Izinhlangano zamalungelo ngokuyisisekelo ziye zalungisa kabusha imithetho yokukhetha kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ziguqula isimiso ekuqaleni esiklanyelwe ukuhlukanisa izinhlu ezinkulu zomphakathi zibe yileso esilwela ukuthatha isinyathelo endaweni yonke. Lezinhlangano — ngokuvamile eziholwa izakhamuzi ezivamile ezibhekene nezithiyo ezingavamile — ziye zalwa nezithiyo zobushiqela futhi zafuna ukuba imiphakathi engaphansi kwesigaba esiphelele ihlanganiswe ngokugcwele enqubweni yentando yeningi. Ukuqonda ifa lalezinhlangano kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho yokhetho eye yaqala ngayo nokuthi kungani ukulwela ukufinyelela ngokungakhethi kusalokhu kubucayi namuhla.

Ukulwela Ukufuna Ukuzibamba Okuyisisekelo

IUnited States yasungulwa ezimisweni zenkululeko nokumelelwa, nokho uMthetho - sisekelo wokuqala washiyela izimfanelo zokuvota cishe ngokuphelele ezindaweni — futhi cishe wonke amazwe abekelwe imingcele kubaphathi bempahla yabesilisa abamhlophe. Lokhu kwabangela izinhlangano zakuqala ezazifuna ukwandisa futhi zibekela inselele umbono wokuthi abantu abaphezulu kuphela abafanele ukuvota babefanele ukunikezwa izwi kuhulumeni.

Izimfuneko Zempahla Nenkathi YamaJackson

Ekuqaleni kwawo - 1800, umoya wentando yeningi okhulayo ufuna ukuqeda ukuba nempahla njengemfuneko yokuvota. Ngawo - 1840, imibuso eminingi yayisuse leyomingcele yamadoda amhlophe, yandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukukhethwa. Lenkathi futhi yaba nemikhankaso yokuqala ehleliwe yokuzihlupha kwabesifazane, nakuba leyo mizamo yayingeke iphumelele eminye iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa. Ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota abamhlophe ngaphandle kwempahla kwakuyisinyathelo esibalulekile, kodwa futhi futhi kwayenza ingabi nabuhlanga nabesifazane — okwakuyoqhubeka inqubo ethatha amashumini eminyaka.

Umkhankaso Wokuhlasela Abantu Abamnyama Ngemva Kwempi Yombango

Ukuqedwa kobugqila ngemva kweMpi Yombango kwavula isigaba esisha emalungelweni okuvota. Iziphendu zeReconstructon — i-13, 14th, ne-15 — zaziklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko nezakhamuzi zaseAfrika. Ngo-1870, iSichibiyelo seSimende se-15 sakwenqabela ngokuqondile ukunqabela ilungelo lokuvota lohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila. Lokhu kwakuyinguquko ewumthetho-sigeqe, futhi kwaholela ekudloboleni komvoti omnyama ngalé kweNingi.

Nokho, isithembiso seSichibiyelo se-15 sasheshe sancitshiswa ubudlova, ukwesabisa, nokuphakama kwemithetho kaJim Crow. Izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zasebenzisa intela yokuvota, ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, kanye nezigaba zikamkhulu ukuze zisuse i-Blackvota. INkantolo Ephakeme yenza kwaba buthaka ukulungisa emacaleni anjenge United States v. Reese [1876], ivumela ngokuphumelelayo ukuba amazwe ahlehlise isivikelo sayo. Ifasitela elifushane lokuvota phakathi no-Reconstan phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka, libeka isigaba sokuthola amalungelo.

Ukuhamba Kwabesifazane Ngenkani

Lapho kumiswa imingcele yobuhlanga, abesifazane baqhubeka belwela i-collet. Imizamo ehleliwe yaqala ngobuqotho nge- Senika Falls Convention ngo-1848, lapho uElizabeth Cady Stanton noLucretia Mottia yakhipha khona iSimemezelo se-Sentiments — incwadi eqongelelwe efuna amalungelo alinganayo abesifazane, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuvota. Emashumini eminyaka, ama-suffracter abhista abhikishelwa ezingeni zombuso, ukunqoba ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga njengo-Wyoming 189) no-U6656), kodwa uhulumeni wahlala ephilile.

