Ukungena Kwe - Voter

IVoter iyindawo yokuthola imithetho yentando yeningi emelelwa abameleli, echaza indlela elula ngayo izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ezingabhalisa, zifake amavoloti, futhi ziye zazwa amazwi azo. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kulo lonke elase-United States ziye zamisa inqwaba yemithetho emisha yokuvota, ukusungula imithetho ehlukene kusukela ekuyekeleni ukuyekelela kuya ekuvimbeleni imingcele ephakeme kakhulu. Lezinguquko zemithetho zomthetho azizona nje izinguquko zokulawula; zinesimo esiyisisekelo esiba nengxenye kukhetho nendlela. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabafundi, futhi babophe izakhamuzi, ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kwale mithetho esemthethweni kuyadingeka ekuhloleni impilo nenqubo yentando yeningi.

Umqondo wokungena kovoti uhlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekutholakaleni kwezindlela zokubhalisa kanye nezinkathi zokuvota zisezingeni elingaphandle kanye nezinhlobo zokuthola izindawo zokuvota. Uma abamisi-mithetho beguqula lezi zici, bathinta ngokuqondile okuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo kokuvota. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu zemithetho ezithinta ukufinyelela nokuthatha isinyathelo, sihlaziya imiphumela yazo eboniswayo eqeshiwe emaqenjini okuhlola izindawo zokuvota, futhi ukuhlola izibalo ezikhona eziye zaba izinkundla zenqubo yokuvota. Umgomo ukunikeza uhlaka olucacile, uhlaka olusekelwe ekuqondeni indlela umthetho olawula ngayo idemokrasi osebenza ngayo.

Ukutholakala Kwezincwadi Eziyinhloko Ezishintsha Umthetho

Umthetho wokuvota wanamuhla unezigaba eziningana ezibanzi, ngasinye sinezindlela ezihlukene zokuthinta ukufinyelela.

  • [ Imithetho yokuhlukanisa [ - Ukucela ama-ID akhethekile okuvota.
  • Usuku lwe-same kanye nokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo [ - - Ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa amafasitela okubhalisa.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Imithetho yokuvota nokungekho kwe-Mail [ - Ukulawula indlela amavoloti aceliwe, abuyiswa ngayo, futhi abalwe ngayo.
  • Indawo yokunikeza indawo yokuvota esemthethweni [ – Ukuhlela inani, indawo, namahora ezindawo zokuvota ezingokoqobo.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Imithetho yokuhlukanisa [[[FT:1]] – Ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kubantu abanezigwebo zobugebengu.
  • [ Izikhathi zokuvota zakuqala [-Ukubeka ubude nokutholakala kokuvota ku-impela phambi koSuku lokhetho.

Imithetho Ecacile

Imithetho ye-Voter iphakathi kwezinguquko ze-opera eziphikisana kakhulu kukhetho lwaseMelika. Kusukela ngo-2024, izingosi 36 zinemithetho efuna abavoti ukuba banikeze uhlobo oluthile lokuzichaza kuleyo-testation, ngokubaluleka kwalezi zimfuneko ngokuhlukahluka kakhulu. Izwe elifana ne-Georgia ne Indiana igunyaza i-ID kahulumeni ekhutshelwe isithombe, njengephepha-layisense lomshayeli noma i-passport, kuyilapho abanye bemukela izincwadi ezingakhodwa njengesikhokhwama noma isitatimende sebhanki.

