Ukuziphendukela Kwenhlangano Yomphakathi Elwisana Nezezephekula

Kuleminyaka eyishumi edlule, ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinkampani zobuchwepheshe nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezilwa nezokulwa nobuphekula buye bakhula kakhulu. Lokho okwake kwaba ukubambisana okuqinile, kwangemva kokuhlasela kwamuva kuye kwaphenduka ukubambisana okukhona phakathi kokwaziswa, ukulinganisela, nokuhlakanipha. Lokhu kubangelwa ukwanda okukhulu kwezokuxhumana kwezemishini kanye nokushintsha kwezindawo zamaphekula eziyimfihlo, imithombo yezokuxhumana yezokuxhumana ukuze ithole imvume, nezimiso zezezimali ezingaphakathi. Namuhla, akukho muntu noyedwa ongabaqaphi usongo, noma ozimele, owedwa. Uhulumeni bathembele ezingeni elisezingeni eliphezulu lamapulatifomu anjenge-Meta, i-Youtube, iTelegram, ne-X (manje) ukuze baqaphele futhi baphazamise amaphekula, kanti izinkampani zikahulumeni zithembele ekuhlongeniseni kobudoko. I-flknnerner, i-omss ngokomthetho, kodwa kudinga ukuvikelwa kwezelelwa kwezemthetho.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izinqubo, impumelelo, nezimpikiswano zalokhu kubambisana, kugxile ekuhlanganyeleni ukwaziswa, izimpi zokufinyathisela, izisekelo zomthetho, nendlela engaphambili. Sithola izibonelo zezwe langempela njenge-Global Internet Forum to Counterism (GIFCT), ukusetshenziswa kwemitapo ye-hash-sharing, kanye nemishini yokulawula njenge-UK Online Safety Act ne-USCLOUD Act.

Izindawo zamakhorali zohlelo lobungcweti bobuchwepheshe

Ukuhlanganyela Ubuhlakani Nemibiko Yemisebenzi Ejabulisayo

Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ziphethe i-ecultsology-memon enkulu . kusukela ku-imeyili kuya ku-methoids kuya ku-westructal. engaqukethe izimpawu zamaqhinga aseduze. Ohulumeni abaningi bahlele imizila esetshenziswa yilezi zinkampani ngokuzithandela noma ngokomthetho ukuveza izikhombo zosongo. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango we-US Department of Homeland Security’s “Bona Into, Say Internant” unomkhankaso wobuchwepheshe okhuthaza izimboni ukuba zibike okuqukethwe yi-inthanethi. Imibiko enjalo ivame ukusungulwa ngezimiso ezizimocashiwe ngama-populthi ezizi ezizi, iziyalezo zokwenza amabhomu, noma ulimi lokufaka imvume.

Amaqumrhu ezizwe zonke njenge i-United Office of Counter-Trorism futhi asekelele izisekelo zokwaziswa okuhlangene nemingcele ehloniphekayo. Isinyathelo esiphawulekayo yi-Achech Against Terrorism[ iprojekthi, enikeza amapulatifomu amancane ngobuhlakani obusongelayo nangalinganiseli, evala igebe phakathi kwezinhlangano ezinkulu nohulumeni. Ihhovisi le-protalisism Office [[FLTLT:5] igcina indawo yemisebenzi engcono kakhulu ethathwa yizinkampani eziningi.

Ukulinganisela Okubangelwa Ukuzivivinya Nokusebenzisa I - hashi

Enye yezinkonzo zobuchwepheshe eziphumelela kakhulu ukwabelana iminwe ye-minubers @hashes/yokuqukethwe amaphekula. I-Intername Forum to Counter Terrorism [GAFF:1], esungulwe yi-Facebook, Microsoft, i-Tursoft, ne-YouTube, igcina i-shay ye-hash. Uma ilungu elilodwa lichaza ividiyo noma isithombe, i-hashh ingeniswa emfundweni ye-techrobial, futhi amanye amalungu akhona ngokuzenza anikele ngemithombo yemibhoshongo. Imithetho inikela ngemithombo ephuma emithonjeni yokuhlakanipha, ithatha indawo phambi kokuba amavidiyo athathe amagalelo. [FLT:] [FLD2]

Ngokungathi kunjalo, lokhu kubambisana kudlulela ngalé kokususwa ukuze kubonwe: Imishini eqeqeshelwe ukwaziswa okunemininingwane kahulumeni ingalawula ukuhlukahluka kwenkulumo - ze, ngisho noma kungekho ukufana. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuthembela kwabaqondisi babantu, abangase babhekane nokulimala okungokwengqondo ngenxa yokuchayeka ezintweni ezinobudlova.