Lenhlangano yahlukana yaba amaqedl'amaqembu ancintisanayo — iNational Woman Suffnge Association (NAWSA) eholwa nguCarrie Chapman Catt waphishekela icebo likahulumeni-omshoshaphansi, kuyilapho iQembu leSizwekazi sikaNamantha ngaphansi kuka-Alice Paul ligcwele ukubhikisha, ukubulawa kwendlala, nokukhuthuzwa kweNdlu emhlophe. Lezizenzo zakha ukucindezela komphakathi. Ngo-1920, [FLT:] iSimende se-19th [[[FLTLD:1] sagunyaziswa, savimbela ukuvocalula isisekelo ngesisekelo sobulili. Kodwa ngisho nalokhu kwakuba ukunqoba kwakungaphelele: abesifazane abaningi bendlu emhlophe, ikakhulukazi abamnyama eNingizimu, babeseva ukuvolwa ngomthetho ofanayo wokulwa kwabaNsundu uJimrow.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nesivumelwano Sokugunyazwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Sango - 1965

Inguquko elandela kakhulu yekhulu lama - 20 enguquko yamalungelo okuvota yavela eMzabalazweni Wamalungelo Omphakathi. Ngawo - 1950, amaMelika ase-Afrika eNingizimu abhekana noxhaxha lwezehlukaniso — ukuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala — ukukhokhwa kwenhlawulo, ukwesatshiswa, nobudlova obusobala. Lenhlangano yasabela ngomkhankaso wesenzo esiqondile esingaphazanyiswanga esaphoqelela isizwe ukuba sibhekane nokuphikisana phakathi kwezindinganiso zayo zentando yeningi kanye neqiniso laso lobukhokhandi.

Umkhankaso KaSelma NeSonto Elinegazi

Isenzakalo esibucayi kakhulu kwakunguSelma oya eMontgomery ngo-1965. Abaholi bamalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise noMartin Luther King Jr. neNgqungquthela yaseNingizimu ye-Christian Leadership, wakhetha uSelma, u-Alabama, ngenxa yokumelana kwayo okuqinile kokubhaliswa kwevoti yabaNsundu. NgoMarch 7, 1965 — eyaziwa ngokuthi iBloody Sunday — amasosha ahlasela amashadisi anokuthula eMbusweni we-Edmund Pettus ngemist nogesi ekhala, eqokomele phambi kwezilaleli zesizwe. Intukuthelo yomphakathi eyalandela umongameli uLydon Johnson ukuba azise umthetho wokuvota amalungelo esizwe.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Congress yadlulisa iVoting Rights Act (VRA) ngoAugust 1965, futhi uMongameli Johnson wayisayina njengomthetho. IVRA yaguqulwa: yavimbela ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala neminye imikhuba yokukhipha umlomo, yagunyaza ukuqondisa komthetho kokhetho ezizweni ngomlando wokucwasa, futhi yafuna ukuba lawomazwe athole “ukuhlukanisa” kuMnyango Wobulungisa ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yawo yokuvota. Ingxenye 2 yenqabela noma isiphi isigaba sokuvota esasingatshazwa ngokwesisekelo somhlanga noma sombala.

Imiphumela yangaleso sikhathi yayimangalisa. Phakathi nonyaka, ukubhaliswa kwabavoti abamnyama eMississippi kwasuka cishe kumaphesenti angu - 7. AmaMelika aseAfrika aqala ukuwina izikhundla ezikhethiwe ngamanani angabonwanga kusukela ekuvuselweni kwesakhiwo. IVRA yavuselelwa futhi yaqiniswa ngo-1970, 1975, 1982, no 2006, isikhathi ngasinye lapho ivikela abantu abambalwa ngolimi futhi yandisa uhlelo lwangaphambi kwe-creadance.

Ukwenezela Kwe - Franchise Kwamanye Amaqembu

Impumelelo ye-Civil Rights Movement yakhuthaza eminye imikhankaso yokuvota. [[FLT:] 26th Isichibiyeli , esamukelwa ngo- 1971, sehlisa inkathi yokuvota yaba ngu 18, iqhutshwa izimpikiswano zokuthi labo abadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba balwe eVietnam kufanele bakwazi ukuvota. [ uMthetho we-National Voter Retavision ka-1993 [[[FLT:]] [FLT]] [UMVULO] [Umthetho we-Vot Voter])) wakwenza ukuba ukuvota kungene ngokwengeziwe ngokuvumela ukubhalisa eDMVV nakwenye izinhlangano zomphakathi. [[FLT:] ISivumelo sango sango ka-2002] (IVA) esikhuluma ngezinkinga zokuhlela ukuvota [indelwa kwe-projenti ye- 2000]

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokuqhubeka Kulwa

Naphezu kwalokhu kunqoba, amalungelo okuvota asaphikiswa. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 Shelby County v. Umphathi wasusa indlela ecacile yomthetho weVoting Rights Act, uvumela izifunda nomlando wobandlululo ukuze zishintshe imithetho yazo yokukhetha ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni. Ngokushesha ngemva kokubusa, amazwe anjengeTexas, iNyakatho Carolina, ne-Alabama adlulisa imithetho evimbelayo, i-ID eqala ukuvota, futhi ivale izindawo zokuvota — ngokuvamile emiphakathini yemibala.

