Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zekhulu lama-20 ngokuyisisekelo zaguqula umphakathi waseMelika, hhayi ngokufaka inselele yezimiso zomphakathi ezijulile kuphela kodwa nangokuphoqelela izinguquko ezinkulu ekwakheni izinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Umthetho we-corporation .Indikimba yemithetho enqumayo ukuthi izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zesizwe zakhiwa kanjani, zisebenza kanjani, futhi zibekwa icala eliqinile lokungavikeleki kulolushintsho. Lemizamo yaholela ekulungiseni i-Civini Rights Movement, ukubuthwa kwamalungelo abesifazane, futhi kamuva i-LGBTQ+ inhlangano ngayinye egunyaziswe ngokomthetho ukuze isuse imingcele yokuhlanganyela kwenhlangano, igunyaze ukuba ikhiphe amalungelo angekhona, futhi ivikeleke amalungelo alinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lemizamo yaholela ekulungiseni izivumelwano zemithetho enkantolo, ukubusa nokulungisa ukuhlanganisa umthetho we-LGBQ+ ukuhlanganisa ithuluzi lokusebenzisa elinye lokuhlanganisa amalungelo omphakathi.

Umlando: UMthetho Wokuvumelana Ngaphambi Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuze uqonde ubukhulu balezinguquko, kuyadingeka ukuba kuhlolwe isimo sokuhlanganisa umthetho ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20. Ngokomlando, ukufakwa kwemithetho kwakuyilungelo elinikezwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, hhayi ilungelo. Umthetho wakuqala wokuhlanganisa umthetho wawunemingcele ephakeme, ngokuvamile kudinga isenzo esikhethekile somthetho womthetho wesivumelwano ukuze izinhlangano zemithetho yomthetho zivunyelwe. Lesi simiso savumela imikhuba yokuhlukanisa igebe elichumayo: amaqembu amancane, abesifazane, nabaphikisi bezombangazwe baphiwa njalo imingcele noma babhekene nesithiyo esingokomthetho esisodwa. Ngisho nangemva kokuhlanganisa imithetho yaqala kwaba yisiciko oluvamile ekupheleni kwekhulu lekhulu lenkulungwane, kusho ukuthi ukwahlulela okugciniwe kubhekwa njengezingathandeki. Ngokwesibonelo, iNhlangano yesizwe yenkululeko yabantu (NACPN) yabhekana nokuzama ukuphindelelana kwemithetho yayo yemithetho noma ukuhlanganisa amalungu ayo. [AF.] [4]

Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zabesifazane zazivame ukubhekana nemingcele engokomthetho yokufakwa kwentela. Abesifazane abashadile, ngaphansi kwemithetho yokufihla, babengeke babe nempahla noma bangene ezivumelwaneni egameni labo, okwenza kube nzima ngabo ukuba bahlanganise ngaphandle kwamadoda athenjwayo. Izinhlangano ezingangenisa inzuzo yokushintsha kwezenhlalo zazivame ukubhekwa ngokusolwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abalawuli bamazwe babenqaba ukuba amaqembu abhekwa njengangokombangazwe kakhulu. Ngakho izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zazingabekezeleli ukucwaswa nje kuphela kodwa futhi nezakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezazikubhebhetheza ukukhokha intela.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nokulwela Ukuguqulwa Ngokomthetho

Phakathi nekhulu lama-20 i-Civil Rights Movement, igxile ekulinganiseni kohlanga, inqubo yokuhlanganisa ubandlululo ngokuqondile. Ochwepheshe abangokomthetho njengoThur Good Marshall noCharles Hamilton baqaphela ukuthi ukuhlanganisa kwakubalulekile ekwakheni izinhlangano zezezimali eziqinile, ezakhiwe kahle. Impumelelo yenhlangano ekulondolozeni [i-FOL:0] i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 inamandla amakhulu kakhulu ekwakheni umthetho owe-o: ISihlombe seSiqu soMthetho sasinqabela ukucwaswa yinoma isiphi isimiso sokwamukela usizo lwezezimali, esacindezela isifunda isifundazwe nohulumeni ukuba siqinisekise ukuthi amalungu ahlanganisiwe [ibhizinisi] kanye namabhizinisi nabanga imali angenamfako. [okunye ukucwa kwezinhlanga, okuthengwa ngokuqondile, iSihlombe se-6 se-AS. i-A. i-6 yemithetho evimbela ukucwa kwemiba yemithetho emisha yeze, izinhlangano ezisekela ezingokomthetho zesizwe ezisekela izinhlangano zesizwe, ezisekela izinhlangano zesizwe, ezisekela

