Ukuhlangana Kwezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nokutholakala Kwazo

Ikhono lokuthola ukwaziswa okugcinwe ezimishinini zomuntu siqu njenge-makhalekhukhwini, amaphilisi, nama-laptop liye laba yindaba ebalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwe-common. Ngokuthuthukisa izibalo zokuxhumana komuntu siqu nezebhizinisi, umshini ungaqukethe ubufakazi obubalulekile esimweni, ngokusuka kuma-imeyili naku-operands kuya emininingwaneni yomlando ne-message. Nokho, uhlelo olungokomthetho olulawula ukufinyelela okunjalo luyinqaba.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izimfuneko ezifanele nezinye izindinganiso zomthetho ezisebenza lapho abahilelekile befuna ukuthola ukwaziswa ezimishinini zabo siqu phakathi nokubekwa kwecala lomphakathi. Sizohlola izisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo, umthetho wendaba oyinhloko, indima ye-Ved Communications Act, ngaphandle, namasu asebenzayo kubameli. Ukuqonda lemithetho kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ubufakazi buqoqwe ngokomthetho futhi amalungelo abanikazi bemishini ayahlonishwa.

Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo: ISichibiyelo Sesine Enkathini Yezinombolo

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni okubangelwa uhulumeni. Kuvame ukuba kufuneke ukuqiniswa komthetho ukuze uthole incwadi esekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ebangelwa yisizathu sokuba imboni yomuntu. Phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi imishini yemishini yemishini inikeza izinkathazo ezikhethekile zomuntu siqu. Ngenxa yokuthi i-cell phone ingagcina imininingwane eyimfihlo enkulu, iNkanto isho ukuthi ukufinyelela ukwaziswa okunjalo ngaphandle kwemvume kuzwakala kungenangqondo cishe kuyinto engaqondakali cishe kulapho ukuphenyiswa kwe-mongo okunga okungagunyaziwe.

I-Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe athole imvume ngaphambi kokuhlola ucingo oluphathwayo olubanjwe ngengozi. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi imishini yezobuchwepheshe “imishini emincane” equkethe ukwaziswa okungaphezu kwanoma yini etholakala ephaketheni, nokuthi izithakazelo zemfihlo zisengozini. Nakuba RYLY[FLT] ] yayiyicala lobugebengu, ukucabanga kwayo kuye kwathonya ukuphakanyiswa komphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma uhulumeni uyingxenye.

Ngokufanayo, i-Carpeent v. United States (2088), iNkantolo idinga imvume yokungena kumarekhodi esikhathi esingokomlando esodwa egcinwe ngengxenye yesithathu ye-electry ye-athone. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi isicelo sikahulumeni sezinsuku ezingu 127 zokwaziswa kwendawo sasiwukucwaninga ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. Lesi sinqumo sigcizelela ukuthi ngisho nemininingwane egcinwe abasizi benkonzo ingafaka imfihlo, futhi ilolongelele ilindele ukutholwa komphakathi okuhilela indawo noma imininingwane yezentengiselwano.

Nakuba lezi zinqumo zikhuluma ngokuqondile ngezenzo zomthetho zokugcinwa komthetho, izenzakalo zomphakathi zivame ukuhilela izibopho zomuntu siqu. ISichibiyelo sesine asisebenzi kubadlali abangabodwa. Nokho, izimiso zaso ziye zagcwala imithetho enjenge-Ved Communications Act nemithetho ye-electal, ebeka izimfuneko ezilingana nesiqinisekiso sokungena kwezokuxhumana ngogesi okugciniwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma uhulumeni eyiqembu elifana nesesigqini sokugcinwa kwemithetho yeze-Séturance and Exchange Commission okanye i-Federal Treal Trede Commission , isebenza ngokugcwele ekutholeni izicelo ezihilela ukufinyelela imishini yomuntu siqu.

