Table of Contents
Umqondo wokubonana kukahulumeni uye washintsha kakhulu enkathini yolwembu lwezinombolo. Uma uchazwa izinqolobane zephepha nemibiko eshicilelweyo, ukubonakala kwale mininingwane manje kuhilela ukuthungatha kokwaziswa kwangempela, ukuvela kwezinhlelo zezinhlelo ze-apps (APIS), kanye nokuzibopha kwezakhamuzi ngokuqondile ngezokuxhumana kwezenhlalo. Njengoba imiphakathi iye yashintsha kakhulu, amathemba ezakhamuzi aye asuka ekubeni aqhubeke, aqhubeke, aphumele phambili. Le nguquko ayiyona nje inqubo yezobuchwepheshe, futhi ayikho ukuhlanganisa amandla ayisisekelo phakathi kohulumeni nabantu abakhonzayo. Uhambo olusuka ekuthatheni isinqumo esivaliweyo ukuya ekuphenduleni, ukubusa kwe-data-dren kuphawulwe yize izenzakalo ze-projectives, izinselele zezobuchwepheshe eziphikelelayo, izinselele ezingapheli, nethuluzi elinwetshwayo lokuqondisa i-omistrunce.
Izimbangela Ezingokomlando Zokubanemba Kukahulumeni
Ukuphishekela uhulumeni ovulekile kunezimpande ezijulile emlandweni, kuhlehlela emuva ekulweni nokufihla imibuso nokumiswa kancane kancane kwezimiso zentando yeningi. Ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuchwepheshe, ukubonakala kwangaphandle kwakuyinto enkulu: izakhamuzi zazingacela izincwadi ezithile, kodwa umthwalo wobufakazi nezindleko ngokuvamile ulinganiselwe.
Inkathi Yangaphambi Kokuqala: Ukufihla Izimfihlo Nokugqugquzela Inguquko
Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ohulumeni babesebenza ngaphansi kombono womthetho wokugcina imfihlo. Amarekhodi oMbuso ayebhekwa njengempahla yabacuphi ababusayo, eyayitholakala kuphela kwabambalwa abanelungelo. Izazi zefilosofi zokukhanyiselwa − John Locke, Jean ācques Rousseau, futhi kamuva uJames Madison /argue waveza ukuthi uhulumeni ongalandisanga emphakathini waze wonakala ngokwemvelo. Kodwa izimiso ezingokomthetho eziqinile zokuveza ukukhanya zavela kancane kancane. Inkululeko ye-Sweden of the Press Act (1766) ivame ukukhonjwa njengomthetho wokuqala wokukhanya emhlabeni, kodwa yahlala iwumthetho wokukhanya owengeziwe cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amabili.
Inkululeko Yokwaziswa (FOIA) Nesimiso Sayo Sembulunga Yonke
Inkathi echithekileyo yafika ngo-1966 ngoMthetho wolwazi wase-U.S. wenkululeko (] FOIA). I-FOIA yamisa isimiso sokuthi noma imuphi umuntu unelungelo lokucela ukufinyelela kumarekhodi enhlangano kahulumeni, ukudlulisela umthwalo kuhulumeni ukuze uthethelele ukufihla ukwaziswa. Lomthetho waphefumlela imithetho efanayo emhlabeni wonke: i-Canada’s Acces to Information Act (1992), inkululeko ye-Australia yolwazi Act (1992), kanye nenkululeko ye-UK yenkululeko yolwazi Act 2000. Ekuqaleni konyaka ka 2000, amazwe angaphezu kuka-99 ayesemukele uhlobo oluthile lokungena kuka-UNtonumberoundation umthetho we-oct.
Izindinganiso Nezintshumayelo Zokubona Kahle Emhlabeni Wonke
Mayelana nemithetho yesizwe, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zasekela iziqondiso ezivamile zokubona ngaphandle. I-Open Government Partnership (] OGP), eqanjwa ngo-20, manje ihlanganisa amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa angamalungu azimisele ukuvula izinguquko zikahulumeni. Izivumelwano ezifana ne-Picive Instrive Insporting Irenative Intection (ETI) egunyaza ukuvuzwa kwemali evela emitholakalo yemvelo, kuyilapho i-World Bank’s Open Data Charter ikhuthaza ohulumeni ukuba banyathelise i-data yenani eliphakeme le-1962 yezimiso ngokwezimiso zezimiso zezimiso. Lenhlanganise yemithetho yasekhaya nezivumelwano zomhlaba yakha isisekelo senani semisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe.
