IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi eUnited States usekelwe ngokujulile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo nasekulungiseni kwawo. ISichibiyelo sekhulu lekhulu (186) saqeda ubugqila, iSichibiyelo se 14 (1868) saqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu seSichibiyelo seSinyakatho (1870) sanqabela ukuvota okusekelwe ehlazweni. Naphezu kwalezi zithembiso zesisekelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwesivumelwano, ukuhlukaniswa kwenkululeko, ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho yenkululeko, nokucwasana kwezwe, nokucwaswa kwemithetho yesizwe, ukumiswa kwemithetho yesizwe elandelana kwemithetho yesizwe efuna ukufezeka okungaqiniseki isithembiso sokulingana. Ukuqonda lemithetho ezindaweni ezithile zesizwe, kwagunyaza ukuzuza ukuqamba umthetho womphakathi ngamunye wobandlululo nokuhlukana kwezinhlangano kwezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zesizwe. Imithetho yombuso wombuso wavuma futhi wakhipha uhulumeni emashumini ezindaweni zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezwe, i - zenza imvume, i - zenza

Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Wango - 1964 – Uphawu Oluyimpumelelo

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1946 iwumthetho owenqabela kakhulu wamalungelo abantu owake wamiswa. Wasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson, wavimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zomphakathi futhi wavimbela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Isihloko II sawenqabela ukucwasana emahotela, izitolo zokudlela, izindawo zokudlela, nezinye izindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi. I-OTIVII yakha i-AUTROUTROUTY Committee Commissiontion (EEE) yokuhlola nokuqinisekisa izenzo zomsebenzi ezisemthethweni ezingokomthetho. I-Act yaqinisa futhi yagunyaza isivikelo somphakathi esikhulekelweyo somphakathi, i-E. I-Act yagunyaza ukuvikelwa kwezeleleka kwezelele ukuvikelwa kwezikole zezembubhishobhini eziningi ezisandleni ezisandlekweni zezembubhishoshoshoshosho ezindaweni zembubhin. [1944], i-1944] Isilinganiso esiqinile somthetho

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokusakaza Amalungelo Abantu - Ukususa Izithiyo Kuyi - Ballot

Naphezu kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-15 neSiphakamiso sama-Povil Rights sango-1944, amaMelika amaningi eNingizimu ayevunyelwe ngokuphumelelayo ukuvota ngokuhlola ukubhalisa, ukukhokha izintela, nokwesabisa. UMthetho weSivumelwano wango-1956 uhloselwe ukuqeda lezi zithiyo. Ilungiselelo laso elinamandla kakhulu, iSigaxa 5, kwadingeka amagunya athile akhona nomlando wokukhetha ukuthola imvume kahulumeni ("prequaliation""""""") ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Ingxenye 4(b) yanikeza indlela yokuveza imingcele egqubusweni. Izingamendezi zokukhothanga i-" ne-tejikissswww. I-Punionstontonton i-Revincerton i-goverse i-transcected Revidentionsssssss (iences) i-ances) i-acted Revivolution, idinga eliphidention yemithetho ehlukene ka-

UMthetho Ka - 1968 Wokulungisa Ukucwaswa Kwezindlu

Isayinwe ngokushesha ngemva kokubulawa kukaDkt. Martin Luther King Jr., i-Fair Howar Act ka-1968 yenqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezisekelwe ohlangeni, ebalazweni, enkolweni, ebuhlotsheni, noma ezweni. Kamuva yahlelwa kabusha ukuze ihlanganise izivikela emikhayeni enabantwana nabantu abakhubazekile. I-Act eyakha izimiso zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho phakathi komnyango wezezimo zezindawo (HUD), nokuTSC (HUD) kanye neMnyango wobulungisa. Yasungula futhi umqondo "wokuthuthukisa ngokuqhubekayo izindlu," ifuna ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bathathe izinyathelo ezingcono zokunciphisa ukuncitshiswa. Naphezu kwemikhakha yomthetho, ukucwa kwezindlela ezicatshazwayo kanye nezingalelekile. [Izisekelo ze-Activestion:]

Ukucwaswa Kweminyaka Ewunyaka Esenzoni Somsebenzi Sango - 1967

I-Age Discination in Account Act (ADEA) ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu ekukhetheni ngokuqasha, ukukhushulwa, ukukhushulwa, nezinye izinqumo zemisebenzi. Isebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu-20 noma ngaphezulu, kanye nezinhlangano zezisebenzi. I-ADEA yashukunyiswa ukukhathazeka ngokwehliswa okungahleleki kokuncishiswa kwezisebenzi emsebenzini. Ngokungafani no-Sihlomo VII, i-ADEA ivumela ukuba kube "nengxenye engcono kunenkathi yeminyaka" yokuvikela, futhi umthwalo wobufakazi uhlukile ngenxa yokususa imiphumela. INkantolo Ephakeme yabusa [[FLT:]. vLLGross.[FFFFOM], ifuna ukuvikelwa kwezeluleko, futhi izikhulu, izikhululayo, izikhulu zezisebenzi ezimpondweni zokuguga, futhi zifuna ukukhokhanyiselwa kwezelelwe ngenkathi yokuguga.[AFFo.][AC]