Ukumelana Nokuziphatha KukaClaus Kuyi - Corporate Charters

Olunye ushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu olungokomthetho kwakuwukufakwa kwemithetho ebophekile emelene nokungavumelani kwezinhlangano. Ngaphambi kwenkathi yamalungelo omphakathi, amabhizinisi nenzuzo kungahlukanisa ngokuqondile ukuba amalungu ezinhlanga ezithile noma imishado. Ngemva kwe-Civil Rights Act, izifunda zaqala ukumisa imithetho enqabela imingcele enjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, amaComputer Code agunyaza ukuhlanganisa zonke izinhlangano ezingafaki inzuzo ukuze zihlanganise amazwi athi aziwacwasi ngesisekelo sohlanga, inkolo, noma umsuka wesizwe. Lemfuneko yaba isibonelo sezinye izifundazwe. Ngo-1970, amazwe amaningi ayenohlobo oluthile lomthetho onqabela ukucwasana kwezinhlangano, ikakhulukazi lawo ahlelwe ngenjongo yokusiza noma yemfundo. La zinhlelo zazingagunyazi nje ukuthi abaphathi abamele ukusekela izinhlangano noma ukunikeza izimvume zokulwa kwezemfundo.

Ukuqashelwa Nokuqanjwa Kwamaqembu Angenanzuzo

I-Civil Rights Movement yakhuthaza futhi ukumiswa kwasemthethweni komthetho wokungazuzi nzuzo. Phambi kwawo-1960, amaqembu amaningi asebenza ngokwethukela noma njengezinhlangano ezingahlanganisiwe, elinganisela ikhono lawo lokukhokha, ukuphatha impahla, noma ukwamukela iminikelo ekhokhelwayo. I-Internal Revolution Code [[FL:1] yacaciswa ukuba ivumele izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzise isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sokufaka intela ngaphansi kwemithetho engxenyeni engu 501 (c)) noma ukwamukela intela ekhutshelwe ukuba inzuzo ngaphansi kwesigaba esingakhokhiyo. [[Foct:0], uma nje zingahlanganyeli emikhankambini yezombangazwe. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-NACCCC, ivumela ukukhokhwasa okusemthethweni kwezentengo yomthetho ongokomthetho ukuba ivume i-Naviorvial Union Union (ACU), kanye ne-Southernern Ad Reastling (C) ngaphansi kwale mithetho ehlukene yemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ephakeme kakhulu, i-RC) i-R.

Inhlangano Yabesifazane Yamalungelo Nenani Lohlanga EMthethweni Wenhlangano

Inhlangano yamalungelo abesifazane yango-1960 no-1970 yakhiwa ezisekelweni ze-Civil Rights Movement, icindezela ukulingana kwabesilisa ekubuseni nasekubuseni kwenkampani. Inhlangano Yesizwe yabesifazane (NOW) yafakwa ngo-1966 njengenhlangano yamalungu angenzeki inzuzo enikezelwe ukuqeda ukucwaswa kwemizimba. Ukuhlanganisa kwayo kwaphumelela ekusebenzeni njengelungu elingokomthetho lamaqembu angenakubandlulula abanye abesifazane. Ngalesosikhathi, imithetho yayivame ukucabangela ukuthi abesifazane abanakho ukuba nesikhundla seze ezinhlanganweni zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezemisebenzi yezobulili. Izinkinga zezemthetho zaholela ekutheni izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezezinhlangano ezingalingani.

Enye intuthuko eyisihluthulelo kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwe-title IX yeZichibiyelo zemfundo zango 1972, eyayinqabela ukucwaswa kwezocansi ezikhungweni zemfundo ezithola imali kahulumeni. Nakuba iSihloko se-IX ngokuyinhloko sasikhomba izikole, izimiso zaso zazithonya imithetho engafaki nzuzo: izinhlangano ezazenza izinhlelo zokufundisa noma zathola izivumelwano zikahulumeni zazingabonisi ukungahlangani kwemithetho yezemfundo nemisebenzi yazo. Ngo-1980, kwakuyinqubo ejwayelekile yokuhlanganisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni eziyisisekelo ezihlanganisa izikhangiso ezingekhona nzuzo. Inhlangano yabesifazane yasekela ukuqashelwa kwezebhizinisi, futhi iholele ekukhuthazeni ukufakwa kwezinkozo zezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yabesifazane eziphambili, okwakudinga ukuguqula izigaba zezebhizinisi ezingokwezigaba zezebhizinisi.

