Indlela Izindlebe Zezingqungquthela Ezishintsha ngayo Ukushintshashintsha Kwezindlebe

Ukuqulwa kwezindlebe ze-Congress kumelela enye yezinqubo ezibonakala kakhulu uhulumeni wase-United States alwa ngayo nezinselele eziningi zokugcinwa kokufuduka. Le mihlangano, ehlangene namakomiti kokubili eNdlu yoMthombo noMkhandlu, ihlanganise abamisimthetho, izikhulu zikahulumeni, ochwepheshe bezimiso, nabameleli bomphakathi ukuba bahlole ukumiswa kwemithetho yokufuduka, ukunikeza imithombo yengcebo, nokuhlukanisa ukuhluleka kwezimiso zokusebenza. Imibuthano elula, ukuzwa kusebenza njengenhlolololonga elibucayi ezinhlanganweni zegatsha eziphethe njenge-Immigation and Custommentment (IE) ne-Ementalmentalmental and Orvition and Orvition (CBP), iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yomthetho engokomthetho nezimiso zomthetho nezimiso zomthetho.

Ukugcinwa kokuthunyelwa kwezindawo e-United States sekuyisikhathi eside kungumthombo wempikiswano eshubile yezombangazwe, enemibono ehlukene ngendlela yokulinganisela ukulondeka kwesizwe, izithakazelo zezomnotho, izibopho zokusiza umphakathi, kanye nokubusa komthetho. Ukulalela kwezindawo zomphakathi kunikeza isisekelo esihlelwe kahle lapho lezizinto eziphambili eziphikisanayo zingavezwa, zihlolisiswe, futhi ekugcineni zihunyushelwe esenzweni somthetho noma ekuqondiseni. Ubufakazi obubhaliwe, ukuphikisana ngemibuzo nezingxoxo zezindaba, nemibiko elandelanayo evezwe kazwa kaningi iyisisekelo semali entsha, ukusekela izikwehlawulo, nokuguqula izinguquko.

Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Nesimiso Sezindlebe

UKhomishane uthola igunya lawo lokuqondisa eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo, esiwunika amandla okuhlola izindaba ezihlobene nomthetho kanye nokusebenza kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Izindlebe zokuhlukanisa zivame ukwehla ngaphansi kwegunya lamakomiti anjenge-House Committee eJudicary, iKhomittee yeSishaya-mthetho, i-House Committee on Homeland Security, ne-Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affai. I-Puttettees ephethe ukufuduka okuthile noma umnyango we-part falois ivame ukwenza izindaba ezihlolwayo.

Amakhenikha amaphuzu aklanyelwe ukuveza ukwaziswa okungaqondakali. OFakazi bakhethwa ukuba bamelele izinqumo eziningi, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezivela ezinhlanganweni zokuqinisekisa, abacwaningi, ochwepheshe, abameleli bezomthetho, abameleli bezinhlangano ezingafaki nzuzo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abathinteka ngokuqondile ngezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano ziyasebenza. Ufakazi ngamunye unikeza inkulumo ebhaliwe kusengaphambili, ekhishwa embhalweni ongokomthetho wezindaba. Ngemva kokuvula izimemezelo ezivela emalungwini ekomiti, inkathi yemibuzo nempumelelo yenza abenzi bomthetho bahlole izindaba ezithile, incazelo, futhi baphikise. Le nqubo yenza umbhalo womphakathi othinta izinqumo ezithinta kokubili izinqumo ezisheshayo kanye nezinqumo zemithetho ezithatha isikhathi eside.

Ukusikisela Nokuhlela Izindlebe

Olunye uhlobo olulandela kakhulu lokulalela ukugcinwa kwezokufuduka yinqubo yokushaya indiva, lapho uMkhandlu unquma khona amazinga okuxhasa imali ezinhlangano ezinjenge-ICE, CBP, neHhovisi Lezokuqondisa Immigation Review (EOIR). Phakathi nalezi zikhathi, amakhanda ezinhlangano kumelwe athethelele izicelo zawo zemali, incazelo yemisebenzi ephambili, kanye nokulandisa ngezindleko zangaphambili. Abenzi bomthetho bangasebenzisa ukuzwa ukuze bafune ukuba kube nokuvela okukhulu ekusebenziseni izindleko zokuvaleka kwejele, ukusungula imishini, noma izakhiwo zezisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa kuye kwaba yithuluzi eliqokomisa izindleko ezithatha isikhathi eside zokuboshwa nesidingo sezinhlelo zokuvalelwa iziboshwa, ngokuvamile okungabizi kakhulu futhi okungabizi kakhulu.