Ukuhlukanisa Isigebengu Nokuqhubeka Kwemiphakathi: Indima Yemithetho Yokutholwa

Kumthetho wesigebengu wesibili, iSichibiyelo sesine asizivimbeli ngokuqondile izicelo eziphikisanayo. Kunalokho, ukutholakala kwemithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procediture noma imithetho efana nayo kahulumeni. Umthetho 26(b)(1) uvumela ukutholakala kwanoma yiziphi izinto ezingekho ezihlobene nomthetho womphakathi noma izivikelo ezivumelana nezidingo zecala. Lokhu kulinganisela umthwalo owenziwe ngokumelene nokubaluleka kokwaziswa.

Uma umkhakha ufuna ukuthola ukwaziswa ngomshini womuntu siqu, izihloko eziyinhloko zibalulekile nomthwalo. Izinkantolo zivame ukudinga ukuboniswa kwamaqiniso akhethekile abonisa ukuthi lo mshini uqukethe ubufakazi obufanele. Izindawo zokudoba zingalahlwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imicimbi yokuzifihla ingaphakanyiswa ngokulandela uhlelo oluvikelayo ngaphansi kwe-Ul 26(c). Izinkantolo zinokuhlakanipha kokulinganisela ukutholwa kokuvikeleka umuntu ekucasulwini, ukudumazeka, ukucindezelwa, noma umthwalo onzima ongafanele. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ingase ifune ukuba ukuhlolwa kweze kuthathwe isazi esingathathi hlangothi, ukuthi kuphela izigaba ezithile zemininingwane ezihlolwayo, noma ukuthi ukuxhumana okuhloniphekile kuhluzwa iqembu elinamaphutha.

Umehluko phakathi kukahulumeni nesenzo somuntu siqu ubalulekile. Uma iqembu elifuna ukwaziswa kuyinhlangano kahulumeni esebenza enyangweni yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho, iSichibiyelo sesine siyasebenza. Lokho kusho ukuthi inxusa kumelwe lithole isiqinisekiso esisekelwa ngokunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe isikhala esihlukile. Nokho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amanye amathuluzi, njengamandla esizwe (amaCID) noma ama-athonsi e-pain, angafuni sizathu kodwa angaphansi kweminye imikhawulo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi anjalo ukuphoqesha ukufinyelela i-actalmentation evolunteroundation kuphakamisa izikhalo ezibalulekile ze-mfashini yesine, ikakhulukazi ngemva [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]]

Lapho Kudingeka Inqaba: Ukutholakala Kukahulumeni Embusweni Wangaphakathi

Isimo esiqondile esidinga imvume kulapho inxusa likahulumeni ($federal, isifundazwe, noma indawo) lifuna ukufuna ngokuqondile ithuluzi lomuntu siqu njengengxenye yophendlo lwezenyunyana noma ukuphoqelelwa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuphenya ngentela, ukuphamba i-SEC ukukhomba izimali, noma ummeli jikelele kahulumeni omisa imithetho yokuvikela abathengi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, inxusa kumelwe livumelane nemfuneko yeSijikelezo se-Graditer.

Ukuze athole imvume, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi iqukethe ubufakazi obuqondile bokwephulwa. Imvume kumelwe futhi ichazwe ngokuqonde kahle imininingwane okumelwe ithathwe futhi izindawo ezizoseshwa. Imvume (izindawo) yohlobo oluthi iSichibiyelo Sesine sasihloselwe ukwenqaba [1] asivunyelwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke athathe isisetshenziswa futhi asihlole ngokuningi; kumelwe asho i-exus phakathi kobubi obuthiwe nokwaziswa okufunwayo.

Uma uhulumeni efuna ukwaziswa hhayi ngokuqondile kumnikazi wemishini kodwa kumphathi wesithathu wenkonzo (njenge-partum yomgcini-posi noma inkampani yokugcina amafu), i-Ved Communications Act (SCA) ivame ukusebenza. Ngaphansi kwe-SCA, uhulumeni udinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlanganisa okugcinweyo kwezokuxhumana ngomshini okugcinwe izinsuku ezingu-80 noma ngaphansi. Okungaphezulu, kungasetshenziswa i-sethina enesaziso esibhalisayo esibhaliswe umnikezi wemvume. Nokho, abanikezeli abaningi manje bafuna isiqinisekiso kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isiqinisekiso, futhi ezinye izifundazwe zikahulumeni zifuna isiqinisekiso sanoma isiphi isicelo sikagesi sobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Octlogic Syntions Act (CECPA) ngokuvamile idinga isiqinisekiso sikahulumeni sokuthola ulwazi noma indawo yokuxhumana elinganiselwe, noma i-data elinganiselwe.

