Ukuchaza Izimiso Zikahulumeni: Izimiso Zomthetho

Izimiso zokuziphatha kuhulumeni zibhekisela ezimisweni eziqondisa ukuziphatha kwezikhulu zomphakathi, eziguqula indlela ezisebenzisa ngayo amandla, ezabelana imithombo, futhi zisebenzelana nezakhamuzi. Lezizimiso azizona izinhloso ezingekho ezingokoqobo; ziyizindinganiso ezisebenzayo ezinqumayo ukuthi uhulumeni ubhekwa njengofanele ukuthenjwa futhi ufanelwe ukuthenjwa umphakathi. Ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqinile sokuziphatha, ngisho nezimiso ezihlelwe kahle azikwazi ukuveza ukwethenjelwa okudingekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi ukuze kusebenze ngokuphumelelayo.

Izakhi eziyinhloko zezimiso zokuziphatha zikahulumeni zihlanganisa ukuba sobala, ukulandisa, ubuqotho nokungakhethi.

  • Umthetho: Ohulumeni kumelwe basebenze obala, banikeze izakhamuzi ukutholakala okucacile kokwaziswa mayelana nezinqumo, izinqubo, nemiphumelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izimali zokunyathelisa, izinqubo zomthetho, nezimiso zezimiso. Uma izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa, zisengozini kakhulu yokukholelwa ukuthi lezo zinqumo zilungile futhi zilungile. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe anjenge-Estonia athathe iziteshi ezivulekile ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilandelele inqubo kahulumeni ngesikhathi sangempela.
  • Ukukhokha ishende: Izikhulu zomphakathi kumelwe zithweswe icala ngezenzo zazo nezinqumo. Lokhu kusho ukuba nezindlela zobubonisi, uphenyo, nokusebenza lapho kuvela ukuphulwa kwezimiso. Ukukhomba kwezimiso zokuziphatha, izinhlangano eziqinile zokuhlola, nokuhlola kokwahlulela kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi akukho sikhulu esingaphezu komthetho. [[FLT]] Transpactive Corruption Perceptions Index
  • Izikhulu kumelwe zenze ngokwenzuzo yomphakathi, zigweme izingxabano zesithakazelo futhi zigweme ukusebenzisa isikhundla sazo ukuze zizuze. Lokhu kudinga imithetho ecacile eziphweni, ekungeniseni iziphako, ekuvinjelweni, ekuvinjelweni ngemva komsebenzi, nasekudalulweni kwezimali. Ukuntula ubuqotho – njengalapho abezombangazwe bethembisa izivumelwano zezentengiselwano zomkhaya – ziqeda ukuthenjelwa ngokuqondile.
  • Ukuziphethe: i-Picoses kumele isetshenziswe ngokungakhethi, ngaphandle kokukhetha amaqembu athile noma abantu ngabanye. Ubulungisa buqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho nokuthi izinkonzo zikahulumeni zihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekusweleni kunokuxhumelana kwezombangazwe. Ukungalungi – njengokuthola okungalinganiyo kwempilo noma imfundo – kungumshayeli omkhulu womphakathi wokugxeka.

Imvelo Ehilela Izindinganiso Ezingokwemvelo

Izindinganiso ze-ethical embusweni azikho ezihambelanayo. Ziyaguquka ekuphenduleni ekushintsheni amathemba omphakathi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nezifundo ezingokomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvela kwezezokuxhumana kuye kwadala izinselele ezintsha zokuziphatha ngenxa yokungaqondi, ukuzifihla, nokusetshenziswa kwemininingwane yomuntu siqu yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, ithonya elikhulayo lokuhlakanipha komphakathi ekuqondiseni umphakathi lifuna amahlelo amasha ezimiso zokusebenza ezingokomthetho angaqhubeki ukucwasana nobandlululo. Ohulumeni abahluleka ukuthuthukisa izimiso zabo zokuziphatha baye bafaka engozini emaphutheni, ngokuqhubekayo ukukhohlakazeka kwethemba.