Ukusuka Enkokhelweni Elinganayo Kuya Ekubuseni Okulinganayo

Ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho, inhlangano yamalungelo abesifazane yacindezela ukulingana kwamalungelo abesifazane emabuthweni enkampani nasebuholini. Nakuba imibuso eminingi ingasikhonzi ngokuqondile isici sokufakwa komthetho, ekugcineni yamukela imithetho ekhuthaza noma idinga ukwahlukahlukana kwezinhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwanamuhla kweCalifornia SB [ [2018] kwadingeka ukuba izinkampani eziphethe obala zihlanganise abesifazane emabhodini abo (a mthetho owathathwa kamuva kodwa wabangela iziphakamiso ezifanayo. Lo mbono wanamuhla usuke usuka ezinguquko zasekuqaleni ezasusa imingcele engokobulili obumsulwa.

I - LGBTQ+ Amalungelo nokwanda Kwezivikelo Zokungahlangani

I-LGBTQ+ izinhlangano zamalungelo zaqhubeka nokusebenzisa umthetho wokuhlanganisa amalungelo omphakathi. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 nasekuqaleni kwelama-21, njengemibhangqwana ehlangene ne-LGBTQ nezinhlangano ze-LGBT+ ifuna ukuhlanganisa, zabhekana nemingcele efana naleyo eyahlangana nezinhlangano zangaphambili. Amazwe ngezinye izikhathi ayenqaba ukuncishiswa kwentela ezinhlanganweni zobungqingili noma afune ukuba zihlanganise izimo ezimelene nobungqingili ezisemthethweni zawo. Izinhlangano ezithi i-Londalmmark ezikhothayo njenge [FLT] [ivBYS] zaseMelika. [vFLT2] [FLT2] [iv2] [2] [2] inqumo yenkululeko phakathi nomthetho ongaphiliyo.[5] Inqulumo yomthetho womthetho womthetho wobungqingili. Inqunyuko iveza izivumelwano zenkululeko phakathi kwemithetho emelene nemposo.

Ngalandela . , izifunda eziningi zamisa izivikelo eziqine kakhulu (2011) ezisebenza ngokuqondile emishinini ehlanganisiwe, ezifuna ukuba izinqumo zokuthatha ubulungu nobuholi zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekuthandekeni noma ebulilini. Obergefell v. Hodges[ isinqumo (2011]) esigunyaza umshado ofanayo, futhi esinemiphumela yokuhlanganisa: izinzuzo zempesheni, amasu, futhi ishiye izinqubo zomkhaya ukuze izinhlangano ezifakiweyo zilungiswe ukuze zivumelane nomthetho kahulumeni. Ngokushintsha, amahhovisi aqala ukwamukela imibhangqwana ehlukene ex - corpotortortors ngaphandle kokungabaza. QBQDocted Amaqembu amaqembu anjalo e-Humentive asetshenziswa njengemithetho e-Galgiontives, i-evodgnotectives, i-emental esssssting asebenzisa i-octivedruaged, emithetho es, e

Ukungangqubuzani Nemithetho Nemithetho

Namuhla, izinkampani eziningi ngokuzithandela zamukela izimiso ezingahlukanisi ezidlula izimfuneko zomthetho, futhi ezinye izifundazwe ziye zenza izimiso ezinjalo zaba isibopho ezinhloboni zokuhlanganisa (umz., ezingazuzisi ekutholeni imali kahulumeni). I-National Gay ne Lesbian Chamber of Commerce (NGLCC) isekela ukuvikela kobulili kanye nokuvikela ubulili ezihlokweni zezezinkampani. Lenhlangano ibonisa indlela amalungelo omphakathi aqhubeka ngayo ukusekela ukusekelwa kwemali kodwa okunenzuzo ekunyatheliseni kahle komthetho we-commustry.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwanamuhla: Ukungenela Kwezenhlalo, Izinkampani Ezizuzisayo, Ne - DEI