Inguquko Ye - Internet: Kusuka Ekuziphendukeleni Kuya Ekuboneni Okunethonya
I-inthanethi yaguqula kakhulu isimo sokukhanya. Ohulumeni bangasusa “ukulindela izicelo” baye“ ekukhuthazeni imishini.” Ulwembu lwaguqula izitabo ze-PDF ezihlalayo zaba eziphilayo, eziphehlwayo.
Ukwaziswa Okuvulekile Okudluliswayo Nokwaziswa Okufundwayo
I - E93 Governance Nokubonisa Ukungaphathi
Izinkonzo zokulawula zemishini nazo zithuthukisa ukubonakala. Izakhamuzi zingabheka isimo sezicelo zemvume, imishini yokuthenga nokubheka amarekhodi okuvota abameleli bazo kuyi-intanethi. Izakhiwo zikahulumeni wase-Estonia ze-Estonia zivumela isakhamuzi ngasinye ukuba sibone ukuthi ubani oye wathatha amarekhodi empilo nemininingwane yentela, edala indlela yokuhlola ngokulandelelana. Loluhlobo lokubona okuthengiselwayo (ukuthi kungani, kungani, futhi uhulumeni wathatha amarekhodi okuvota kuyi-intanethi.)
Ukuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini Nokusetshenziswa Kwemali
I-inthanethi futhi esetshenziswa ngokwedemokrati. I-Platform enjenge- yokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela imali [ amathuluzi avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote indlela yokwabela izimali zomphakathi. Izixuku eziqondisayo zenza umthetho-mthetho-mthetho (njengoba ubonwa e-Iceland ka-2011 yezomthetho-mfunda ngokomthetho ne-vTawan platifomu ye-Taiwan ) inikeza iphimbo eliqondile ekwakheni kwesimiso. Nakuba kungeyona yonke imizamo yokuziphaka ephumelelayo, ziphawula ukushintsha kwesiko: ukubonakala ngaphandle nje ngokubona lokho okwenziwa uhulumeni, kodwa ngokubona ngenkuthalo.
Izinselele Ezingapheli Ekubukekeni Kwezinombolo
Naphezu kwentuthuko engenakuphikwa, inkathi ye - computer iye yaletha izithiyo ezintsha nezinkulu eziye zabhebhethekiswa.
Inkinga Yokubona Izindawo Ngasese
Imininingwane yokunyathelisa ingadalula obala ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, kusukela ekuzingeni kwenani lomphakathi kuya ekuziseni indawo. Izinhlangano ze-Democratic zinhlangano kumelwe zilinganisele ilungelo lezakhamuzi lokwazi ngelungelo lezakhamuzi lokuzifihla. I-General Data Protection Reggatence (GDPR) iveza lokhu kucindezeleka: kuyilapho iqinisa ukulawula komuntu ngamunye emininingwaneni yomuntu siqu, ngezinye izikhathi iphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba bashintshe noma babhale amarekhodi omphakathi ngendlela enciphisa ukulandisa. Izinqubo zokuveza imvume zithatha indlela efingqiwe--"plubringling'edification as projectived, apluging tame synd trading beatting syst yokusebenzisa isivikelo sabisa abantu ngabanye lapho kuvikelwa abantu ngabanye. Kodwa ukulinganisela kuhlala kungena amandla.
Ukuhlukana Kwezinombolo: Ukuzihlukanisa Ngokuklanywa
Uvula imniningo kukodwa akuqinisekisi ukuba sobala uma izakhamuzi zingakwazi ukukufinyelela. i-digital digital ihlala ibhabha: imiphakathi yasemaphandleni, amakhaya angenazinzuzo ezimbalwa, asebekhulile, nabantu abakhubazekile ngokuvamile abanakho ukuxhumanisa, izisetshenziswa, noma ukufunda ngemitapo yokubhala nge-imfihlo ukuze bahambe kuma-parte. E-United States, cishe 7% yemikhaya ayinakho ukufinyelela i-intanethi, futhi nasemazweni amaningi asathuthukayo, igebe igebe ibanzi kakhulu. Ohulumeni kumelwe bafake ukukhanya kolwazi ngemisebe ye-obhalitiki (-obhalic , ibhodi lomphakathi, izimendezo zomphakathi, izimemezelo zomsakazo-midiyana/i-minumsakazo-minumgadio ku-mgamest ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oselekile kumnyama.