Ukwethenjwa Omphakathi

Ukwethemba umphakathi kuyithemba elibekwa izakhamuzi kuhulumeni wazo ukuba zenzele izinzuzo zazo ezingcono kakhulu, zikwazi ukwenza ngokuvumelana nezimiso zazo, zikwazi ukuzenzela okuhle, futhi zikwazi ukuzenzela okuhle. Kuyinto elula kodwa edingekayo kunoma yimuphi umbuso wentando yeningi. Uma ukwethembana kuphakeme, izakhamuzi zizimisele kakhulu ukuhambisana nemithetho, ukukhokha izintela, ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, nokusekela izinhlelo zikahulumeni phakathi nobunzima. Uma ukwethembana kuphansi, ohulumeni bezama ukusebenzisa izimiso, ukumelana nokumelana nokuntengantengantengi.

Ukwethenjwa Okulinganiswayo: Lokho Okuboniswa Yi - Data

Ukuthembela kuhulumeni kuye kwancipha embusweni wentando yeningi engamashumi amaningi. Ngokwe- OECD Trust kumbiko kaHulumeni, cishe amaphesenti angu-40 kuphela ezakhamuzi emazweni e-OECD athemba uhulumeni wawo wezwe. EUnited States, i-Pw Research Center ibonisa ukuthi ukuthembela kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe kuye kwehla kusukela ku-73% ngo-1950 kuya ku-1958% eminyakeni yamuva. Imibono efanayo iyabonakala eYurophu, eLatin America, nase-Asia, nakuba kunezinhlobonhlobo kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe. Ukukhukhuleka kwezindawo ezisezintsha, eziye zakhula kakhulu enkathini yokushintsha kwezombangazwe, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nokukhulela okukhulu kwezezezezezenteko.

Ukwethemba kunezigaba eziningi. Kuhlanganisa:

  • Ithemba le- Intebo: Inkolelo yokuthi uhulumeni unamakhono nengcebo okuletha izithembiso zakhe.
  • Ithemba eliqinile: Inkolelo yokuthi izikhulu ziyokwenza ngokwethembeka nobuqotho.
  • Ithemba eliyindatshana:[ Inkolelo yokuthi izinqubo zokwenza isinqumo zilungile futhi zigcwele.
  • Inkolelo ye- Inkolelo yokuthi uhulumeni ukhathalela izidingo nezindinganiso zezakhamuzi.

Ngokunokwenzeka ukwethembana okungokwesayensi kuyisisekelo esikhulu ngoba ngaphandle kwakho, ukufaneleka nokulunga okungokwesiko ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokukhohlisa noma okuxhaphazayo.

Indlela Izimiso Ezifanele Ezakha Ngayo Ukwethemba: Umshini

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zokuziphatha nokwethembana abusona nje isivumelwano; izimiso zengqondo zihlanganisa ukuthemba ngezindlela eziningi ezingokwengqondo nezingokwezimiso. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuziphatha okuhle, zisho ukuthi uhulumeni wenza ngokholo oluhle, okunciphisa ukungaqiniseki nokuthuthukisa ukubambisana.

Ukunikeza Inkolelo - mbono Yophawu

Ukuziphatha okungokwesiko kusebenza njengesibonakaliso esinamandla. Uma uhulumeni ezithoba ngokuzithandela ezindaweni zokuhlola ezizimele, ekhipha ukwaziswa ngophenyo lwenkohlakalo, noma ejezisa izikhulu ngenxa yephutha elincane lezimiso zokuziphatha, kunikeza umyalezo ocacile wokuthi iyakuzisa ubuqotho. Lezi zimpawu zibaluleke kakhulu emongweni lapho ukwethembana kumongo lapho kuye konakala khona – izwe elilulaza ekuhlambeni okukhulu lingaqala ukuthembana ngokubonisa ngokucacile inguquko engokokuziphatha.

Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Ukubusa kuyisivumelwano somphakathi: izakhamuzi zidela inkululeko ethile futhi zikhokha izintela ukuze zivikeleke, zikhokhelwe izinkonzo, futhi zikhokhiswe. Lesi sivumelwano sisekelwa kuphela uma zombili izinhlangothi zikholelwa ukuthi ziyosekela isiphetho sazo. Ukuphula imithetho kwezikhulu kubonisa ukwephulwa kwalesivumelwano, kuholela izakhamuzi ekubeni zizizwe zikhohlisiwe. Ngokuhlukile, uma izikhulu zinamathela njalo ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha, isivumelwano siyaqiniswa, futhi ukwethembana kuyajula.