Ukubhala Nokuthola Impikiswano

Inkinga yokubhala ilokhu iyindawo ephikisana kakhulu yokubambisana. Ohulumeni baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvulwa kombhalo ofingqiwe ekupheleni kwezindawo ze-aspapp, i-Synal, ne-Telegram kudala “izikhundla ezilondekile” ukuze amaphekula axhumane nabantu. Bafuna ukutholakala ngokomthetho cishe ngeminyango yangemva noma ngekhasimende. Nokho, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ziphikisa ukuthi ukufihlwa kombhalo owehlisa amandla kungafaka engozini bonke abasebenzisi, kuhlanganise nezintatheli namalungelo abantu, futhi zingaxhashazwa yizi.

Le mpikiswano iveze iziphakamiso eziningana eziphezulu. Kunyaka ka-2016 uphendlo lwe-San Bernardo, i-Apple yenqaba ukuvula i-PHONE ye-FBI, icaphuna ukwethemba komsebenzisi. Muva nje, i-EU’s “Chat Control” ihlongoza umlilo kubalweli bezemfihlo. Amakhampani afana [[FLT]] [FLT:] [[FLT:]] lapho okuqukethwe yiyo kuhlolisimo kubikwa khona ukuthi] bayophuma nanoma yiyiphi imakethe ephoqa ukuba banqamule ukufica. [FLT: FFFFFF] nokwe-octive]

Indawo ephakathi i- “indlela e-'orecure'''''' esetshenziswayo ku-UK Online Safety Act, edinga amapulatifomu ukuchaza nokususa okuqukethwe amaphekula kusetshenziswa amathuluzi azenzekelayo, kodwa engagunyazi ukufinyezwa kwemininingwane. Lokhu kusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe kuphumela emiphumeleni ehlukahlukene.

Imisebenzi Yokuhloba Engokomthetho Elawulayo

Imithetho Kazwelonke Nokufinyelela Kwengeziwe

Imithetho elawula ukuhlelwa kokwaziswa okuhlangene nokuqashelwayo kuyahluka kakhulu, kudala ukungezwani kuyi-nternet ebanzi. Umthetho we-US CLOUD (Ukusebenzisa Imithetho Ehleliwe Kude Nomthetho Ongekho Olwayo Kumthetho) uvumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kufune ukwaziswa okuvela ezinkampanini ezisekelwe e-US kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kugcinwephi, uma uhulumeni wangaphandle ehlangabezana nezimo ezithile zamalungelo abantu. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukuba kube nokubambisana kwangempela nezinhlangano ezinjenge-UK ne-Australia, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukubekwa kwemininingwane yendawo. Umnyango we-US we-CLUD Mthetho we-CLD [khasimenu /FLT]]

I-European Union ibeka imingcele eqinile ekuqondiseni umthetho, ifuna izivumelwano zokwahlulela nokuhlola. Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ezisebenza ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic kumelwe zisebenzise i-tricillan yezibopho, ngokuvamile zikhetha ukuhambisana nomthetho oqinile ukuze zigweme izijeziso. Lokhu kungalibazisela noma kuphikise ukuhlanganisa imininingwane yomthetho, njengoba kubonakala kuyiSchrem II ebusa ukuthi i-Screensalm i-Sylectives.

Ukubambisana Kokuzithandela

Ezinye izibambiso zizenza ngokuzithandela − ingaphakathi lemboni yokuzihlukanisa ngokwayo — kanti ezinye zigunyazwe umthetho. I-German Networkentment Act , ngokwesibonelo, amapulatifomu okususa okugcwele okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho (kuhlanganise izinto zamaphekula) phakathi namahora angu-24 noma ukubhekana nenhlawulo ezinzima. Amakhani aye aphendula ngokufaka eqenjini elilinganiselayo futhi amukela izikhombo eziningi zikahulumeni. Ngokungafani, njengaseNdiya, awanagunyazwe kodwa ancike ezicelweni zethubeni, ezingaholela ekukhokheleni okungakhokhwa okunga okungamele ukukhokhwa okungathatha amahholo noma ukumelana nomthetho.