Ifa lezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi manje libonakala ekunyukeni kwezinkampani zomphakathi kanye nezinzuzo. Lezi zimo zomthetho zihlanganisa ngokuqondile imisebenzi yezenhlalo nezendawo ezungezile ezimisweni zazo zokubusa, zakhela ezingenini ezingazuzisi zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano ezaqala phakathi nenkathi yamalungelo omphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano ifunwa ngokomthetho ukuze icabangele ithonya lezehlolo lezezigqibo zomphakathi nezezezokondleko, futhi izakhiwo zemvelo ziqale ngokugxila enzuzoni yenzuzo. Lenhlangano yavela ekuqapheleni ukuthi izinhlangano zezezenzuzo zazingenasibopho esingokomthetho sokuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu noma ukwahlukana. Isimo sokuqala sokudlulisa inzuzo yenhlangano sasiyinzuzo ezindaweni zikaMariya ngo-30, futhi ilandelana umthetho osuthelwe yize.[8]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe eziningi manje zinikeza izinkampani ezingenisa izikweleti eziphansi ezilinganiselwe (LT) kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezixubeneyo eziklanyelwe izinhlangano ezinenjongo eyisisekelo yokusiza abasweleyo. Lezi zimo zathonywa isidingo sokwenza izakhiwo ezithambile ngokwengeziwe zezemisebenzi yobulungisa. Ukuhlukahlukahluka-hlukene, nokufakwa (DEI) kuthole futhi i-panenti enziwayo ekuhlanganiseni umthetho: ezinye izinhlangano zifuna obala ukuba izinhlangano zifaka imininingwane yenani ebhodini lazo, kanye nabatshali bezinhlangano bamazwe ngokuqhubekayo basunduze ukunqanda izivumelwano zezenteko yemithetho yezenhlalakahle ehlangeneyo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zamuva zazisa ngokuqondile indawo ye-'inhlangano ye-'inhlangano.

Iziphetho Zokuhlelwa Kwezinyathelo Zikahulumeni

Thatha [[NT.0]. , isimo esivame kakhulu sokuhlanganiswa kwamabhizinisi amakhulu: umthetho wayo weNhlangano eButhweni ulungiswe emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ukuvumela izinhlangano ukuba zihlanganise amalungiselelo enzuzo engokwenhlalo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa inzuzo yezenhlalakahle. Imisebenzi yezembulo. [[FLT:] i-Publicalic Benefication Corporation i-Umthetho [2013]) uvumela abaqondisi bezelule inzuzo yokuhlanganyela izinzuzo nezinye izikhundla, i-chashaza ngqo ekwahluleleni i-mthetho wezenhlalo (i-i-"FLT). Ngokufanayo, i-Delawareaual's [[FLT:] ne-Dealth ne-Devicence] i-Super Socity [FFFF]] ihlanganisa izinhlelo zezenteversethies zomphakathi ezikhuthaza ukuphatha izibhedlela zezeluleko, ukuthuthukisa inzuzo zezezezentemu elungele ukuba zisize ukuba zisize inzuzo zezente

Isiphetho

Izinhlangano zamalungelo ezakhamuzi zekhulu lama-20 zenza okungaphezu kokushintsha umbono womphakathi; zibuye zisebenzise imithetho engokomthetho lapho kuzalwa khona futhi kusebenza. Kusukela ekulweni kuka-NAACP kokulondoloza umthetho wazo ngokumelene nokuphazamisa kwezwe, ukuphikelela kuka-NOW ezinhlanganweni zezenhlala-khaya, eLGBT+ ukuphoqelela ukulwela ukulwa nemithetho emelene nokuhlukana, igagagasi ngalinye lezenzo lishiye uphawu olungenakucimeka lomthetho wezwelo. Namuhla, amabhizinisi ezenhlalo nokuzuzisa izinhlangano zezentengiselwano kushela lelo bhizinisi, ukucwasana nokungaguquguquki kwe-DNA yesimo sezentengiselwano. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kusobala: njengenkululeko yemithetho yomphakathi, kumelwe ukuba imithetho elawula izinhlangano ngomphakathi, futhi yakha izinselele umphakathi, futhi yakha izinhlangano zeze izinhlangano zezentengo yomphakathi ezimbonini ezisemkhandleni ezisemkhandleni ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho.