Ukuqonda Umthetho Wangaphakathi Nobukhulu Bawo

Umthetho wombango unikeza isisekelo sokuxazulula izingxabano zomuntu siqu nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ezimweni eziningi zansuku zonke. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu, ogxile ekujeziseni amacala amelene nombuso, umthetho wesizwe umisa imithetho yokusebenzelana kwabantu, amabhizinisi nezinhlangano. Injongo yawo eyinhloko ukunikeza amakhambi − njengembuyiselo yemali noma imiyalo yenkantolo .

Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kuvumela abantu ukuba baqinise amalungelo abo, bagweme izingibe zomthetho, bafune ubulungisa lapho besoniwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyinhloko zomthetho, amalungelo omphakathi, amalungelo avikelwe, amakhambi atholakalayo, nendlela esebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Umlando Womthetho Wangaphakathi

Izimiso zomthetho zanamuhla zilandela umsuka wazo womthetho wamaRoma, ikakhulukazi i-Corpus Juris Civilis eyahlanganiswa ngaphansi koMbusi uJustinian ekhulwini lesithupha. Le ndikimba yomthetho yathonya imithetho engokomthetho yezwekazi lase-Europe futhi, ngokubekwa kwekoloni, yasakazekela eLatin America, izingxenye ze-Asia, nase-Afrika. Ngokuphambene, izimiso zomthetho ezivamile (njengalezo eziseUnited Kingdom naseUnited States) zasungulwa ngezahlulelo zemithetho nomthetho esikhundleni semithetho ebanzi.

Namuhla, amazwe amaningi asebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho we-opulan-getment, lapho umthetho uwumsuka oyinhloko womthetho, kanti amanye ahlanganisa izici zomthetho zomphakathi nozomthetho ovamile. Ukuqonda lokhu mehluko kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani amakhambi athile noma izinqubo zingahlukahluka ngokwemithetho. Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngokuthuthukiswa komthetho wesizwe, bheka i-Cornell Legal Information Institute [[[FLT: 1]]].

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Umthetho wesizwe uhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zamalungelo nezibopho zomuntu siqu. Izinsika ezine eziyisisekelo ziwumthetho wesivumelwano, umthetho wempahla, umthetho womkhaya, nowesitofu. Indawo ngayinye ikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezihlukene zezingxabano futhi inikeza amakhambi akhethekile.

Umthetho Ongenamthetho

Umthetho ogunyaza ukubophana okungokomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu. Noma uthenga ucingo, uvuma umsebenzi, noma ubhalisela inkonzo ye-inthanethi, wenza isivumelwano. Izinto ezibalulekile zinikezwa, zamukelwa, zamukelwa, zamukelwa (into yenani elibalulekile), zavunyelwa, futhi zathathwa. Uma omunye engazihloniphi izithembiso zakhe − acwell(a) foone , shové izivumelwano.

Izibonelo zansuku zonke zihlanganisa ukuqasha, izivumelwano zenkonzo, nezivumelwano zokuthengisa. Uma umninindlu ehluleka ukulungisa okudingekayo, umninindlu angase abe nezizathu ezingokomthetho zokugodla intela yentela noma ukuvala intela.

Umthetho Wempahla

Impahla isebenza ngamalungelo okuthenga, ukusebenzisa, nokudlulisa impahla yomuntu siqu. Impahla yangempela ihlanganisa indawo nezakhiwo; impahla yomuntu siqu ihlanganisa izinto ezihlelwa ngesandla njengezimoto, ifenisha, nempahla yolwazi. Amalungelo empahla ahlanganisa ilungelo lokukhipha ezinye, ilungelo lokuthengisa noma lokuqasha, nelungelo lokujabulela impahla ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Izingxabano zivame ukuhlanganisa imikhawulo yemingcele, ukudambisa, izindaba zomphakathi, noma ifa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umakhelwane ekha uthango olungena ezweni lakini, umthetho wempahla unikeza amakhambi afana nomthetho wokususa uthango noma umonakalo wokusetshenziswa. Ukuqonda amalungelo empahla kubalulekile kubanikazi, abaqashi, nabanikazi bebhizinisi ngokufanayo.

Umthetho Womkhaya

Umthetho womkhaya ulawula ubuhlobo phakathi komkhaya, kuhlanganise nomshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya.

Kuzoqulwa kwesehlukaniso, izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zinquma indlela impahla etholakala phakathi nomshado ehlukaniswe ngayo (impahla ehlanganyelwe ngokulinganayo, ukusekela okungalinganiyo) nokuthi ukusekelana komshado kuyafaneleka yini. Umthetho womkhaya unikeza futhi iziqondiso ezivikela izisulu zobudlova basekhaya. Ngoba izindaba zomkhaya zivame ukuhlaselwa ngokomzwelo, amakhambi angokomthetho ahlose ukulinganisela ukulunga nenhlalakahle yabo bonke abahilelekile, ikakhulukazi izingane.

Umthetho Ongenamthetho

Umthetho wetort ukhuluma ngamaphutha omphakathi abangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa, uvumela umuntu olimele ukuba afune isinxephezelo. Izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zihloselwe ukuhlasela ngenhloso, ibhethri, ukuhlanjalaza, ukuhlanekezelwa kwezimoto, ukunganaki (isimo, izingozi zezimoto, ukungaphili kahle kwezokwelapha), kanye nezingozi eziqinile (isig., imikhiqizo ekhubazekile).

I-tort evame kakhulu ithi ukunganaki, okudinga ukubonisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uboshelwe umsebenzi wokunakekela, waphule lowomsebenzi, futhi wabangela umonakalo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umshayeli egijima isibani esibomvu futhi eshaya imoto yakho, ungamangalela izindleko zokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka. I-Tort ihlanganisa futhi isibopho sokunakekela izakhiwo (izingozi ezibolile nezinga) nokungalawuleki. Ukunyukela kakhulu emthethweni oyisisekelo, ukuvakashela [[FLT: 0] uNo] umqondisi we-torts.

Amalungelo Avikelwe Ngaphansi Komthetho Wombango

Umthetho womphakathi uvikela amalungelo amaningi abantu. Nakuba umthetho wobugebengu uvikela umphakathi uwonke, umthetho wesizwe ugxila ekufuneni noma ekubuyiseleni abantu. Amalungelo abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • [ Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa: Unenkululeko yokungena ezivumelwaneni eziphoqelelweyo nokufuna ukwenza noma ukukhokhela uma isivumelwano sephulwa.
  • [ Akwesokudla eMthethweni:[ Ungaba nempahla ephathekayo nengangeni ngokomthetho.
  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho evikela ikhono lakho lokushada, ukukhulisa izingane, nokugcina ubuhlobo bomkhaya, namakhambi okuphazamisa noma ukudilika.
  • Ekulungeni kukuphepha Komuntu siqu: Ngomthetho wetort, unelungelo lokukhululeka ekulimaleni okungokomzimba okubangelwa ukunganaki kwabanye noma izenzo zabo zenhloso.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukufanele ukuba wedwa: umthetho womphakathi unikeza isivikelo ekuhlaseleni kwezindaba zomuntu siqu, kuhlanganise nokusebenzisa isithombe sakho ngokomthetho noma ukwambulwa kwamaqiniso ayimfihlo.
  • Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa: Uma amalungelo akho ephulwa, unelungelo lokufuna umonakalo wemali noma amakhambi alinganayo okubuyisela ukuma kwakho.

Lamalungelo awaphelele; alinganiswa namalungelo abanye kanye nesithakazelo somphakathi.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ziyatholakala EMthethweni Wangaphakathi

Ukukhetha kuxhomeke ekutheni ikuphi okuyombuyisela kangcono umuntu olimele.

Izingozi Ze - monetary

Umonakalo uyikhambi elivame kakhulu. Kungaba ukukhokha (ukufihla ukulahlekelwa kwangempela njengezindleko zezokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa iholo, nokulimala kwempahla), [ okubalulekile[[ (ukususa izimo ezikhethekile] [ukubuyisela izimo ezikhethekile eziziwayo kumaqembu womabili), noma ukujezisa [ [ukujezisa ukujezisa ukuziphatha okubi okungalawuleki nokuvimbela ububi esikhathini esizayo). Ezimweni ezimbi, umonakalo ungahlanganisa futhi ukubukhokhelela ubuhlungu, ukuhlupheka, ukulahlekelwa ukuphila.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezingalingani

Uma imali iyodwa inganele, izinkantolo zinikeza amakhambi alinganayo.

  • I-Injctions: Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umbambi hlangothi ukuba athathe isinyathelo noma agweme ukwenza. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ingakhipha umyalo wesikhashana ovimbela ukuxoshwa okungafanele.
  • Ikhambi elingavamile elisetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zesivumelwano lapho ukulimala kwemali kungenakukhokha ngokwaneleyo, ngokuvamile ekuthengisweni kwezindawo noma izimpahla eziyingqayizivele.
  • Ukuguqula: Ukuhlanganisa isivumelwano, ukubuyisela bobabili ezikhundleni zabo zangaphambi komthetho. Lokhu kuvame uma ukukhwabanisa noma iphutha lemvume lincitshisiwe.
  • Ukuhlelwa:[ Ukulungiswa kwesivumelwano esibhaliwe ukuze kuboniswe izinhloso zangempela zamalungu uma kukhona iphutha lobufundisi noma iphutha phakathi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwempilo

Ubufebe buhloselwe ukuvimbela ukuceba ngokungafanele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma othile ekwenza iphutha lokukukhokhela imali ongayikweletanga, kumelwe uyibuyisele. ubufebe bungabuswelwa futhi uma umkhakha othile ecebe ngokungafanele, ngisho noma engekho isivumelwano.

Indlela Izinkantolo Zasembusweni Ezisebenza Ngayo

Izingxabano zombango ngokuvamile zixazululwa ngenqubo yenkantolo ehleliwe.

Abayali

I-paltiff ikhomba i- complant isho amaqiniso neziphakamiso ezingokomthetho. Ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo, ngokunokwenzeka kuhlanganise nama-arclaim noma ushiyiwe ukuze alahle. Lengxenye ichaza izindaba.

Ukuthola

Bobabili abahilelekile baphendulana ngophenyo (imibuzo ebhaliwe), izingqwembe (ubufakazi bomlomo), izicelo zezincwadi, kanye nokuvunywa kwezincwadi. Ukuxilongwa kungathatha izinyanga futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni icala. Ukwehluleka ukubambisana kungaholela ekuvumeni kwenkantolo.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Izinyathelo zokwahlulela ngokufingqa zicela inkantolo ukuba ilawule ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala uma kungekho mpikiswano yangempela ngamaqiniso angokwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala liqhubeka, umahluleli noma ijaji lizwa ubufakazi, ufakazi ohlolayo, futhi likhiphe isinqumo. Umlahli wecala kumele afakazele icala labo [ ngokufakazeleka kobufakazi[ ." ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi kuneselelesi “engaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.”

Ukukhanga

Kungaba yicala elidluliswayo uma bekholelwa ukuthi kunephutha elingokomthetho elithinte umphumela. Izikhalo zigxila embhalweni wokuqulwa kwecala, hhayi ebufakazini obusha. Izinkantolo ze-appellate zingaqinisekisa, ziphendule, noma zilungise icala ukuze kuqaliswe ezinye inqubo. Ukuze uthole isiqondiso semininingwane yenqubo yomphakathi, iwebhusayithi U.S. inikeza ukucatshanga okuphathekayo[[.

Izibonelo Zansuku Zonke Zomthetho Wangaphakathi Ziyasebenza

Kunezici ezisobala ezibonisa ukuthi umthetho wezakhamuzi uthinta cishe yonke into edayiswayo nobuhlobo obukhona.

  • Ingxabano ye-Lpease:[ Umnikazi wendlu omnini-ndlu ehluleka ukulungisa isifudumezi esiphukile angagodla indida ngaphansi kwesiqinisekiso esishiwo sokuhlala, noma ukusheshisa ukwephuka kwesivumelwano.
  • [[NT.0] Izingozi eziyingozi: Uma ulinyazwa umshayeli ophazamisekile, umthetho wokutotosa ukuvumela ukuba ubuye uzuze izindleko zokwelapha, ulahlekelwe iholo, nobuhlungu nobuhlungu ngenxa yokunganaki.
  • Ku-Pline Purchases:[ Uma into ifika ikhubazekile noma ingafiki njengoba kuchazwe, imithetho yokuvikela abathengi nezimiso zesivumelwano zikuvumela ukuba ufune i-refrection noma i-proces.
  • [[[QLT:0] Ukwahlukanisa nokugcina umntwana:[ umthetho womkhaya unquma ukusekela umntwana, isikhathi sokukhulisa, nokuhlukanisa impahla yomshado. Izinkantolo zimisa kuqala inzuzo engcono kakhulu yengane kuyilapho ziqinisekisa imiphumela emihle.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukuhlambalaza:[ Uma othile esakaza izinkulumo ezingamanga ezilimaza idumela lakho, ungamangalela ukuhlanjalazwa (icala noma ukunyundela) futhi ufune umonakalo nokuzisola.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Izimpikiswano ezingaphezulu: Impikiswano njengomsindo oweqisayo, ukugxabha izihlahla, noma uthango oluhlukene luxazululwa ngomthetho wempahla nangezicubu ezicasulayo.