Ingozi yokwenqamuka [[[QUT: 0] ingokoqobo: uma nje ipulatifomu yakha amakhono okulwisana nobuphekula, ohulumeni bangawacindezela ukuba asebenzise lawo mathuluzi afanayo ekugadweni kwezombangazwe. Ukubika ngokukhanyayo nokuqondisa okuzimele kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe lokhu. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Access Manje [[ kanye [[FLT]]] namalungelo obuntu Watch [[FLT:] njalo.[FLT]

Ukubambisana Kwezizwe Zonke Nezinyathelo Zokuthatha Izikhathi Eziningi

I - Internet Yembulunga Yonke Yokulwa Nobuphekula (GIFCT) Ngokujule

I-GIFCT mhlawumbe iyisici esisebenza nomphakathi esisemthethweni kulendawo. Yasungulwa ngo-2017 ngemva kokuhlasela okuphefumlelwe yi-ISIS eYurophu, manje ihlanganisa izinkampani ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili eziyilungu nesakhiwo sokubusa esisemthethweni. Izinsika ze-GIFCT zihlanganisa: ukusungula amakhambi obuchwepheshe afana ne-hash database ehlangene; ukuxhasa ukucwaninga ngokusetshenziswa kwamaphekula obuchwepheshe; nokusabela okunzima kokuphula izenzakalo ezibangela ukudlondlobala kwezindaba.

Ohulumeni bahlala ebhodini elihlobisayo, futhi ama-forum abambisana ne- Europol I-Internet Referral Unit (EU IRU) ukuze basebenzise iflag enqamule izinsongo zomgqa. Nakuba i-GIFCT iye yadunyiswa ngokunciphisa umthamo wezinto eziqukethe amaphekula, abagxeki bayiphawula ukuthi ayinaso isibopho futhi iye yaphuza ukunikeza i-alkholithi yemistry eyingozi. [FLT] Imibiko yokubona ngale ndlela ibonisa izinkulungwane zezinto ezishiywe ngenyanga, kodwa ukungabikho kokuhlola okuzimele kuhlala kuyinto ekhathazayo.

I - Internet nemisebenzi Ehlangene Yase - Europol

I-EU IRU isebenza ngokuqondile namapulatifomu ukususa okuqukethwe amaphekula abekwe phakathi kwe-European Union. Ikhomba izivumelwano ne-Meta, i-Google, nezinye, futhi iqeqeshela amaphoyisa esizwe. Impumelelo yaleli qembu ilinganiswa ngamazinga aphansi kakhulu cishe adlula ama-90% ngamahora ambalwa kuphela kodwa le-metric iyodwa ayibaleki ekuqukethe okungaphinde kuvele ngaphansi kwe-pane.

Imisebenzi ehlangene njenge Operation Triton (ukungenisa uHulumeni wamaSulumane ne-Al-Qaeda emazweni angu-14) iye yahilela ukuhlanganyela isikhathi sangempela sokuhlakanipha okuthathwe emniningweni yesikhululo. Lemisebenzi ibonisa ukuthi kungahlanganisa kakhulu ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe, nakuba iphakamisa imibuzo yemfihlo mayelana neqoqo lemininingwane eminingi.

Izinselele Ekuhlanganyeleni Kokuhlakanipha Kokuhleleka

Imithetho engokomthetho ehlukene, imithetho yokuthola indawo, kanye nokungezwani kwezombangazwe kungavimbela ukubambisana ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kwenzeka kwelinye izwe, i-metagry metal metage ingahlala kubaphathi kwelinye, idinga izivumelwano zosizo olungokomthetho (MLAT) ezingathatha izinyanga. [BUDAPest Convention kuCybercrime iqinisekisiwe amazwe angaphezu kuka-60, inikeza ilungiselelo lezicelo ze-exoxist, kodwa ama-operator amaningi asakwazi ukubhekana nezikhawulo.

Abanye ohulumeni baye baphendukela ezenzweni zomuntu oyedwa, njengokubamba abasebenzisi noma ukuvala wonke amapulatifomu (isimo, ukuvinjelwa kwesikhashana kwePakistan iTelegram ngemva kokumangalelwa ngobuphekula). Izinyathelo ezinjalo zingamathuluzi axekethile angalimaza umphakathi ngaphezu kwezimiso zamaphekula abazihlaselayo.