Abasekeli bemithetho ye-ID eqinile baphikisa ngokuthi badingekile ukuze bavimbele ukukhwabanisa, balondoloze ukuthembela komphakathi ekuthembekeni kokhetho, futhi baqiniseke ukuthi ivoti ngalinye lingokomthetho. Nokho, ukucwaninga okukhulu kuthole ukuthi ukukhwabanisa kwevoti akuvamile kakhulu, okuvela ngamazinga angaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa yephesenti eyodwa yamavoti ancishiwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lemithetho idala umthwalo ongenakulinganiswa kubantu abambalwa abavoti, abathola abantu abambalwa, izakhamuzi esezikhulile, nabafundi, abangasenamathuba okuthola isilinganiso esidingekayo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-2022 kwe-Accounting Office Accounting kwathola ukuthi imithetho eqinile yevota encitshiswe ngo-1, u-1, umphumela omkhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi kwemiphakathi kwe-Blalth no-Latin.

Ukubhalisa ivolution yosuku olufanayo nozenzakalelayo

Ukubhaliswa ngosuku olufanayo (SDR) kuvumela abantu abafanelekayo ukuba babhalise futhi bavote ngosuku olufanayo, phakathi novoti yakuqala noma ngoSuku Lokhetho. Okwamanje, amazwe angu-22, neWashington D.C., anikeza uhlobo oluthile lwe-SDR. I-SDR enengqondo ecacile: isusa imithetho esemthethweni engavimbela izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ukuba zithathe igalelo, ikakhulukazi labo abahamba njalo noma abagcina isikhathi sokhetho.

Ubufakazi bokuphumelela kwe-SDR bunamandla. I-United States eye yamukela ukubhalisa okufanayo ngosuku ibika njalo amazinga aphakeme okubhaliswa. Ngokwemininingwane evela kwi-National Conference of State Legislatures, isho i-SDR ibone i-state yomvoti ovamile enyukela amaphesenti amahlanu kuya kwangama-7 okhetho kuhulumeni uma kuqhathaniswa nezizwe ngaphandle kwalo. Umphumela uvezwa kakhulu phakathi kwabasha abavoti abaneminyaka engu-18-29, abanezinga eliphakeme kakhulu futhi abangase bathinteke ngokukhishwa yi-operations. Ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo (AVR), okufaka izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo lapho zixhumana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezifana ne-DMV, kuye kwaboniswa ngokufanayo ukukhuliswa kwenani lokubhalisa ngezikhathi eziyishumi-15 ezisezamukelayo.

Iposi kanye nemithetho yokugunyaza

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabangela ushintsho olukhulu ezimisweni zokuvota, njengoba amazwe amaningi andisa ukutholakala kwesikhashana kwezincwadi ezingekho. Kusukela eminyakeni, izishaya-mthetho ziye zahlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni ezinamandla ukuthi zingenza lezo zanda zihlale njalo yini noma zibeke imingcele emisha. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge California, Vermont, neHawaii, ziye zathuthela endaweni yonke lapho wonke umvoti obhaliwe emukela khona ibhola lovota ngokuzenzekelayo. Abanye, kuhlanganise noGeorgia, uTexas, no-Iowa, baye basungula izimfuneko eziqinile zokucela nokubuyisela iposi, kuhlanganise nemikhawulo emifushane, i-ID ye-vini eqinile, i-intebolo, nemingcele yezimiso zokuvota.

Ukuvota i-posi kuyindawo ebucayi yokungena kubantu abathile: abavoti asebekhulile abangase babe nobunzima bokuhamba beya ekuvoteleni, abavoti abakhubazekile, abahlala emaphandleni abahlala kude nezindawo zokuhlola, kanye nabavoti abanezimiso eziqinile zomsebenzi. Izimiso ezibekelwe imidaba ziwathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa lamaqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko owe-2023 ovela ku-ECommution Lumment Act Commission wathola ukuthi abavoti abangaba ngu-65 abangabalelwayo cishe ngama-40% ayo yonke iposi, nanoma isiphi isithiyo kulendlela sinciphisa ngokuqondile ukuthatha kwabo indima. Ngokuphambene, ukuvota okulula iposi kuhlangene, ngokwezinga elivamile, ngokwezilinganiso ezinyatheliswe kumagazini [FLD:] uMthetho womthetho [FFM]