Indlela Umthetho Wangaphakathi Ovikela Ngayo Abathengi

Amalungelo abantu ayingxenye yomthetho wesizwe ovikela abathengi emikhubeni engalungile yezebhizinisi. Imithetho enjenge-UCC Code ye-UCC e-United States inikeza i-Uniformation project, amakhambi emikhiqizo engalungile, kanye nezivikelo zokukhangisa okukhohlisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ithuluzi elisha liphuka phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa, umthengi anganikezwa ilungelo lokubuyisela noma ukubuyisela i-frend ngaphansi kwesiqinisekiso esishiwo sokuhweba.

Ukumangalelwa kwekilasi kuvumela amaqembu abathengi abalimala ngokufanayo ukuba ahlangane, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukumangalela izinhlangano ezinkulu ngokukhubazeka noma ukukhwabanisa okusakazeke kakhulu. Ukutholakala kwala makhambi kukhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuba alondoloze izinga lemikhiqizo kanye nokubonakala.

Umthetho Wangaphakathi uphikisana noMthetho Wesigebengu: Umehluko Oyinhloko

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi komthetho wombango nowecala kusiza abantu ukuba bakhethe indlela efanele lapho besoniwe.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Purpose: umthetho womphakathi uhloselwe ukukhokhela isisulu; umthetho wobugebengu ujezisa owenzé okubi futhi uvikele umphakathi.
  • Izigaba:[ Amacala angaphakathi aqalwa abantu ngabanye (achazayo); amacala obugebengu alethwa uhulumeni (umshushisi).
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ibhedi lobufakazi:[ Amacala omphakathi adinga ukucatshangelwa kobufakazi; amacala obugebengu adinga ubufakazi obungenakungatshazwa.
  • Imali ephumayo: amakhambi omphakathi ahlanganisa ukulimala, iziyalezo, nokusebenza okuthile; izijeziso zobugebengu zihlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukugcinwa isigwebo, ukuboshwa, noma ukufa.
  • Indima ye-Victim:[ emthetho womphakathi, isisulu sihilelekile ngokuqondile futhi singathola isinxephezelo; emthethoni wobugebengu, isisulu singaba ufakazi kodwa singalawula ukushushiswa.

Ngezinye izikhathi isenzo esifanayo sibangela ukungemthetho nokungemthetho — ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli odakiwe angase abekwe icala lokulimala kwe - DUI (ubugebengu) futhi amangalelwe (uhlobo).

Amacebiso Awusizo Ekubekeni Izindaba Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungena esivumelwaneni, uhileleke empikiswaneni, noma uhlela indawo yakho, lezi ziqondiso zingasiza ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho:

  • Yithole ngokuyibhala: Izivumelwano zomlomo zingagcinwa, kodwa izivumelwano ezibhaliwe zilula ukuqinisekisa nokucacisa amagama.
  • Funda ngaphambi kokuba usayine: Uqonda zonke izigaba, kuhlanganise nezincwadi ezibhalwe kahle mayelana ne-octives, intela, nesinqumo sokuphikisana.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uxwebhu lonke: gcina ama-lishi, ama-imeyili, izithombe, kanye namanothi ezingxoxo ukuze kusekelwe udaba lwakho uma kuphakama impikiswano.
  • Ukwazi umthetho wakho wokulinganiselwa: Uhlobo ngalunye lwemali lunophawu olumisiwe oluthi lungavimbela ukumangalela kwakho ngokuphelele.
  • Cwangcisa okunye ukuphikisana ngesinqumo (ADR): Ukukhipha nokukhipha kungashesha futhi kungabiza kancane kunenkantolo, futhi izivumelwano eziningi ziyazifuna.
  • Ummeli uma izigxobo ziphakeme: ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi njengedivosi, indawo, noma ukulimala okukhulu, iseluleko somthetho sibalulekile.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wesizwe unikeza izakhiwo namathuluzi ukuze abantu baqinise amalungelo abo, baxazulule izingxabano, futhi bathole amakhambi kuzo zonke izici zokuphila. Kusukela ngesikhathi usayina isivumelwano, uqasha indlu, noma uzithole ulinyazwe iphutha lomunye, umthetho wesizwe unikeza indlela yokwahlulela. Ngokuqonda izindawo eziyinhloko(izindawo), impahla, umkhaya, ne-torts , kanye nemali elimazayo, imiyalo, nokubuyisela (ukuzilungisa), ungazenza izinqumo ongazi lutho futhi uthathe isinyathelo esifanele uma amalungelo akho ephulwa ephulwe.

Uma lokhu kuhlola kuhlanganisa izinto ezibalulekile, isimo ngasinye sihlukile. Imithetho iyahlukahluka ngokobuphathi kanye nokuziguqula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okunegunya ngezindaba ezithile zomthetho, hlola imithombo enjenge Legal Information Institute noma Nolo.