Izinkinga Eziyinkimbinkimbi Nesivikelo Sokuba Wedwa

Ukuntanta Okuvuthayo Kokudla

Noma iliphi ithuluzi elakhelwe ukulwisana ne-therobic lingabuye lihloselwe ukuqashelwa kakhulu. Isimiso sokukhokha ngesikweletu somphakathi saseChina nokusetshenziswa kobuso ngokumelene nama-Uighur Islam ziyizibonelo ezixwayisayo zendlela ukufinyelela kukahulumeni emininingwane yenkampani yobuchwepheshe okungasetshenziswa kabi ngayo. Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, isivikelo sihlanganisa izicelo zokwahlulela, izimemezelo zokushona kwelanga ekwazisweni, kanye namabhodi e-ogadebhulali abaphethe ngokwenkululeko. [FLT:] Izezinqhinga ze-UUS [FLT] Intellige Survence Court (FAC) izicelo zikahulumeni zemetametic metam, nakuba inxenye yayo yemvelo iye yathola ukugxekwa. ] Izivumelwano zokuhlola ikhasi [FLT] [FFOct3]]]

Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zivame ukuzithola zibambeke phakathi kwemithetho emibili: ukuvikela imfihlo yomsebenzisi nokubambisana nokugcinwa komthetho. Ukuthemba umphakathi kuyaphela uma amapulatifomu ebhekwa njengavumelana kakhulu (umzk., ukunikeza ukwaziswa ngaphandle kwenqubo eqinile engokomthetho) noma ukumelana kakhulu (umz., ukuvumela amaphekula ukuba asebenze ngokukhululekile). “indida ye-privracy-security”[[ akunakwenzeka ukuba ixazululwe yikhambi elilodwa-onke amakhambi; imisuka yokuziphatha komkhakhakhakhakha inganikeza indlela phambili.

Izici Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezimiso Zamanga

Izimiso ezizenzekelayo zokuthola okuqukethwe amaphekula ziqeqeshelwe ukunikeza ukwaziswa okungamelela kakhulu izilimi ezithile, izifunda, noma imibono yezombangazwe. Lokhu kungaholela ekuncipheni kokuqukethe emiphakathini ephahlwe ngokwezinga eliphansi, njengakuKurdish noma i-Palestina abashisekeli abankulumo yabo ibizwa ngokunephutha njengeyingozi. Ukubukeza komuntu ngokuvamile akunelanga umthamo, okuphumela ekulandiseni okungalungile noma ekucubuleni. U-Santa Clarac Prives[ ubiza ukukhanya kokulinganisela kokungaphakathi, kuhlanganise nendlela yokulwa ne-RCalgoris okunga okungayo okungatholakaliyo okungajwayelekile. Ikhampani elifana no-Youltube iye yaqala ukushicilela imibiko ehlukene[FLT][FFFT][F3] [FT]]

Ukuhlakanipha kukahulumeni okusetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha lezi zici kungase kuhlotshaniswe, okwenza kube nzima ngabacwaningi bangaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunembile. Lokhu kungabi nasibopho sokulandisa kuyindaba engathi sína, ikakhulukazi lapho imibono engamanga ingaholela ekuboshweni noma ekunqatshweni kwezinkonzo okungafanele.

Iziqondiso Nezimiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuqondisa Okuzimelayo Okuqinisayo

Izinhlangano eziphumelela kakhulu ezilwisana nezokulwa nobuphekula yilezo ezisebenza ngokuzibusa. I-UN Special Rapportureur on Counter-Trorism iye yatusa ukuba noma isiphi isivumelwano sokwaziswa esihlanganisa izinkampani zobuchwepheshe nohulumeni sihloselwe ukubukezwa ngezikhathi ezithile yibhodi yamanxusa amaningi kuhlanganise nabameleli bomphakathi. Amabhodi anjalo kufanele abe namandla okususa ukufinyelela okukhethekile uma ukuxhashazwa kutholakaliswa. Amazwe afana neCanada asungule [[FLT: 0] i-National Security Transfication Makomitievement [ amalungu azimele amaqembu ehlelo okuhlola imikhuba yomphakathi yokuhlola ukuhlakanipha.