Imijikelezo Enhle

Ukwethemba nokuziphatha kungadala umjikelezo omuhle. Ithemba eliphakeme livumela ohulumeni ukuba benze izenzo eziqinile njengokuphakamisa izintela zokutshala imali yomphakathi noma ukusebenzisa izinguquko ezingathandeki kodwa ezidingekile – ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni uzosebenzisa ingcebo ngokuhlakanipha. Okunye, imiphumela ephumelelayo ikhulisa ukwethembana. Ngokuphambene, ukuntuleka kwezimiso zokuziphatha kungabamba ohulumeni emjikelezweni onzima wokuthemba okuphansi, lapho ngisho nezimiso ezisuselwe kahle zihlangatshezwa khona. Ukuphula lomjikelezo kudinga ukutshala inzuzo engokokuziphatha okuqhubekayo.

Imiphumela Yokwehluleka Kwemiqondo: Izifundo Ezitholakala Emlandweni

Umlando ugcwele izibonelo zokuthi ukwehluleka kwezimiso zokuziphatha kunemiphumela ebhubhisayo nehlala isikhathi eside ekwethembeni komphakathi. Ukuhlola lezi zindaba kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekubuseni kwanamuhla.

I - Watergate Scandal (United States, 1970)

Ukunqamuka kwezehlakalo endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee kanye nokuphatha okulandelayo kukaMongameli uRichard Nixon kuseyisibonelo esiyinhloko sokuwohloka kwezimiso. Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, ukuvinjelwa kobulungisa, nokuqamba amanga kubantu abancishiswe ulwelwelwe. Ngomphumela, ukuthembela kuhulumeni kwehla kakhulu futhi akuvuselelwanga ngokuphelele. Ihlazo futhi laholela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu zenhlangano, kuhlanganise nokudalwa kweHhovisi le-Probagovern Ethics nemithetho yezezimali eqinile. Nokho umonakalo wokwethenjwa komphakathi wawumkhulu futhi uhlala njalo.

Izindleko Ziyahlanekezelwa (Umbuso, 2009)

Lapho amaphephandaba aseBrithani embula ukuthi amalungu ePhalamende lase-Australia ayethenge imali yomphakathi ukuze akhokhele izindleko zomuntu siqu hlanganise ukuhlanza imisele, izindlu zamadada, nokukhokha izikweletu zezimpahla ezikhokhelwayo – ukuthukutheliswa komphakathi kwakukukhulu. Ukuthembela ePhalamende kwehla. Ihlazo ladalula isiko lokunikezwa ilungelo nokungaqondi kahle.

Imoto yokuhlinza ehambayo (Brazil, 2014-2021)

Uphenyo olukhulu lwenkohlakalo eBrazil lwaveza ukufumbathisa okuhleliwe okuhilela abezombangazwe, inkampani kawoyela ehlotshiswe uhulumeni, kanye nezimboni ezinkulu zokwakha. Ihlazo lathinta amongameli, abefundisi, namalungu amaningi omthetho abavela eziqenjini eziningi. Izambulo zabhebhezela ukubhikisha komphakathi nokungathembani okukhulu ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe. Nakuba uphengululweni ngokwalo ngokwalo kwakuwukunqoba kokulandisa, isilinganiso esikhulu sokonakala siye sashiya izibazi ezihlala njalo embusweni yentando yeningi yase-Brazil, ngokuthembela kuhulumeni ngokuncipha kancane kancane kancane.

Izenzakalo Zanamuhla: Izinselele Ezibucayi Enkathini Yamanani

Izibonelo zamuva kakhulu zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kokwaziswa komuntu siqu ekufakeni ama-microbackethi ezombangazwe (umz., Cambridge Analytica), okwaphakamisa imibuzo ngemingcele yezimiso zokuziphatha phakathi kukahulumeni, izinkampani ezizimele, nezakhamuzi. Ngokufanayo, umqedazwe we-COVID-19 ohlolwa ukuthemba iziphathimandla zezempilo zomphakathi. Emazweni lapho ohulumeni babekhuluma khona ngokusobala futhi begwema izingxabano zesithakazelo (umk., i-New Zealand, i-South Korea), kwahlala kuphakeme kakhulu. Emazweni lapho izinqumo ezibonakala zingekho semthethweni noma zikhohlakele, ukuthemba kwancipha.