Isihluthulelo Sezinselele Ezihlolwa Ezindlebeni

Ukuqonda lezi zindaba kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi amaqembu asebenza ngezimiso ezingokomthetho ahlanganisa kanjani namalungu angaphansi komhlaba.

Ukulondeka Komngcele Nokulawula

Umthetho ufakaza nge-Roumessance Accounting Office (GAO) imibiko ye-Homeland Security (DHS) engapheli. Ukuzwa kuvame ukuveza ukuphumelela kwemingcele engokomzimba, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, imisebenzi yokuhlola, imisebenzi emisha, nezisebenzi ezisebenza emngceleni oseningizimu nasenyakatho. Ubufakazi obuvela ehhovisi le-Hulumeni le-Authority (GAO) ne-Dwedement of Homeland Security (DHS) iveza izikhawulo zokulawula imishini, njengokungaphelele ekuqapheleni izimo ezisezingeni ezingxenyeni ezikude noma izinselele zokuvimbela ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni noma ezisekwenziswa abantu. Abenzi bemithetho baye basebenzisa le mibiko ukuze babuze ukuthi imishini ethile yokungena emshinini yokuhlola noma imibhosholo esemthethweni idinga ukuthuthukiswa.

Izimo Zokuzilibazisa Nezindlela Ezihlukile

Ukwengamela izikhungo zokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kuye kwavela njengempikiswano ephindaphindwayo futhi evame ukuphikisana ekuqulweni. Amakomiti e-Congregational aye ahlola imibiko yokunganakekelwa kwezokwelapha okunganele, ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside, kanye nenqubo efanelekile yokuphulwa kwezindawo zokuvalelwa. OFakazi abavela ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo abantu nabake bathunyelwa emajele baye banikeza imibiko enikeza izimanga zokulandisa okungokomthetho. Ekuphenduleni, abazwayo baye babhekana nenguquko esheshayo njengokumiswa kwezindinganiso zokuvalelwa, ukukhuliswa kweHhovisiwe yi-DHS ye-Ofest for Civivil Rights and Civil Liberation, nezinhlelo zokuqondisa izindiza zezehlulelo kanye nokungaphathwa kwemithetho eqinile. Imiphumela yecala iyaphikiswa futhi, njengoba izindleko zokugcinwa kombhede kudlula izindleko zokukhishwa kwezinhlelo zokuqondisa.

Ukubheka Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nokukhalipha

Enye indawo ebucayi indlela yokuzivivinya ngokuqapha umshushisi oqinile ekunqumeni ukuthi yikuphi okungamelwe kuphishekele ukususwa. Ukuzwa kuye kwahlola ukungezwani phakathi kwezimiso ezihlela izinsongo zesizwe, izigebengu ezinobudlova, kanye nezithakathi zamuva ezisemngceleni ezithathelwe ukuphoqelelwa kwezakhamuzi ezihlala isikhathi eside ezisondelene nomphakathi, kuhlanganise nalabo abaye benza umthetho wokwephula umthetho omncane. Ubufakazi obungaphumi kumholi we-ICE ngokuvamile buqokomisa ukulinganiselwa kweminyango kanye nesidingo esicacile sezentengiselwano, kuyilapho abameleli bemidatha ukukholeka kwemithetho encishisiwe nokunciphiswa kwemindeka kwemindeko. Le mithetho izikhulu zineziphakamiso ezinikezwayo njengeSikhungo se-Immigracts ne-New Morace, ezifuna ukunciphisa imfutho ne-Greast.