Ukukhiqiza Indawo Etholakalayo

Ukutholakala kwezindawo zokuvota kuyisici esiyisisekelo kodwa esivame ukunganakwa sokungena kwabavoti. Izinqumo zokushaya umthetho mayelana nendawo okuzotholakala kuyo izingosi zokuvota, ukuthi zingaba zingaphi, nokuthi zingaba namahora anjani eziwasebenzisayo zingasiza noma ziphazamise ukuthatha iqhaza. Eminyakeni yamuva, izifunda-zifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho enciphisa inani lezindawo zokuvota, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni nasezindaweni ezinabantu abambalwa, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zamisa izindinganiso ezidinga izakhiwo ezifinyelelekayo noma eziphazamisa ukuvota.

Ukucwaninga kwe- I-Libresion Union yase-American American i-Libresions (ACLU) ibhalile ukuthi ukuhlola indawo kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi yabamnyama nabaLatino, okuholela ekulindeni isikhathi eside namazinga aphakeme evoti abahlukanisileyo. Ukuhlolwa kocwaningo lwabacwaningi eStanford nase Florida kuthole ukuthi isilinganiso ngasinye seshumi% sezindawo zokuhlola siholele ekunciphekeni kwezifunda ezingu 1,5%. Abantu abakhubazekile, abalalela ama-Amerika ngokukhubazeka abakhubazekile abahlala ngokuhluleka ukunikeza imishini yokuvota, ukuvota, noma izimpawu ezanele. I-gradiations idinga izindawo ezifanele, izinsuku ezifanele ukuvota, nokuvota okuhambisana nokuvolwa.

Imithetho Ehlazisayo

Imithetho yokulahla i-Feltonfranchance inquma ukuthi abantu abanezinkolelo zobufembu bangavota yini, futhi bahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe. Ngo-2024, amaMelika alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-4,6 anezinkolelo ezithathelwe isigwebo eziyingozi avinjelwe ukuvota, ngokwenqubo ye- i-Sentension Project[. Ezizweni ezinjengeFlorida, Kentucky, ne-Iowa, ukulahla izinkolelo kungahlala njalo kwezinye izinkolelo ngaphandle kokuba amalungelo abuyiselwe ngenqubo ende. Kwabanye, njengaMaine noVremont, akukho ukulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota.

Imizamo yamuva yomthetho ihlose ukulungisa lemithetho. Abavoti beFlorida bagunyaza iSichibiyelo sesine ngo-2018, esibuyisele amalungelo okuvota kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1.4 abanezenkolo zezezimali, kodwa umthetho olandelayo wamisa izimfuneko ezengeziwe, kuhlanganise nokukhokhwa kwazo zonke izintela, okuye kwasusa ngokuphumelelayo izimali eziningi. Kwezinye izizwe, kuhlanganise neNew York, Colorado, ne California, izishaya-mthetho zomthetho ziye zashukumiseleka ukubuyisela ngokuzenzakalela amalungelo okuvota lapho kukhululwa ejele. Ithonya lobuhlanga lalemithetho libalulekile: ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwezimiso zezimiso zemithetho yomthetho yomthetho, oyedwa kubantu abadala abamnyama abayishumi nanhlanu, uma kuqhathaniswa nomunye kubantu abadala abangebona abantu abadala abangabantu abadala abangabantu abangabantu abangabantu abangabantu abadala. Ukuguqula izigebengu kungayiveza kakhulu imithetho evota kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Umphumela Woshintsho Oluqhubekayo Ekuhlanganyeleni Kwezemithetho

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho zithonya ngokuqondile amazinga abavoti abathatha inxaxheba, futhi ubuhlobo abunakuthatha hlangothi.