Izici Ezisemqoka Ezethemba Abantu Ngaphezu Kwezimiso Ezifanele

Nakuba izimiso zokuziphatha ziyisisekelo, ukwethemba umphakathi kuthonywa futhi izici ezihlobene nombono wezimiso. Ukuqonda lezi zici kusiza ohulumeni ukuba bakhe amasu okwakha ukwethembana agcwele.

Ukonakala Nokungaboni Nhlobo

Inkohlakalo yangempela iwumshayeli oqondile wethemba. Kodwa ngisho nombono wokonakala - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyingozi yini - ingalimaza. Ukuphenya kwezindaba, ngisho noma kungekho bubi obutholakalayo, kungabangela ukusola. Isihluthulelo siwukuqinisekisa ukuthi uphengululo luyakholeka nokuthi izikhulu ezicaciwe zibonakala ngokucacile ngalenqubo.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu, izakhamuzi zingase zithembe abameleli bazo beqembu kodwa zingabethembi bonke isimiso. Lenhlangano inciphisa ukufaneleka kwezinhlangano ezinjengezinkantolo, amakhomishane akhethayo, nenkonzo kahulumeni. Ukuhola kwezesayensi egcizelela ukungagwegwesi ngamaqembu kungasiza ekusizeni ukuhlukana kwalezi zigebengu.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Izindaba zamanga zingaqeda ukwethembana ngisho nalapho kungekho khona ukungqubuzana okungokoqobo kwezimiso zokuziphatha.

Izinyathelo Zokuthuthukisa Uhulumeni Olawulayo

Ukwakha kabusha nokulondoloza ukwethembana komphakathi kudinga indlela ebanzi eqondene nokubaluleka nokuqonda kokubusa kwezimiso. Ngezansi kunamasu asekelwe kubufakazi ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke abaye bawasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuqeqeshwa Kwezimiso Zokuziphatha Eziwubufakazi

Kubalulekile njalo, ukuqeqeshelwa izindinganiso ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni ezingokomthetho zonke izikhulu zomphakathi – kusukela ezingeni eliphansi ukuya kubefundisi -. Ukuqeqesha kufanele kuhlanganise ukungqubuzana kwemithetho yenzalo, izimiso zezipho, izivikelo zokufutha impepho, kanye nokuhlola izinkinga zezimiso. Izinhlelo ezingcono zigcizelela ukwenza izinqumo eziwusizo kunokusebenzisa izimiso ezifihlwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi laseCanada leSiphazamiso se-Infanso ne-Ethics Commissioner linikeza ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ezimweni ezingoko okungasetshenziswa izikhulu ezimweni zangempela.

Izivikelo Zokuphehla Igwebu

Abacuphi bavame ukuba yindlela yokuqala yokuvikela inkohlakalo nokuphula umthetho. Nokho, ngokuvamile babhekene nokuphindisela, kuhlanganise nokunqanyulwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma ukuthathwa kwemithetho. Ohulumeni kumelwe bamise izivikelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho ezivikela abafutha impepho esijezisweni futhi bazisekele. I-Wislettle Protection Act yase United States ne-Whistlection Directioneded iyizibonelo ezithi amazwe amaningi azivumelanisayo. Ucwaningo lwe-OLT [[FLT]] 2016] OECD luthole ukuthi amazwe anezivikelo eziqinile zokuvikela iphimbo athambekele ekuthembeni kakhulu.

Izidumbu Ezizimele Ezingabuswa

Izimiso zokuziphatha azinakuzilawula. Ikhomishane yezimiso zokuziphatha ezizimele, i-ombustsme, nababali bezincwadi zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iyakulandisa. Le mikhakha kumelwe ibe nemithombo eyanele, ukuzibusa kwezombangazwe, negunya lokuhlola nokujezisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Independent Commission Against Urguption (ICAC) yeHong Kong iye yasetshenziswa ekuguquleni umphakathi owonakele kakhulu ukuba ube omunye wezinhle kakhulu e-Asia, nakuba izinguquko zamuva zezombangazwe zisongela ukuzimela kwawo.