Ukuhlukaniswa Nemfuneko Engadingeki Emacala Ezakhamuzi

Ngisho nalapho uhulumeni ehilelekile, kunezici ezincane ezingase zivumele ukuba umuntu afinyelele ngaphandle kwemvume.

  • Izimo ezingathi zikhona: Uma kunosongo olusheshayo ekuphileni noma ekuphepheni, noma ingozi yokubhubha kobufakazi, uhulumeni angase enze ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isisetshenziswa sesizosuswa, ukugcinwa komthetho kungasithatha futhi kwenziwe ukuhlola kokulondoloza ukwaziswa. Nokho, amacala omphakathi awavamile ukuhilela ukuphuthuma okunjalo; ukucubungula kokungaqondi kahle.
  • I-conect:[ Uma umnikazi womshini evuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho mvume edingekayo. Kumelwe kuvunyelwe, hhayi ukuphoqelelwa. Empikiswaneni yomphakathi, umkhandlu ungase uvume njengengxenye yesivumelwano sokuthola, kodwa izinkantolo ziyoqinisekisa ukuthi imvume yazi futhi ingeyokuzithandela.
  • Imfundiso yombono olula: Uma ukuseshwa okungokomthetho komshini kuveza ubufakazi bokwephulwa kombono ocacile, ukuthi ubufakazi bungavela. Nokho, ukugxambukela kokuqala kumelwe kuvunyelwe, futhi isimo okumele sivele ngokushesha. Lemfundiso ayivamile ukusebenza emongweni wesizwe.
  • Uphendlo lwezibalo: [Ngemva kokuthatheka okungokomthetho kwethuluzi, ukugcinwa komthetho kungathatha ukuhlolwa kohlu lwengaphandle lethuluzi (umz., ukubheka isikrini) ukuze kuvikelwe izinto ezilahlekile. Kodwa ukuphenya okuqukethwe yisisetshenziswa kungadlula ububanzi bokuhlola uhlu.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zathi imfuneko yokugunyazwa kwemithetho isebenza ngamandla amakhulu ezinyathelo zomthetho, ikakhulukazi uma imishini ingangeni ekuboshweni. Ukucabanga [1] ukuthi izithakazelo ezinkulu zemfihlo emikhiqizweni yemishini yezobuchwepheshe zidinga ukuqondisa kokwahlulela kalula ezimisweni zomphakathi.

Ukuxhumana Okugciniwe Nokuthola Izakhamuzi

I-Ved Communications Act (SCA), 18 U.S.C. 76 2701-2712, iwumthetho kahulumeni olinganisela uhulumeni nokutholakala kwemvume yangasese yokuxhumana ngamagesi agciniwe. Ukunikeza i-computer asebenza nge-Planetic Act, i-SCA inemiphumela emibili eyisihluthulelo:

  • Ukufinyelela komthetho: Njengoba kuphawuliwe, i-SCA idinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlanganisa izokuxhumana ngogesi (njenge-email noma imiyalezo yangasese) egcinwe izinsuku ezingu-180 noma ngaphansi. Kulokhu kwakudala, uhulumeni angasebenzisa isaziso esincinci noma uhlelo lwenkantolo uma inikeza isaziso sangaphambili kumniniyo. Nokho, amathengiselwa amaningi manje adinga isiqinisekiso sakho konke okuqukethwe, futhi ezinye izinkantolo ziye zathi isilinganiso esiphansi se-SACA sezokuxhumana kwakudala kungenzeka ukuthi asisebenzi esisemthethweni ngemva
  • [[NTLT:0]] Ukufinyelela kweqembu: I-SCA yenqabela abanikezeli bemithetho yokuhlukanisa ngokuzithandela abasuka kwizinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, kuhlanganise namalungu azimele akhankasele ngokwesiko lomphakathi. Ukuthola okuqukethwe kumphathi, iqembu kumelwe lithole imvume yomsekeli, lisebenzise isaziso esingaphansi kwesaziso esibhalisayo, noma uthole uhlelo lwenkantolo ngemva kokubonisa "amaqiniso acacile nangokobuciko" ukuthi okuqukethwe yizinto ezibalulekile nento. Lendinganiso iphansi kunembangela efanelekekayo kodwa ingaphezulu kakhulu kunento nje eboniswa phansi koMthetho 26.