Ubufakazi Obungokwezibalo Obutholakala Emthonjeni Wezinsimbi

Ukucwaninga okukhulu kuye kwasungula ukuvumelana okucacile phakathi kwemithetho yokuvota ethile kanye nokuhlanganyela kovoti. Ukuhlaziya okubanzi [kungu-2022] kwe- Brennan Center yeJaji[ kwahlola imininingwane evela kuzo zonke izifunda-50 eminyakeni engu-20 edlule. Ukuhlola kwathola ukuthi ngemithetho yokuvota efinyelelekayo kakhulu kunesilinganiso somvoti wamazinga angu-8,2 aphakeme kunalawo avinjelwe kakhulu emithethweni emithetho eqinile kakhulu kukhetho lukamongameli. Phakathi nokhetho lwaphakathi, igebe lalilikhulu ngisho nangamazinga angu-9,6.

Ngokuqondile, izifundazwe ezivumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo zathola amazinga alinganiselwa ku 66% ngo-202020, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-60 ezifunda ngaphandle kwawo. I-United States ebhaliswe ngokuzivota yathola amazinga okubhaliswa aphakeme kakhulu ku-12% kune-arejithali yesizwe. Ngokuhlukile, isho ukuthi ukubekwa kwemithetho eqinile yokuvota i-ID kwabhekana nokuncitshiswa okungalawuleki, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abaphansi abancishi. Ukuhlolwa kwamashumi amabili nanye kwayi-201 kweYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, i-Los Angeles yathola ukuthi amazinga okuvota phakathi kwabasha abasha abahoti ezimisweni eziqinile ayeyi-4,3 amaphuzu aphansi kunasemithethwenisweni, ngisho nangaphansi kokulawula ukuncitshiswa kwenani eliguquguqukayo nangokokuphikisana kwezomnotho.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezibalo Ekuhlanganyeleni

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho azithinteli bonke abavoti ngokufanayo. Amaqembu athile amanani abantu asengozini enkulu yokuvinjelwa futhi, ngakho, cishe amathuba amaningi okubona ukuthatha kwabo iqhaza kuncishiswa noma kukhuliswa yizinguquko zezimiso. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ekuhloleni imithetho yokukhetha.

  • Imithetho ye-ID ye-Voter ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ithinta izinhlanga nezinkolo ezincane. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi aba-Black naba-Latino abavoti abanamathuba amancane okuba nezindlela eziqondile zokuzichaza ezifunwa yizifunda-i-ID eziqinile. Ngokwe-Hulumeni Accounting Office, 8.5% yabavoti abamhlophe abanayo i-ID yesithombe esisemthethweni, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-12,5% ye-Blackvotation ne-15% ye-Latinovonso.
  • Imithetho yokuvota yeposi enqabela ukuvota inethonya elicacile kubavoti nakubavoti abakhubazekile, abathembela kuleyondlela ngamazinga aphakeme. Ukuhlola kwe-2023 AARP kwathola ukuthi 41% wabavoti abangaphezu kuka-65 basebenzisa iposi-iposi phakathi kwama-2022, uma kuqhathaniswa no-18% wabavoti abangaphansi kwe 30.
  • Indawo yokuphanga ivala iboniswe inciphisa umngcele emadolobheni nasezindaweni ezingenisa imali ephansi ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-5%, kuyilapho izindawo zasemaphethelweni nasemaphandleni zivame ukugcina ukufinyelela okuqinile, zidala igebe lokuthatha isinyathelo.
  • Ukubhalisa usuku lwenyanga kunomphumela onamandla kakhulu kubavoti abasebasha, abahamba njalo futhi abangase bangabhaliswa ekhelini labo lamanje. Ngokwesho lwe-SDR, baphuma phakathi kwe 18-29-odazi, ngokwesilinganiso, amaphesenti ayisikhombisa aphakeme kunasezifundazweni ezingezona i-SDR.

Ukuhlola Izimo Zoshintsho Oluqhubekayo

Ukuhlola okuqondile okuye kwamisa umthetho wokuvota obalulekile kwembula imiphumela yangempela yalezimiso.