Amatheku Abonisa Kahle Nemininingwane Evuliwe

Ukwenza ukuba i-data kahulumeni itholakale kalula ezakhamuzini kunciphisa amathuba okonakala futhi kubonisa ukuzimisela ukuvuleka. Ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukuthengwa kwezindawo zomphakathi, nokufakwa kwezincwadi zomphakathi kuvumela izakhamuzi nezintatheli ukuba zibone ukuthi izikhulu zinecala. I-Contrating Contrating Officeship / inikeza uhlelo lokuthola umphakathi obala owenziwa yibo bonke ohulumeni.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Okunenjongo

Izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekuthembeni uhulumeni uma zinomuzwa wokuthi zinezwi. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali, ukuhlanganisa izakhamuzi, kanye namapulatifomu okuhlola i - Internet kunikeza abantu isisekelo esiqondile ezinqumweni ezithinta ukuphila kwabo. Ukuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlela ukusekela imali ePorto Alegre kuseyisibonelo esiwuphawu lwendlela ukuthembisana okungakha ngayo ukwethembana nokuthuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo.

Indima Yezobuchwepheshe Nokubona Ingaphandle

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe inikeza kokubili amathuba nezinselele zokulawula izimiso. Ohlangothini oluhle, amathuluzi emishini angathuthukisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle, anciphise ukukhetha komuntu (okungaholela ekonakeni), futhi enze ukuba abengamele izakhamuzi. Isimiso se-Estonia sokuvota, okuhlanganisa ukuvota ngemishini, ukukhokha intela ku-ingosi ye-inthaneti, kanye nokugcinwa kwezempilo ezivinjelwe ezivinjelweyo, kuye kwanconywa ngokwakha ukwethemba okukhulu komphakathi ngempumelelo nangokukhanya. Uhulumeni unikeza izakhamuzi imibono yangempela yezazi zokuthinta imininingwane yazo, ukhuthaza umuzwa wokulawula nokuziphendulela.

Nokho, ezobuchwepheshe ziveza futhi izingozi ezintsha zokuziphatha. Ukwenza kwemithetho yesinqumo ezindaweni ezinjengenhlala - kahle, i-polishi, nobulungisa bobugebengu kungabhebhethekisa futhi kubangele ubandlululo uma lungaklanyelwa ngokunakekela. Ohulumeni kumelwe basebenzise izimiso zezimiso zezimiso ze-Al kanye nokusetshenziswa kokwaziswa, ezifana ne Council ye-Europe ehlela amalungelo abantu [. Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaholela ekuphazameni komphakathi nasekunciphekeni okuqhubekayo kwethemba, njengoba kuboniswa ezimpikiswaneni ngamathuluzi omshini wobuphethili e-U.

Isiphetho: Ukuzibophezela Okuqhubekayo

Ithonya lezimiso zokuziphatha ekuthembeni komphakathi kuhulumeni likhulu futhi libhalwe kahle. Ukuziphatha komphakathi kwezikhulu zomphakathi akuyona into engcono; yitshe elibuswayo lapho uhulumeni ongokomthetho uhlala khona. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka uhulumeni njengezilungile, zizimisele ngokwengeziwe ukuvumelana nemithetho, ukukhokha izintela, ukusekela izinyathelo zomphakathi, futhi zihileleke ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Uma ukuziphatha kuhluleka, kuyawa, ukuthembana kuyaphela – futhi kuyakheka kuthatha iminyaka eminingi, uma kungenjalo, amashumi eminyaka.

Ohulumeni abanakuthatha kalula. Kumelwe baqhubeke befaka inzuzo yezimiso zezimiso: izindinganiso ezicacile, ukuphoqelelwa kwamandla, ukuqondisa okuzimele, ukubonakala komgwaqo, nokuthembisana komphakathi okunenjongo. Amasu ahlelwe lapha anikeza imepu yomgwaqo, kodwa izwe ngalinye kumelwe lizivumelanise nempucuko yalo yezombangazwe nomlando. Ekugcineni, umgomo awukona ukugwema ihlazo nje kuphela kodwa ukwakha uhulumeni izakhamuzi ezingakholelwa ngempela kulowo oziphatha ngobuqotho, ngokulunga, nangokulandisa kukho konke ukusebenzelana kwawo.

Kulesi sikhathi sokudlondlobala, ukukhohliswa, nokungaqiniseki okungokwezimiso, izimiso zokuziphatha ziyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu ohulumeni abanalo lokubuyisela ukwethemba umphakathi. Ukukhetha kusobala: ukubeka izindinganiso eziphambili, noma ukubukela ukuthembana kuncipha ngokwengeziwe. Ikusasa lokubusa kwentando yeningi lixhomeke kukho.