Imithetho Ye - Voter Nethonya Layo

Abasekeli bemithetho ye-ID baphikisa ngokuthi bavimbela ukukhwabanisa, kodwa ukuhlola kubonisa ukukhohlisa kokuzenzisa kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izimfuneko ze-ID eziqinile ngokungenakulinganiswa zithinta abavoti abahlawulwayo abaphansi, izinhlanga ezimbalwa, asebekhulile, nabantu abakhubazekile — amaqembu angenamathuba amancane okuba ne-ID yezithombe zikahulumeni. Ngokwe- ACLU, lemithetho inganciphisa i-ikhuphulwa phakathi kwabavoti abafanelekayo futhi ngokuvamile imiswa ngenhloso yokuvota abafaneleki.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemidwebo Nokuhlanekezelwa Komfanekiso

Gerrymandering — umkhuba wokudweba imingcele yesifunda esikhethayo ukuze kuthandwe isigaba esisodwa noma iqembu elilodwa — uye wathuthuka kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okukhulu nokufakelwa kwecomputer. Nakuba ukuqondisa kunomlando omude, amasu anamuhla avumela abenzi bamabalazwe ukuba bafake amalungu eqembu lesizwe noma lezombangazwe eqenjini elincane lezifunda noma ukuwahlukanisa ezifundeni eziningi, besusa amandla abo okuvota. [[FLT: 0] Brenan Center for Justice [ aphawula ukuthi abenzi bamabala bamazwe bakhona banciphisa isimiso sokhetho oluncintisanayo esineyo sokhetho futhi bangasehlisa isimiso sokhetho esincintisayo esihlanganisayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sisholoza umoya womphakathi.

Ukulwa Kohlanga Nokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Ingxenye 2 ye-Voting Rights Act inqabela ubandlululo lobuhlanga ngokulungisa. Ezimweni ezinjenge Thornburg v. Gingles (1986), iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yamisa izindinganiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ipulani yesifunda inciphisa amandla okuvota amancane. Nokho, iNkantolo iye yazama ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuvumela igergergergergerderning nowenqatshelwe ngokohlanga. Ruchro v. Isizathu Esivamile (20)], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni azikwazi ukuhlukanisa iziphakaliso ezingokomthetho ze-Genegerman, ishiya icala ezinkantolo nesinqumo se-constructionagement. Isinqumo esivamile sokulwa kwempi.

Ukumemezela Amalungelo Abavumi

Enye inqubekela phambili enkulu emzabalazweni wamalungelo okuvota wanamuhla iphathelene nokudilizwa kwabantu abanezenkolo zokuvota. AmaMelika alinganiselwa ezigidi ezi-5 ayanqatshelwa ukuvota ngenxa yecala elibi, umkhuba osuswe emizamweni yokuhlela ngemva kokuvimbela amaBlack Public. Namuhla, imithetho iyahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe: abanye babuyisela amalungelo okuvota ngokuzenzekelayo ngemva kokuqeda umlandu, kuyilapho abanye befuna ukuthethelelwa noma ukubeka inkathi yokulinda. ISichibiyelo sikaFlorida 4, sidluliswe ngabavoti ngo-20181818, sihloselwe ukubuyisela amalungelo okuvota abafelwa abaningi ababeqede izigwebo zabo, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni udlulise umthetho ofuna ukukhokhwaswa kwazo zonke izimali ezinhle nemali yokuqala — abagxeki bebiza intela. [FProject:]

Ukuphana Ngamalungelo AboMdabu BaseMelika

Nanamuhla, amaMelika Omdabu aye abhekana nezithiyo ezikhethekile zokuvota. Nakuba i-Indian Citizenshiship Act yango1924 ivumela bonke abantu base-Melika ukuba babe yizakhamuzi, amazwe amaningi ayaqhubeka ewavimbela ekuvoteni ngokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, izimfuneko zokuhlala, nokucwaswa okusobala. Ngisho nanamuhla, amavota abadabu abasemadolobheni abangenalo ikheli lomgwaqo, benza ukuba ukuvota kube nzima. Imizamo yokumisa ukumiswa kwesizwe njenge-ontathe yovota esemthethweni ezindaweni eziningana. [[FLT:] I-American Voting Rights Act , eqala e-Act, eqala eMthethwenisweni we-Congresssion kodwa engakadluliswanga, iyakukhuluma ngalemingcele ngokufuna ukuba kuthathwe ama-offrectoryd nokuvota ezindawo zokuvota.