Ukukhathazeka Kwabantu Nabantu Abanokucindezeleka

Ukuphathwa kwamaqembu angenazisulu, ikakhulukazi izingane ezingenazikhundla, abafuni bezindawo zokukhosela, nezisulu zokushushumbiswa, kuyinto ephindaphindwayo yokuqulwa. AmaKomiti aye ahlola izimo zeCBP ezisezikhungweni, ukuthunyelwa kweziphephelo ngaphansi kweMigrant Protection Protocoms (okuyaziwa nangokuthi iHlase eMexico uhlelo), kanye nekhono leHhovisi Lezendabuko lokuzindela ekhaya nokunakekela izingane. Ubufakazi obuvela kudokotela, izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle, nangaphambili kwezikhulu zikahulumeni buye bafaka izimpawu zokungaqiniseki, indleko enqabeni engokomthetho, nokungangeni kokuthola iseluleko esingokomthetho. Lezi ziholele ekulungiseni izinguquko ezinkantolo, ezimisweni zelungelo, nasekunakekeleni ukuphatha abaphathi bezezomthetho.

Isimiso Sokuthutha Esingokomthetho

Nakuba ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuvame ukuvelela izihloko eziphambili, ukuzwa kukhuluma futhi nangenqubo yokwakha ye-ifficiencies yesimiso sokufuduka somthetho. IVisa Service Service Act nezicelo ezifanayo ziye zatshelwa ngobufakazi bezincwadi zeminyaka eminingi zezincwadi zomkhaya ezigunyaziwe namakhadi aluhlaza asekelwe emsebenzini, ubunkimbinkimbi benqubo yeH1.IB visa, nomthwalo wokuphatha eU.S. i-Immigration Service (USCIS). Abenzi bemithetho baye basebenzisa ukuzwa ukuze babuze ngezikhathi zokuhola i-USCIS, izintela, izakhiwo, kanye nokusebenza kwamanje. Umphumela wale nqubo ye-injini ye-HB, ofakazi, ukuphikisa abantu ngokungekho komthetho kanye nezindlela zokugunyaza ezimelelweni ezihambisana nokulawulwa yi-'impathiwe-'impathi ezimele ukuba khona ngaleso sikhathi.

Imibono Eqinile Nethonya Layo

Ukuqonda indlela abagqugquzeli abahlukahlukene abathonya ngayo ingxoxo kudinga ukuhlola izisusa zabo nobukhulu bobufakazi babo.

Izikhulu Eziphethe

Izikhulu ezinkulu ze-ICE, i-CBP, i-USCIS, kanye noMnyango woMbuso zibonakala zichaza kaningi izinqubo zazo, izaba zokuhlela, futhi ziphendule ekusebenziseni imali. Ubufakazi bazo buvame ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okusebenzayo, njengezibalo zokubopha, izinombolo ezisuswayo, nezibalo ezinqamule imingcele. Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ofakazi bezinhlangano bangacindezelwa abamiselwe kwezombangazwe futhi ukwaziswa kunganikezwa ngokungakhethi. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuzwa kuveza ukungavumelani kwangaphakathi, uma izikhulu zikholelwa ukuthi izivumelwano ziveza ukuthi ziveza inzuzo noma zinezimo ezingezinhlobo.

Abenzi Bomthetho Neqembu Abanamandla

Amalungu e-Congress asebenzisa ukuqulwa kwezindaba ukuze aqhubekisele phambili izinqumo zawo zemithetho, athole amaphuzu ezombangazwe, futhi aphawule izinto eziza kuqala kubantu bawo. Izihlalo zamakomiti . “‘ Ezivela eqenjini elikhulu − ezilawula ukukhethwa kobufakazi, ukuhlelwa kwemibuzo, nesimiso sokuzwa. Lokhu kungaholela ezingxoxweni ezingcono lapho amaqiniso afanayo echazwa ngokungafani ngezibopho zemibono. Naphezu kwalokhu kubekwa kwezindawo zezombangazwe, ukuzwa kuye kwaveza imizamo ye-bipartistan, enjenge-Countriver Security, Economic Otion, ne-Immigation Moderation Moderation Act ka-2013, eyadlulisa i-Act ephethe i-Ampligion amacala ehlangene ne-mfontrount ebanzi ngaphambi kokuba kungene i- House.

Amaqembu Eqembu Lobushiqela Nomphakathi Wasezweni

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), i-Human Rights Watch, i-National Immigation Law Center, ne-Migration Policy Institute zinikeza ubufakazi obungochwepheshe obuthi zibekela izinselele izikhundla zikahulumeni. Ukucwaninga kwazo okusekelwe enkabeni yokucwaninga kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kunikeza umbono onamandla owe-intshinyela ukumelana nokulandisa okungokwezimpikiswayo. Izindlebe eziveza abantu ngabanye zithinteke njengomamukeli we-DACA, umkhoseli wesikhoselo, noma umkhaya ohlukene emngceleni.[=] uthola amandla kakhulu ekudluliseleni izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi nezingacindezela abakhi bomthetho ukuba benze isenzo.