Isinyathelo Semali Esilinganayo Sika - 1963 – Ukuvala Igebe Lemali

I-Umeal Pay Act (EPA) yayiwumzamo wokuqala wokusingatha iholo elisekelwe ebulilini. Kudingeka ukuba amadoda nabesifazane bathole iholo elifanayo emsebenzini ofanayo, lapho umsebenzi udinga ikhono elifanayo, umzamo, nomthwalo futhi wenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. I-Act ihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zembuyiselo, kuhlanganise neholo, isamba, nezinzuzo. Impoqo, i-EPA, iphethwe yi-EEOC futhi iholwa ngecala langasese. Naphezu kwe-EPA, igebe lemali ekhona. Abesifazane, ngokwesilinganiso, bazuza imali elinganiselwa kumaR1, ngisho nangamasenti amakhulu ehhovisini atholwa amadoda, ngisho nangawokuhlulwa imibala emikhulu kakhulu ekhona. I-EPA idinga ukukhokha inselela impoqo yemali engcono kakhulu, kodwa ikhona imposiso engcono kakhulu. I-EPA idinga ukukhokha imposo engcono kakhulu ngenxa yesilinganiso semisebe elikhona.[ef.[1]

AmaMelika Anomthetho Wokukhubazeka Ka - 1990 – Ukwanda Kokutholakala Nokuncishiswa Kwemizimba

AmaMelika ane-Chenment Act (ADA) awumthetho owephula umthetho owephula amalungelo omphakathi owenqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi. Iqoshwe ngemva koMthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1949, inezihloko ezinhlanu ezihlanganisa umsebenzi (isihloko I), isifunda nezindawo zikahulumeni (isihloko II), indawo zomphakathi zokulala (isi-ITH), i-tentaration (isiHI), kanye nezipho ezihlangene (isikhala), (isikhala V), izitolo (isikhala), izitolo ezihlukene (isikhala esine), izitolo (isikhala soM,). Isikhulumigomo ngidinga abaqashi abane 15 noma izisebenzi ezengeziwe ukunikeza izindawo ezifanelekelekayo ukuze banikeze abantu abakhubazekile, ngaphandle kokuba kubangele ubunzima obungakhokhwakhwazwana. Izikhululo ze-AMnyango ze-AF, i-A, i-APromese, i-A ezindaweni ezikhona kanye nezindawo ze-A eziphansi ezikhona, imvume kakhulu, izikhulu zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezwe kakhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Umthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi uyaqhubeka uguqulwa. UMthetho we-Eality, ohlongozwa eSivumelwaneni, uyokwenza ukuba iSigqebhezana samaLungelo sama-64 senqabe ngokuqondile ubandlululo olusekelwe ekubukelweni kwenkanuko yobulili nasobulili. Nakuba isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme engu 2020 [iNkantolo] Bostock v. i-Clayton County[] ichaza iSihlomelo seSihlomelo se-VII sokufihla isimilo sobulili futhi i-translated translated transform, i-transfer transmed ment, i-rect, i-Eact, i-Eaty Act ingandisa isivikelo sezindawo zokuvikela izakhiwo zezindawo zezindawo, inzuzo ye-Humends State, i-orvement, i-ogrand State, i-mond ye-mthetho, i-ogde i-old, i-oglement, i-ogle imigaqo yenye i-o

Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Komthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi

Imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ayikona ukuzinquma; ixhomeke ekuqiniseni, ekuchazeni kokwahlulela, nasekuthembiseni umphakathi. Lemithetho inika abantu amandla okubekela inselele ubandlululo enkantolo nangezikhundla zokuphatha. Isebenza futhi njengesimiso esivamile, iphawula ukuthi ubandlululo luphambene nemithetho yomphakathi. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda umlando namakheli alemithetho kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela ushintsho olungokomthetho nendlela umphakathi ongasingatha ngayo isiphithiphithiphithiphithiphithi. Ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi kuyaqhubeka, futhi kuthuthukisa izikhali ezintsha, isayensi entsha idala izindlela ezintsha zokungalingani, futhi ishintsha kwezombangazwe kusongela izivikelo ezikhona. Ukubukeza nokuthuthukisa imithetho enjengeSivumeni somthetho, uMthetho weNtlalo, i-Fairholi Act, ne-AA kudinga ukuhambisana nezinselele izinselele eziqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho yezimiso zomphakathi ikhuthaza isithunzi ngokuqinisa imingcele yemithetho ehlukene, kodwa akumelwe nakamele ukuba sibhekane njalo, kodwa aphinde siqaphele amathuba ahlale njalo, kodwa amacala andangavuziwe.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi exoxwe lapha yakha iqoqo elibanzi lesivikelo esiye saguqula umphakathi waseMelika. Kusukela kumthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1949 kuya ku-ADA nangaphezulu, lemithetho iye yachitha ukuhlelwa komthetho, ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yokuvota, ukunwetshwa kwemisebenzi, ukunqatshelwa kwemisebenzi, futhi yaqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa okulingana kokuthola indawo yokuhlala nezindawo zomphakathi. Kodwa uhambo luphelele. Ukungalingani okusha kwemithetho yemithetho yobushiqela, ukucwasana, ukuvalelwa kwemithetho ye-atho, nokuvota okusungulwayo kudinga kokubili isisekelo somlando nebhodi lemfundo yesikhathi esizayo. Ukuba ungumfundi, umxhasi, umkhangisi, noma umenzi wemithetho, ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemithetho yesizwe kubalulekile ukuze kutholwe isithembiso somphakathi olungile nolungayo. Umthetho uthola isithembiso sawo, kodwa kumelwe ufezeke ngokulingana kwayo yonke izivumelwano, futhi ukufeza inzuzo, ngenxa yemfundo.