Kusetshenziswa i-SCA ngokuqondile uma kugcinwa ukuxhumana esimisweni somnikezeli. Nokho, i-SCA ivame ukufaneleka uma umkhandi efuna ukuphoqelela umnikazi wesisetshenziswa ukuba aphendule i-akhawunti yokungena ku-inthanethi, noma uma isisetshenziswa sihlelwa kabusha futhi ukwaziswa kugcinwe efwini. Iseluleko kufanele siqaphele ukuthi i-SCA yakha ezinye izithiyo zokuthola ukwaziswa komshini kubantu abesithathu.

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kweSCA neSichibiyelo sesine kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni ethola imvume yokuqukethe kumnikazi, lowo mthetho kumelwe wanelise kokubili iSichibiyelo sesine ne-SCA. Uma uhulumeni esebenzisa ipena ukuze athole okuphakathi kwakudala, kungaphazamisa ukulindela kweSichibiyelo sesine semfihlo esiqashelwayo [esho ukuthi iSichibiyelo seSine] [iSichibiyelo se-SCA]], uma ikhopha.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwamazwe NoMbuso

Imithetho yangasese iyehluka kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile. E - United States, izifunda eziningana ziye zamisa izenzo zazo zobuchwepheshe eziphoqelela izimfuneko eziqinile kuneSichibiyelo Sesine. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa:

  • ICalifornia Expression Communications Influect (CalECPA): Ngokuvamile idinga isiqinisekiso nganoma yikuphi ukufinyelela kukahulumeni kokwaziswa kokuxhumana ngemishini noma indawo, kanye nokungavumelani nezimo eziphuthumayo. Isebenza kuhulumeni nakumthetho wendawo, kanye nasezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenza eCalifornia uma befuna ukwaziswa kumsizi weCalifornia noma ezakhamuzini.
  • Utah Electronic Information or Data act: [efana ne-CELECPA], idinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukwaziswa kogesi okugciniwe ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe okuhlukile.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Texas ne-Illinois: inemithetho edinga imfuneko yezinhlobo ezithile zemininingwane ye-electronic ezitholakala kumapatroli.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-GDPR ye-European Data Protection Regculation (GDPR) imisa imithetho eqinile ekudlulisweni kwe-data exhunyiwe e-octal. Uma ummeli we-U.S. efuna ukwaziswa okusemkhakheni we-EU, i-GDPR ingakuvimbela ukudluliswa ngaphandle kokuba kunesisekelo esingokomthetho. Ukufakwa kwemithetho engokomthetho esemthethweni e-U.S. nemithetho yesivikelo yemininingwane yangaphandle kungadala izingxabano ezinkulu. Inkantolo ze-U.S. ngezinye izikhathi ziye zayala ukuba kukhishwe ukwaziswa okuphula umthetho wakwamanye amazwe, kodwa zilinganisele izifiso eziphikisanayo futhi zingathola ukwaziswa okungakhiqiniswa ngaphandle kokwephula umthetho wangaphandle.

Kuwo wonke amazwe, amaqembu kufanele acabangele ukuthi iHague Convention on the Agidition of Evision Abrand inikeza indlela yokuthola ukwaziswa, nakuba ingavamile ukusetshenziselwa ukufinyelela imishini yemishini. Ngokuvamile, amaqembu kumelwe athembele ezivumelwaneni zokusizana ezingokomthetho (ama-MLAT) noma ezinqubweni zokuthola izinto ezivamile, ngokuvamile kanye neziqondiso zokuvikela ukusingatha izindaba zomuntu siqu.