Abacwaningi Nezazi Zezomthetho

Ochwepheshe abasekelwe eYunivesithi bafaka igalelo lokuhlola okusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwezindaba ezinjengomphumela wokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwamandla, igalelo lezomnotho labafuduki, nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ekuthatheni isinyathelo sokulawula. Ubufakazi babo buvame ukunikeza izisekelo ezisobala zezihlongozo zezimiso, kanye nomlando ezisekelwe ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthethwa kwegunya lomthetho kamongameli lokuhlehlisa ukudingiswa kunganikeza ubufakazi obuvela koprofesa bezomthetho abahlaziya inqubo yeNkanto ephakeme nenqubo engokomlando.

Umthetho Wangempela Wezwe Uvela Ezindlebeni

Ithonya lokuqulwa kwamacala ezindawo eziphethelwe ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe lingatholakala ngezibonelo eziningana eziqinile. Esinye isici esiphawulekayo siwuchungechunge lokuthethwa kwemibiko yokuxhashazwa ngokobulili esakazekile ezikhungweni zokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuqulwa kwaholela ekumisweni kweHHS Office ye-Inspector General hirline, ukuqashelwa okwengeziwe kwe-House Oversight Committee, futhi ekugcineni kunyuswa izindinganiso ezibukeziwe zeziboshwa ezathuthukisa ukuvinjelwa nokubikwa kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Omunye umphumela ophawulekayo wavela ekuqulweni kwemithetho yokuhlukanisa umkhaya eyathathwa ngo-2018. Ubufakazi obuvela kudokotela wabantwana, izikhulu zikahulumeni zangaphambili, nabameli abachaza ukulimala okungokwengqondo okwenziwa ezinganeni ((*) kanye nobunzima bokubuyisela imikhaya (i-bilvatigardance phikisa). Ukuqulwa kwamacala kwanezela ekuqedweni kwenkambiso yesikhulu ekuqedeni isimiso futhi kwakhuthazwa ekugcineni okwaphumela enqubweni yokuhlelwa kwenkantolo. Abagibeli be-athoropriation baye bavimbela ukuxhaswa kwemithetho efanayo yokuhlukana komkhaya.

Izinqumo zokuxhasa ukukhokhwa kwazo zibuye zilungiswe ngokuqondile ngobufakazi bokuzwa. Unyaka ngamunye, inqubo yokuveza imibiko isebenzisa amarekhodi okuhlela amazinga okuxhasa imali emibhedeni yokubopha, abagada emngceleni, abahluleli bezokuthutha, nobuchwepheshe bokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Uma ikhasi lokuthethwa kwecala lincishisiwe noma liphulwa amalungelo, i-Congress iye yanciphisa noma yasebenzisa izimali, njengoba kubonakala ukuthi ilinganiselwa ekuthengeni kwe-ICE izakhiwo ezintsha zejele ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuvumelana nezindinganiso.

Ukugxekwa Nokulinganiselwa Kwenqubo Yokuzwa

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, ukuqulwa kwamacala ezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zezindaba kunamaphutha abhalwe kahle alinganisela ukuphumelela kwawo ekusingatheni izinselele zokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo. Inkinga evamile iwukuthi ukuzwa kunganciphisa imidlalo yemidlalo yezokuxhumana, amalungu asebenzise isikhathi sawo ekumeleni umkhulu kunokuba abuze ngobuqotho. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezigcwele kakhulu njengokufuduka, lapho ngokuvamile kuthatha indawo yokuqala kunesehlakalo sokuhlola esingaphansi.