Inyakatho Carolina

I-Router ingumthetho wokuvota phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule. Ngemva kwesinqumo se-2013 se-Shelby County v. Umlawuli we-Roder, esanciphisa amalungiselelo angaphambili e-Voting Rights Act, isifundazwe samisa umthetho ogcwele owaziwayo njenge H.B. 589 (i-"votarrrr"), eyahlanganisa izimfuneko eziqinile zokhetho, inciphisa izinsuku zokuvota, isusa ukubhalisa okufanayo kosuku olulodwa, futhi inciphisa imithetho ephikisayo yokuvota enqubeni. Inkantolo yesicelo saphula izinhlelo eziyinhloko ngo-2016, ikhipha umthetho oyinhloko owe-BlamBlavhota "ngokulungisa.". imithetho yemithetho yemithetho ye-vota emisha yokuvota, kuhlanganise nemithetho engu-2023 ebeka imingcele ebanzi yokuvota nokuvota. I-pasemuva kwezindawo zokuhlela nokuvota i-mthetho ezindaweni zokuvota futhi ihlelwe ngokunye ngokuvota okuncane kakhulu, iye yaqala ngeminya ngeminye yemithetho eminingi yemithetho ezindaweni ezindaweni ezindaweni eziningi.

i-Georgia

I-Georgia’s S.B. 202, yadlula ngo-2021, yaba indawo yempikiswano yesizwe yokuvota. Umthetho wasungula izimfuneko eziqinile zomvoti we-ID ku-odaeboloti abangekho, wanciphisa isikhathi sokucela iposi-ibholaota, wafinyeza isikhathi sokuvota, wandisa inani lezinsuku zokuvota kwasekuqaleni, futhi wabeka imingcele entsha ezindaweni zokuvota. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi umthetho wawudingeka ukuze ubuyisele ukuqiniseka ebuqothweni bokhetho ngemva kokhetho lwama 202020. Abagxeki, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, baphikisa ukuthi umthetho uzokuvota imibala ebanzi. Imininingwane yezikhathi zokuvota izinhlelo eziphakathi kwezingu 20222 ezibhekene nezinselele zezezezezezentengo yomthetho wamuva, ibonise ukwehla okuphawulekayo ezindaweni zokuvota eGeorgia, kusukela ekupheleleni kwengqikithi ye-20% ku-2022222% kunyukelwe izicelo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezivamile ezivamile zesizwe ezivamile ezivamile, kanti umbiko ezikhona ezikhona ezikhona ezi

California

ICalifornia iye yathatha isinyathelo esiqinile ngapha nangapha, imisa eminye yemithetho yokuvota ebanzi kakhulu ezweni. Ngo-2021, umbuso wadlulisa iVoter Chooct Act, eyagunyaza ukuba bonke abavoti ababhaliswe abasemthethweni bazitholele ngokuzenzekelayo iposi-ivota kuyo yonke i-/a system eyaziwa njengevota-posi. Isimiso futhi sinomvoti ozenzakalelayo eDMV, ukubhalisa okufanayo ezindaweni zokuhlola nokuvota, futhi sandisa inkathi yokuvota kwasekuqaleni. Imiphumela iye yaba inkungu: ukubhalisa iCalifornia ekhuphulwe ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili phakathi kuka-202020222, futhi ibuye inyuke ezindaweni zokuvota eziphezulu kakhulu, kusukela ngo-19522. Phakathi kwabashayi-18220, i-2020%, ukuvota okungaphezulu kwesilinganiso sokuvota okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-kusukela ku-kunyuka, ukusukela ku-20%, ukuphakama kwe-20%, ukunyuka kwenani elibanzi elingu-196420, inani elingu-ka kakhulu, elingu