Ukuvumelanisa Izindinganiso Zomthetho Nemingcele

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukungezwani, izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ezinjenge CLOUD Act Biladal Pacts kufanele zandiswe lapho zihlanganisa izigaba zamalungelo abantu ezinamandla. I-EU ihlola inguquko ye-“isizukulwane sesibili” ye-Budapest Convention enganezela imingcele yamalungelo abantu ukuze ithole ukwaziswa. Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zingamukela futhi izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zomhlaba wonke lapho zisebenza khona [“inani elikhulu] ngokuziphathisa i-UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.

Ukutshala “Indawo Yezemfundo-Proniga”

Amakhambi obuchwepheshe obuqanjiwe anganciphisa ukuthutha phakathi kokhuseleko nemfihlo. Ama-technique anjenge- i-homomorphic copyr (ukuvumela ukubala i-data ebhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo), [] ulwazi olune zezelo-luqiniseki [[, kanye [[FLT:]] ne-[FLT] ifunda ngokufihlekile ivumela ohulumeni ukuba bahlaziye izimpawu zemininingwane ngaphandle kokubona okuqukethwe yijikijeko. Isibonelo, i-'expressiontive i-scrive i-sholot comstings officture transmess offiedtures's offiedmistfiedfictures.

Omunye umzila “ukwengalela-okanye” ukuhlanganisa ukuhlakanipha , lapho kuhlongozwa khona kuphela imetameta (umz., isikhathi, umthamo, izikhombi zendawo) ekuqaleni, futhi okugcwele kutholakala kuphela ngemvume. IMessenger Transparency Act [[ ihlongoniswa e-US Congress Congress ifuna ukufinyelela okunjalo kwezicelo eziphikisanayo.

Ukuvala Igebe Ngezici Ezincane Neziphakathi

Okuningi okugxilwe kukho bekuyindawo enkulu kakhulu, kodwa amaphekula ngokuvamile afudukela ezinkonzweni ezincane, ezingalawulwa kakhulu. Izinyathelo ezifana ne- Tech Against Terrorism’s “Platform Service". Uhlelo oluyi-[ lunikeza amathuluzi akhululekile nokuhlakanipha kosongo ezinkampani ezinezinto ezilinganiselwe. Ohulumeni bangasheshisa lokhu ngokuxhasa ngezimali i-“authomu ye-API” ekwazi ukuhlanganisa nanoma yisiphi isigaba. I-European Commission’s Act [[FLT:]'s Act ihlanganisa amalungiselelo ezindlela zokuhlola izingozi ezikhona ezingoko ezifuna ukuba abantu bahlanganyele ezemisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu nontanga.

Isiphetho

Ukubambisana phakathi kwezinkampani zobuchwepheshe nohulumeni ekulwisaneni nobuphekula akuyona into engenziwa ngokukhetha ushintsho lwezingxabano zanamuhla. Uma kwenziwa kahle, kusindisa ukuphila ngokuphazamisa ukuhlasela ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, ukususa inkulumo-lwazi enobudlova ngokwesilinganiso, nokuphazamisa izingosi zezimali. Uma kwenziwa kabi, kuqeda inkululeko yomphakathi, ukucwasana kwemithetho-mthetho ngokumelene nemiphakathi emincane, futhi kuqeda ukuthemba ezikhungweni zobudendeli kanye nasezimbonini zobuchwepheshe.

Isihluthulelo asikona ukukhetha phakathi kokulondeka nokufihla imfihlo, kodwa ukuklama ukuhlobana okubonakala ngokukhanyayo, okuboshelwe ngokomthetho, futhi okungaphansi kokuzimela. Ama-sakhelo ahlelwe kulesi sihloko "hash-sharing'arching, izimpikiswano zokubhala, amapulatifomu ahlukahlukene njenge-GIFCT, futhi ukuvela kokuhlela izinto zobuchwepheshe eziyimfihlo . Ukumelela ithuluzi elijikelezayo eliphelele. Akukho kuphelele, kodwa ndawonye kwakha isisekelo sezwe eliphephile. Abaqondisi, isayensi yezokuxhumana, nomphakathi kumelwe uqhubeke ufunda lezi zimo ze-GIFCT, njalo ukhumbula ukuthi ukulwa nobuphekulaya kobuphekulaya amakhono adinga ukuchithwa.