Okunye ukulinganiselwa ukukhethwa kobufakazi. Izihlalo zamakomiti zingakha ukulandisa kokulalela ngokumema ofakazi abanemibono evumelana nemibono yeqembu elikhulu kodwa ikhiphe imibono ephikisayo. Lokhu kungaveza isithombe esingaphelele noma esixakile sezindaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ofakazi abavela ezizindeni zobushiqela bangase bangangeni njalo emininingwaneni efanayo njengezikhulu zikahulumeni, benze i-asymmetry esekelwe ekwazisweni okunikezwayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nokuqulwa kwamacala okungaqinisekisi ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulawula. Ukujeziswa kwemithetho kusho ukuthi iziphakamiso eziningi ezithembisayo ezixoxwe phakathi nokuchotshelwa zingazange ziqhubekele phambili evotini. Ukutusa okungaphezulu kwemibiko yamakomiti kungashaywa indiva izinhlangano eziphethe uma izisusa zezombangazwe noma imithombo yemali iphazanyisiwe. Isimo sokuqondisa abaphathi sibangela ukuba ukuphatha kube nzima ngokwengeziwe, njengoba izinhlangano ngezinye izikhathi zingamelana noma zimelane nezicelo zobuphini obungazenzisileyo zokwaziswa noma inguquko.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuze kuqiniswe ithonya lokuqulwa kwezindlebe ekuqinisekiseni ukugcinwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, izindlela eziningana ezingcono kakhulu ziye zatholwa abashisekeli benguquko bakahulumeni namaqembu kahulumeni ohulumeni abahle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqinisekisa amabhodi obufakazi alinganiselwe, ukunikeza isikhathi esanele sokuphenywa ngemva kokuphenywa, ukuhlanganisa imibuzo ebhaliwe ukuze kunikezwe izikhala, nokufuna ukuba izinhlangano ziveze izimpendulo ezifike ngesikhathi eziceliwe. Izinyathelo zokubonisa gcawu, njengokusakaza zonke izindlebe nokwenza imiyalezo ephehlwayo kalula kuyi-inthane, futhi kuthuthukisa ukulandisa komphakathi.

Uma ubheka phambili, ukuzwa cishe kungagxila ekuphikiseni okuvelayo kwezinselele ezinjengokumiswa kwezindawo zokusebenza ngokusebenza kwabantu ngokusebenza kobuhlakani obungalingani, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, ukufuduka okubangelwa isimo sezulu, kanye nokugcinwa kwezindawo ezinde zokuboshwa nokususwa kwemisebenzi. Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kobufakazi obukude kanye nokuzwa okubangelwa yisifo se-COVOVID-19, kunganikeza ofakazi abavela emiphakathini yemingcele noma kwamanye amazwe ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi ngaphandle kokuya eWashington, DC.

Kudokotela, abameleli, namalungu omphakathi afuna ukuhlanganyela kule nqubo, imithombo enjenge Conrell.gov ikhasi lekomiti, i-Government Accouncial Office [[, kanye ne-[FLT:] i-USCIS ngokomthetho ikhasi[[ inikeza ukufinyelela ekuzweni kwezinhlelo zokwezwa, izinqolobane, nemininingwane ye-temfashinithi. Ukulandela umsebenzi wezinhlangano ezinjenge- Inhlangano ye-PGOPPP [[FLT]] [i]] futhi kungasiza ukuzwa kwezingxoxo phakathi kwezingxoxo eziphakathi kwe-ogconstnayom.

Isiphetho

Ukuzwa kwe-Congress kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi emkhakheni wokugcinwa kwezokufuduka. Badalula ukwehluleka kwezimiso, banikeza iqophelo elicacile lezinguquko zemithetho. Nakuba kukude nokufaneleka ($ascheme) ekusebenziseni ukuhlasela kwezindawo ezizimele, izikhawu, nokuhlela amaphutha ezindawo ze-democratic , futhi basebenzise izikhawu zesimiso sokubusa kwentando yeningi (*), bahlala beyinqubo ehleleke kakhulu nesobala lapho uMkhandlu ufeza khona imithwalo yezomthetho. Labo abafuna ukuqonda indlela eqinile yokulawula ukulawulwa kwezindawo zezokufuduka, bafaka ukunakekela kokuseduze kulokho okwenzeka emagunjini okuzwa okubalulekile. Izimpikiswano, imiyalo, imibango, imibiko ekhiqiniwe lapho ingekho nje ebonisa ukuphikisana kwezombangazwe; bahlela imithetho yayo, izinhlelo, izinhlelo zemithetho, nezindinganiso ezibusayo eziyizigidi zezigidi. Ngakho, futhi abenzi abakwazi ukuzwa kahle.