Texas

ITexas inikeza isibonelo esihlukile. Izwe linomthetho wokuvota oweqisa kakhulu ezweni, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko ze-ID yezithombe eziqinile, ukubhalisa okulinganiselwe, amahora okuvota angaphambili, nokuvinjelwa kokuvota kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi ngamahora angama-24 okuvota okwenziwa ngo-2021. i-S.B. 1 futhi yasungula izijeziso ezintsha zobugebengu kubaphathi bezikhundla zokhetho abaphoswa iposi ngokuphoswa izicelo ze-opensile. Imiphumela yokuthatha i-odola i-ocesters. Imiphumela yokuthatha i-transportatry yabekwa: phakathi kwama-202222, iTexas cishe kuma-6222, i-43% evotavters. I-Putugton, ukukhuphuka okukhula ngokushesha kwenani elingaphezulu kakhulu kwe-10 e-teccocen e-tensini e-Texan yatholwa cishe i-6222 yemithetho engcono kakhulu ngenxa yokungalahtivey e-yo.

Indima Yezinkantolo Nomthetho Ohlangene

State-level legislative changes do not operate in a vacuum. Federal courts and Congress play a crucial role in shaping the legal landscape of voting rights. The 1965 Voting Rights Act remains the most powerful federal tool for challenging discriminatory voting laws, and it has been used to strike down provisions in Texas, North Carolina, and elsewhere. However, the Supreme Court's 2013 decision in Shelby County v. Holder effectively eliminated the preclearance requirement that had forced states with a history of discrimination to obtain federal approval before changing voting laws. Since then, hundreds of new voting restrictions have been introduced and passed across the country.

Imizamo yokukhipha umthetho wamalungelo okuvota kahulumeni, njenge-John Lewis Voting Advancement Act neFour the People Act, kuze kube manje ihlulekile ukunqoba i-glack block enkundleni yeSigele. Ngenxa yalokho, isimiso samanje sibeka umthwalo ezinhlanganoni ezivotayo nakumalungelo omphakathi ukuba zibeke inselele imithetho evimbelayo ebizayo nayibizayo. Lendawo engokomthetho iye yadala ukukhululeka okukhulu lapho izama khona kokubili imithetho yokuvota eqinile nebanzi, iholela ekutheni izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo esizibonayo namuhla.

Isiphetho

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho ziye zaba enye yezinguquko ezinamandla kakhulu eziguqula ukungenela nokuthatha uhlangothi e-United States. Kusukela kumavoti imithetho ye-ID nokubhaliswa ngosuku olufanayo kuya kwimithetho yokuthumela ebhacelweni nokulahla iposi nokuvota, ukukhetha okwenziwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kuye kwaqondisa, ukukhomba okungalawuleki kovota nongabo. Ubufakazi bubonisa njalo ukuthi imithetho enciphisa imingcele − njengokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa iposi ngosuku olulodwa, ukuvota okungenayo, nokuhlola izindawo zonke (izindawo zokuvota), ukunyusela i-evota futhi yenza ukuvota kube nokuvota okunga. Ngokuhlukene, imingcele evimbelayo inciphisa ukuthatha iqhaza, ngokuvamile igele ekhubaza imiphakathi ephansi.

Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lezizinto ezinamandla akuyona nje imfundo. Kuyimfuneko ukusungula ukubophana komphakathi ngolwazi nokuqapha. Njengoba impikiswano ngemithetho yokuvota iqhubeka, njengoba umthetho omusha usungulwe cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zesifundazwe, umbuzo wokuthi singabulinganisela kanjani ubuqotho bokhetho nokuthola ububanzi kusenkabeni yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Impendulo ekhethwa yimibuso ngayinye izonquma isimo sokhetho lwayo lwezizukulwane ezizayo. Ngokuhlola ubufakazi obuphicindezelwe futhi silandele izenzakalo eziqhubekayo zemithetho engokomthetho, singaqonda kangcono izigxobo futhi sisebenzele esimisweni esiqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zinelungelo lokuhlanganyela.