I - Bureardiacratic Resistance ne - “Open Data Paradox”
Ngisho noma imithetho igunyaza ukuvuleka, impucuko yezikhulu ingalulaza ukufezeka. Izikhulu zomphakathi zingagodla ukwaziswa ngenxa yokwesaba ukuhlolisiswa, ukuntuleka kwamakhono obuchwepheshe, noma ukugcinwa okulula kwe-etalentia. “indida evulekileyo yokwaziswa” ichaza izimo lapho ohulumeni besakaza izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane kodwa beyenza ingasebenzi (ibhalwe kahle) ebhalwe kancinci, noma ikhululwe kancinci kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwempucuko yokuthulula ulwazi nemithombo eyanele yokukhokhela ulwazi, imithetho yokubona ngokukhululekile ikhona kuphela ephepheni. Inguquko ephumelelayo idinga ukuqeqeshwa, izisusa, kanye nobuholi obungamele iziqondiso ezilawulwayo.
Ukuchaza Okungeyikho Nokushintsha Isimo Ngezikhali
Ngokuhlekisayo, ukutholakala kakhulu kokwaziswa kungabangela ukudideka. Abadlali abanobukhazikhazi bangakhipha izibalo, baqamba ama-temmeset, noma basebenzise kabi amarekhodi angaphelele ukuze baqede ukwethembana ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID . Lusebenzisa izinombolo zezifo kanye nezincwadi ezivuzayo ukuhlwaya isiphithiphithi. Ohulumeni akumelwe bamemezele ukwaziswa okunembile kuphela kodwa futhi bafake imali ekubhaleni ulwazi, iqiniso lihlela ukubambisana, futhi lisebenzise i-mo ecacile ezindaweni zokwaziswa. Ukubona kahle ngaphandle kokwazi ukuveza izilaleli nokuqonda kungabuya.
Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukubona Izenzakalo Ngokubona Kwamandla Kahulumeni Kuyasebenza
Izibonelo zezwe zangempela zibonisa ukuthi zingaba khona, kanye nezihibe zokwenza ubuchwepheshe obungaqondakali (-(ooptional menu). Lokhu kuhlola kuqokomisa izindlela ezintsha nezifundo ezibucayi.
EUnited States: Iday.gov neSiyalezo Sikahulumeni Esivulekile
Iqalisiwe ngo-2009, i-Data.gov yayiyitshenda likaMongameli Open Government Initive. I-ovet kahulumeni ephethe i-data-"isuka kumarekhodi esimo sezulu ukuya ezilinganisweni zezinga eliphansi zasesibhedlela", futhi yakhuthaza abathuthukisi ukuba bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza. I-OPEN Government Data Act (209), eyafaka isisekelo somthetho wokukhulula abantu futhi idinga izinhlangano ezisakaza ukwaziswa komshini ngomshini (amafomessage abhalwe ngokungagqibekanga). Nakuba inyathelo lokuthatha isinyathelo liye labhekana nemithetho elawula izimali nezinhlangano eziguquguqukayo, ihlala iyimpumelelo yesilinganiso se-paji ye-partment ye-USASCF. Ayikholeki ihlanganisa i-ccondalting.
Estonia: Umbuso Obonisa Izimpawu Kakhulu
I-Estonia ivame ukudunyiswa njengenhlangano ephambili kakhulu yezemishini yomhlaba. I-XÚRoad ixhumanisa izitabhu ze-mtholalwazi zomphakathi nezesigebengu, ikwazi ukunikeza izakhamuzi irekhodi lempilo, umlando wokuvota, izikhwama zentela, nezincwadi zemfundo ngekhadi elilodwa le-ID. Indlela yokubona kwelinye izwe iqhubekela phambili: zonke izenzo zikahulumeni . Kuhlanganise nowabona imininingwane yezokwelapha yesiguli, − ingena futhi ibhadiwe. Impumelelo ye-Estonia isuka ekuthatheni inguquko yezobuchwepheshe, ukutshala izimali zakudala zemishini, kanye nohlelo lwemithetho esemthethweni eqinisekisa izakhamuzi ukuba zilawule imininingwane yazo. Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi izakhamuzi ezincane, ama-milton angathola lendlela ilula ukuyisebenzisa kunezinga lokusebenza kunezizwe eziningi.