Ubuchwepheshe, Ukuhlukana Kwezinombolo, Nokulondeka Kokhetho

Ubuchwepheshe buye balungisa inqubo yokhetho ngezindlela zokusiza nokuvimbela amalungelo okuvota. Ukubhalisa kwe-Online kuye kwenza ukuba le nqubo ibe lula kwabaningi, futhi ezinye izifundazwe ziye zazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvota ngomshini nolwe-inthanethi. Kodwa ukuhlukanisa ngokwezigaba [ — igebe phakathi kwalabo abanokungena okuthembekile kuyi-intanethi kanye nalabo abangenayo — lisho ukuthi inzuzo ephansi kanye novota basemaphandleni kungashiywa ngemuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhathazeka ngezokuvota i-comseculture kuhoze ezinye izimo zokuvimbela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni noma ukufuna amaphepha, izinyathelo ezinganciphisa ukucutha kokungena kwe-injini kodwa futhi zinganciphisa ukusebenziseka.

Ukukhula kobhaliso lwevoti oluzenzekelayo [ kungokunye kwezinguquko eziphumelela kakhulu ezisebenza ngobuchwepheshe. Amazwe amukela i-AVR — lapho izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zibhaliswa khona ngokuzenzekelayo lapho zisebenzelana ne-authoration ngaphandle kokuba zikhethe — bona ukwanda okukhulu kwenani lokubhalisa nokuvota okunembe kakhudlwana. Njengango-2024, amazwe angaphezu kwangu-20 kanye ne-Foligian of Columbia asungula i-AVR. Kodwa impikiswano ngokhuseleko lwemishini yokuvota iyaqhubeka, kanye nabameleli bokuhlola imishini yokuvota ngokucutha nokuhlela izingozi zengozi ziphinde zibone ukuthi ukuhlolwa kweze ukuhlolwa kwezesayensi akuyinciphi imiphumela yokuvota.

Ukulwa Okuqhubekayo: Ukuzitika Ngemfundo

Umlando wamalungelo okuvota eMelika awuyona indaba yentuthuko eqhubekayo kodwa imijikelezo eqhubekayo yokwanda nokuphindeka. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivikele i-franchise mayelana nezindlela ezintsha zokucindezela. Namuhla, inhlangano esungulwe yi-Fair Fair Fight Act [[FLL:1] namaqembu avelele anjengawo [[FLT]] NACP iyaqhubeka isunduza emuva ngokumelene nokuhlanza kwevoti, indawo yokuvota, ukuvala, nemithetho evimbela imithetho yama-ID. Grasroots zithanda i-Lab kanye ne-Proctetracet anikeza imithombo engokomthetho kanye ne-octiveactivesss.

Imfundo kanye nokuqoqa amavoti kuseyindawo eyinhloko. Imishini yokubhalisa, amashabhu omphakathi, nezinhlelo zokuthola abantu ngezizwe ezikhuluma izilimi eziningi zisiza ekulwisaneni nemingcele yokungaqondi kahle namaphepha. Ukuvela kwezenhlala-khaya nakho kuye kwadala amathuluzi amasha okufinyelela abangase bavote, kodwa futhi kuye kwenza ukuba kusakazwe ukwaziswa okungamanga ngezinqubo zokuvota nangezinsuku.

Indlela Engaphambili

Njengoba umjikelezo wokhetho wamashumi amabini nanesine usondela, izinhlangano zokuvota ziyaqhubeka zisunduzela uchungechunge lwezinguquko: ukuqeda ukuvota okungagunyazwayo, ukubuyisela amalungelo okuvota kwabavalelwe ngaphambili, kufuna izimemezelo ezizimele zokuzivuselela, ukwandisa ukuvota nokuvota ngeposi, nokudlulisa [[FLT:] uJohn Lewis Voting Rights Act [[[FLT: 1]] umthetho ozobuyisela nokulungisa amalungiselelo okukhishwa kuqala [[FLT:] i-Scounty County [[FLT:]]. Imigqa yempi ayidonswanga eKhondlu kuphela kodwa eMkhandlwini yemithetho kanye nasenkantolo eqenjini yenkantolo ezweni lonke.

Isifundo somlando siwukuthi amalungelo okuvota awabaleki unomphela. Kumelwe asetshenziswe, avikelwe, futhi anwetshwe isizukulwane ngasinye. Ukuhamba kwesikhathi — kusukela kuma - sfuncrast kuya kumashayishi eSelma — kusikhumbuza ukuthi abantu abavamile, abahlelekile nabazimisele, bangawushintsha umthetho. Isibopho esifanayo siyadingeka namuhla ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isakhamuzi esifanelekayo singafaka ibhola futhi sibe neso sibala kahle. Ikusasa lokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi lixhomeke kulo.