemifelandawonye. Amaqembu anjenge-TransitCenter, i-Natural Resource Defense Council, ne-Sierra Club aphikisa ngezimiso ezihlela ukuhleleka, ubulungisa bemvelo, nokushintshwa kwe-projekthi. Ubufakazi bawo buqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi abantu abazimele abahamba ngezimoto azwakala, kuhlanganise nabagibeli abathola imali encane, abantu abakhubazekile, nemiphakathi yemibala encike ngokungenakulinganiswa.

Ochwepheshe Nabacwaningi Abafundile

Abacwaningi baseYunivesithi futhi bacabanga ukuthi izazi ze-injini zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuzimele kwezindaba zezokuthutha. Ubufakazi bazo buvame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlola okuguquguqukayo, ukuveza izomnotho, nokuqhathanisa amazwe ahlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, uchwepheshe angafakaza ngemiphumela yokuhamba ngezinyawo yezimiso, izindleko zokuhamba ngebhasi ngokuhambelana nokukhanya, noma imiphumela emide yokutshala izindleko zempahla. Lobu bufakazi bunikeza abakhi bemithetho isisekelo sokungathathi hlangothi ekuhloleni iziphakamiso eziphikisanayo.

Umphumela Wezindlebe Ekukhokheleni Nemithetho Yokulondeka

Izindawo ezimbili lapho ukuzwa kuye kwaba nethonya elinamandla khona inqubo kahulumeni yokusekela imali nokuphepha.

Ukugunyazwa Nokuphakanyiswa Kwezimali Ezihlangene

Ukuxhasa imali eUnited States kugunyazwe ngezindleko zezokuhamba ezithatha iminyaka eminingi, ngokuvamile ezigunyazwa njalo eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyisithupha. Ukuzwa okwenziwa phakathi nomjikelezo wokubuyiswa kubucayi ekuhleleni amazinga okuxhasa imali nezindlela zokuyisebenzisa. Amalungu eKomiti asebenzisa ubufakazi bokuphikisa ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kwezindawo zawo, izindlela ezithile ezinjengebhasi noma isitimela, noma izinhlelo ezintsha ezinikezwayo njengosizo lokuthutha. Ubufakazi obunikezwa kulokhu kulalela buhlela inani lezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulandisa kwe-II.A ezindlebe ze-I. kwahlanganisa nokuhlelwa kwemishwankambozo ye-o ye-ova i-ovarthroptics of the transfort, leyo eyakholisa abakhi bemithetho ukuba banikeze ingxenye enkulu yemali enjengemali yosizo oluhle.

Izindinganiso Zokuphepha Nokuqondisa

Ukuzwa kwezokuphepha kuvame ukuvela ngenxa yezingozi noma eduze kwe-misses. Ngemva kokushayisana kwesitimela emgqeni ohamba ngemoto yomphakathi noma ukuphahlazeka kwebhasi okuhilela imoto yokuthutha yomphakathi, amakomiti ahlola ukuthi iziqondiso ezikhona ziyanele yini. OFakazi beNational Tratity Safety Board (NTSB) abathola okukhona, futhi izikhulu zezezokuthutha zichaze ukuthi yini engalungile. Lezi zimemezelo zingaholela ekuqondiseni iziyalezo zezemthetho, njengokufuna ukuba isitimela silawule noma ukusebenzisa izimiso eziqinile zokulawula izidakamizwa zezidakamizwa notshwala kubasebenzisi. Imiphumela yokuzigwebo yokuphepha i - naleyo edlula izenzakalo; zisungula izimpawu zendlela yokuphepha kwe-FTA yezokuthutha imboni yonke.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kwenqubo Yokuzwa

Nakuba ukuzwa kwezikhulu zezikhulu kungamathuluzi anamandla, akunakulinganiselwa. Abagxeki baveza ukuthi ukuzwa kungafeza inzuzo, abakhi bomthetho besebenzisa isikhathi sabo ekumeni kuneziphendu eziqotho. Ukukhetha oFakazi kulawulwa yiqembu elikhulu, elingakha amagumbi lapho kuzwakala khona ubufakazi obusekelayo kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthamo omkhulu wezindlebe ezindabeni ezithathelwanayo unganciphisa ithonya lanoma isiphi isikhathi. Ezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile azilokothi zithole ukulalelwa, ikakhulukazi uma isihlalo sekomiti ethembekile siphikisa umthetho.

Enye inselele ukunqamuka kobufakazi bokuzwa kanye nemiphumela yokugcina yomthetho. Ngisho noma icala eliphoqelelayo lenziwa loshintsho oluthile lwenqubo, ushintsho lungasuswa phakathi nezingxoxo ezivaliweyo phakathi kwezihlalo zekomiti nomholi weqembu. Irekhodi lokuzwa liyindawo yokuqondisa, aliboshi. Noma kunjalo, ukuzwa kuseyindawo efinyeleleka kakhulu yomphakathi nangaphandle kochwepheshe bezokwethutho kahulumeni.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Nabafundisi Abangahlanganyela Ngayo

Izindaba ze-Congress ezimayelana nokuthutha komphakathi zivulekele umphakathi futhi cishe zigcwele njalo emawebhsayithi amakomiti. Othisha bangasebenzisa amarekhodi okuzwa, izinkulumo zobufakazi, nemibiko yamakomiti njengezinto eziyinhloko ezifundisa umphakathi, izimpikiswano zezimiso, nemisebenzi yokucwaninga. Abafundi bangahlaziya izimpikiswano ezenziwa ofakazi abahlukene, bahlole imibuzo ebuzwa abaqondisi-mthetho, futhi bahlole indlela ubufakazi bokuzwa obuhlobana ngayo nombhalo wokugcina womthetho.

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuthonya isimiso sokuhamba zingahlanganyela futhi ngokuthintana nelungu leSishaya-mthetho futhi zicele ukuba ziphakamise izindaba ezithile phakathi nokuqulwa kwezindaba. Izindaba eziningi zimema ukuzithoba komphakathi, futhi ubufakazi obubhaliwe bungathunyelwa ngisho nakubantu abangabizwanga ukuba bavele. Le nqubo yotshani iqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuzwa ibonisa izenzakalo eziningi nezinto eziza kuqala.

Isiphetho

Izindlebe ze-Congress zingaphezulu kakhulu kunezindlela zokuzwa. Ziyinjini eqhuba ukwenziwa kobufakazi obusekelwe ekuthutheni komphakathi. Ngokuhlola ngokucophelela ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, ukubuza ngemibuzo enzima, nokuhlola okusobala, lezi zimemezelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni wokuthutha usekelwe ngokoqobo kunokuba ube yimibono. Kumthetho wokuqala kahulumeni onikeza izinhlelo ze-1960 ekuvezeni kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano engokomlando yama-2020, ukuzwa kuye kwaguqula zonke izahluko zomlando waseMelika wokuthutha. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi abafuna ukuqonda indlela izinqumo zikahulumeni ezithinta ngayo amabhasi, izitimela, neziporo ezixhumanisa imiphakathi, ikamelo lokuzwa kulapho indaba iqala khona.