Ukunakekelwa Okungokoqobo Kochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Ukumisa izimfuneko eziyimfuneko kanye nemithetho yokuthola imishini yomuntu siqu kudinga indlela esebenzayo. Nazi izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokucela nokumelana nokungena:

Ezokufuna Imininingwane Yezisetshenziswa

  • [[FLT: 0] Ichaza isisekelo esingokomthetho: nquma ukuthi usebenzelana nesenzo sikahulumeni (esidingekayo) noma isicelo sokuthola ngasese (Rule 26). Uma kungenzeka, thola imvume noma sebenzisa ipena elingaphansi ngesaziso.
  • Ifaka isicelo esincane: Izinkantolo zithambekele kakhulu ekunikezeni imvume uma isicelo siqondile/ngokwesibonelo, ukufuna ama-imeyili ahlobene kuphela nokuthengiselana okuthile ohlwini lwezinsuku olucacisiwe, kunokuba yonke imininingwane emshinini.
  • Sebenzisa uchwepheshe ongathathi hlangothi: Ukunciphisa umthwalo nokuhlonipha isikhathi sokuba wedwa, uhlongoza umhloli we-fonensic ozokhipha ukwaziswa okuhlobene kuphela nokuhlunga ukwaziswa okuhloniphekile noma okungadingekile. Iqembu elinamatheki lingabukeza imiphumela ngaphambi kokuba liyiveze eqenjini elicelayo.
  • Cwanisisa umyalo omisiwe: Uma bobabili bevumelana ngemithetho elandelwayo, inkantolo cishe iyakuvuma. Imiyalelo egunyaziwe ingalondoloza isikhathi futhi inciphise izingxabano.

Ezindaweni Ezibonisa Ukutholakala Kwesisetshenziswa Esikhombayo

  • uhamba ukuze uvikele: Ngaphansi komthetho 26(c), ungaphikisa ngokuthi isicelo sinzima ngokungafanele, asilinganisi, noma ukuhlasela kwemfihlo. Nikeza ubufakazi bomthamo wemininingwane, amathuba okuxhumana okukhethekile, futhi ezinye izindlela ezingathandeki.
  • [[QULT: 0] Izimiso ze-invoke zomuntu siqu: Uma umceli eyinhlangano kahulumeni, ungaphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sidinga isiqinisekiso. Yabela [ Rile [ ne[FLT]''UMK] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Isimiso esifuna inqubo esifuna imishini yobuchwepheshe sifuna isizathu.
  • Ilungelo lobukhazikhazi: Zilungiselele ukukhomba amabhukwana athile anelungelo (umk., ukuxhumana kommeli-clone). Inkantolo ingadinga ilungelo lokungena ngisho noma isisetshenziswa singaphenyiswanga ngokugcwele.
  • Isilinganiso esiqinile:[ Uma unikezelwe, xhumana nemithetho elawula ukuseshwa kwamagama akhethekile, izilinganiso zosuku, nabagcini. Isicelo sokuba izisebenzi zeqembu elikhiqizayo ziqhube ukusesha kunokuba zinikeze iqembu eliphikisayo umnyango ogcwele.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko zokuthola ukwaziswa ezigcinwe ezimishinini zomuntu siqu phakathi nokubekwa kwecala phakathi nokuhlangana kwezindawo zomuntu siqu, okungasoleki, nokulunga. IsiHlanzi sesine sinikeza isivikelo esiqinile lapho uhulumeni efuna ukufuna umshini ozodwa, udinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka. Izenzakalo ze-Landmark ezifana Riley v. California kanye [FLT] ne Carpert v. United States[FLTY] iqinise isimiso sokuthi ulwazi lwezinombolo lufanelwe ukuhlolisiswa kakhulu. Emini, ukutholakala kwemithetho enjenge-Foderal Rulectivel Rulective, kuyilapho izimiso ezifana ne-Tecralective Actssssssss procepy.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka bulungisa izindlela zabo, ochwepheshe bezomthetho kumelwe bahlale beqaphile. Icebo eliphathelene namalungelo abanikazi bemishini kanye nezidingo ezingokomthetho zecala ngeke nje limelane nezinselele zezesayensi kodwa futhi liyosekela ubuqotho benqubo yokwahlulela. Ngokuqonda umthetho-sisekelo, umthetho-mthetho, nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, iseluleko singabulawula ngokuphumelelayo ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi bezobuchwepheshe.