E - United Kingdom: I - data.gov.uk ne - Open Data Institute
I-UK yamisa imininingwane.gov.uk ngo-2010 ngaphansi komholi kaSir Tim BernersāLee noProfesa Nigel Shadbolt. Izibuko linikeza izinkulungwane zemininingwane yobugebengu, ezokuthutha, ezemfundo, nezezimali zomphakathi. Umnikelo oyingqayizivele kwakuwukwenziwa kweNhlangano ye-Open Data engekho 2016 (] [[FLTLD ] [imishini eqondisa ohulumeni namabhizinisi ekusakazeni ukwaziswa okungokomthetho. I-UK yabuye yaqalisa “izimiso zemininingwane ezivulayo”.[izimiso ezisemthethweni, ezifinyelelwe, ezifinyelelekayo, ezifinyelelekayo, ezithandwayo, ezikhona emhlabeni wonke. Izinselele zihlala zikhona, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekisa izinga lemininingwane kanye nokuhlinzwa kwezindawo zomphakathi emaqenjini ezindawo.
EKenya: I - Afrika Open Data Trailblazer
IKenya yaqala ukuveza ukwaziswa kokuqala kwe-Afrika okuvuliwe ngo-2010, inyathelisa iziteshi zemali zesizwe, izibalo zempilo, kanye nemininingwane yokubalwa kwabantu. Inyathelo laliyingxenye yezinguquko ezibanzi ezilawulayo ngemva kobudlova bokhetho lwango- 200720088, nokwaziswa okusobala okubonwa njengethuluzi lokwakha kabusha ukwethenjelwa komphakathi. Impumelelo eKenya ixhomeke ezinkonzweni zezombangazwe eziqhubekayo zezezentengiselwano zikahulumeni. . .Isifundo esiyinhloko sixhomeke ekutholeni impumelelo ezinhlanganweni zezentengiselwano zikahulumeni zezokuxhumana nge-omthola-odayd nemvume. Naphezu kwemidanti yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezithiyo yezombangazwe, iKenyathe ehlayo i-Kenyay ibonisa ukuthi amazwe asathuthukayo angathatha indawo embonini ye-mithola-miyase-mfantuth kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezinjenge-Transtiverative International.
Indima Eshintshayo Yemithombo Yezindaba Yomphakathi Ekuboniseni Uhulumeni Ngokubona Okusobala
Ama - computer aseyizindlela eziyisisekelo zokubonisana kwangempela ngesikhathi, kodwa futhi aletha izingozi ezinkulu.
Ukukhulumisana Okuqondile Nokuvuselelwa Okuphuthumayo
Manje izinkampani zezokuxhumana zisebenzisa i-twitter (X), i-Facebook, ne-Aysapp ukuze zihlanganyele izindaba zokuphucwa, izixwayiso zesimo sezulu, kanye nezimemezelo zezimiso. Phakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo, iziteshi zenza ukuba kusakazwe ngokushesha iziyalezo zokuthutha nezindawo zokuthumela izinto. Imithombo yezembubhiso ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zishiye abagcini bamasango angokwesiko nezikhulu zemibuzo ngokuqondile, okuholela ekuziphenduleleni okusheshayo, ngokwesibonelo, lapho amazwi esikhonzi ephendulelwa ngokushesha ngezinkulungwane zamehlo.
Ukubuswa Kwezixuku Nokubhobozwa
Izimemo ezifana ne-Reddit namaqembu awengamele anikezelwe zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibukeze ukwaziswa kukahulumeni ngokubambisana. “indida eshaqisayo” yenzekayo [1] lapho izisebenzi zokuzithandela zihlanganisa khona imibiko egciniwe yemali ("ziye zadalula izivumelwano zokukhohlisa emazweni amaningana."Izezindaba zezenhlala-khaya zinikeza futhi abafuyi bempepho ukuba bahlanganyele ubufakazi nezintatheli, njengoba kubonakala ePanama Panama Papers kanye nokuphea okulandelayo. Nokho, la mathuluzi afana nawo angasetshenziswa ekuhlukumezeni izinceku zomphakathi noma ukusakaza izikhalo ezingaqiniseki, kudinga iziqondiso ezicacile nesivikelo ngokomthetho ze-PAN.
Izingozi Zokuhlanekezelwa Kwezigu Zezimbozo Nokuhlanekezelwa Kwemithetho Yomthetho
Nakuba imithombo yezokuxhumana ithuthukisa ukubonakala, ingakuguqula futhi. Imithetho-mthetho ithambekele ekukhuliseni okuqukethwe yisici esivusa inkanuko noma okudukisayo, idala amagumbi lapho izakhamuzi zibona khona kuphela ukwaziswa okusekela ubandlululo olukhona. Ama-akhawunti ezindaba ezingokwenhlalo ohulumeni angase athunjwe nge-troll noma asetshenziswe ngokukhetha ukwaziswa okujabulisayo. Ukuze kumelane nalokhu kucindezela, ukulandisa okungokomthetho kumelwe kubeke i-algorioms, futhi kuxhumane nemininingwane yemithombo, futhi kuhileleke eqinisweni elisebenzayo. Abanye ohulumeni baye bafaka “eyunithi yemisebe yezenganiso ehlangeneyo” eqondisa imithombo yezokuxhumana yezenhlalakahle efuna ukwaziswa okungaqondile futhi ilungise umlando ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ikusasa Lomkhathi: Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Nemikhuba Eshintshayo
Eshumini leminyaka elizayo kuyofika amathuluzi amasha angashintsha ngokwengeziwe indlela ohulumeni abahlanganyela ngayo ukwaziswa — nendlela izakhamuzi ezikusebenzisa ngayo.
Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nokubona Ngokushesha
I-AI ingahlela inqwaba yemininingwane engahlelekile − ama-transcript, ama-email, imibiko ye-bureaucratics `nemiklamo engaphandle abantu abangayilahlekelwa. Imithetho-mthetho ingathola i-flagsting professies, ihlaziye umzwelo ezimpendulweni zomphakathi, futhi ihlole ulwazi lomuntu siqu olufinyele ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwezincwadi. Nokho, i-AII futhi izingozi zokuveza ubandlululo: uma ukuqeqesha ukwaziswa kubonakalisa ukungalingani, amathuluzi okubonakali angaqinisa ukucwasana. Ohulumeni kumelwe baveze i-PAICLEIC, izimiso ze-acishin, izinhlelo ezicatshaliwe zokukhanya futhi bafake umphakathi ekubekeni iziqondiso zezimiso ezingokomthetho.
Ukuvimbela Amarekhodi Angenakuminyaniswa
Ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain bunikeza ukuphazamiseka okusobala kokwamukelwa kwezenzo zikahulumeni. Izwe lingashintsha i-register (umz. eGeorgia nase Sweden), i-joni e- Sweden, futhi izinhlelo zokuvota zisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngokudala i-immutable, irekhodi elifingqiwe, i-blockchain inganciphisa amathuba enkohlakalo. [1] Umuntu angashintsha i-pactry yesivumelwano se-partime noma isiqu sezwe ngemva kokusho iqiniso. Kodwa isithiyo esivimbela ukusebenzisa amandla nokusebenza kwenkinga isalokhu kubalulekile. I-Hybrid i-bruplyd isting i-bollactivessssssssssss egxekayo masiko yokwaziswa.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokusebenza Nendlela Evelele Yokubusa
Ukunyuka kobuchwepheshe bezemisebenzi yomphakathi − apps kanye namapulatifomu akhiwa yizakhamuzi, hhayi ohulumeni − akha ungqimba lwesibili lokukhanya. Amathuluzi anjengethi Theer Assekert for You (UK), GovTrack (US), ne-Opensions (Global) ehlotshisiwe (embulukileyo) kukwaziswa okusemthethweni okungacatshangi. Ohulumeni abasekela ngentshiseko ubuchwepheshe ngo-APIs, ama-ctaphons, nezipho zokuvula ulwazi babonakala bethembisa kakhulu futhi benobuphindukulandisa. Ikusasa lingabona “njengenkonzo,” lapho abanikezeli besithathu bengxenye yesithathu ye-ogalelo-yodwa beqinisekisa iziphakamende zikahulumeni futhi benikeza izixwebo zobushalo zobungane.
Isiphetho: Ukwakha Isimiso Sokubonisana Esinokwethenjelwa
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kombuso ocacile enkathini ye-minuber kuyindaba yentuthuko ephawulekayo nokulwa okuphikelelayo. Kusukela ku-inkàstain yasekuqaleni ye-FOIA icela amabhodi angempela e-creadts angaphambili e-Fakathius anamuhla, icebo licacile: izakhamuzi zilindele ukuvuleka, futhi ubuchwepheshe benza kube nokwenzeka. Kodwa uhambo aluphelele. Ukuhlukanisa ngokwezinombolo, ukuxabana komshoshaphansi, ukuncishiswa kwemfihlo, ukufakwa kwemizwa kwemininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali kokwaziswa kusongela ukululaza impumelelo. Ukuqhubekela phambili, ohulumeni akumelwe bamukele amathuluzi okukhanyayo kuphela kodwa umoya wayo: ukuzimisela kokusebenza, ukukwazi ukuzenzela izinto, nokungafihliwenziswa. Ngokufaka ulwazi, ukuvikela imidwebo, ukuhlanganisa nemiphakathi yezobuni, nokuklama, ukuguqula isibopho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho somthetho esisemthethweni somthetho.