Ohulumeni BoMbuso Abangabasunguli Bemfundo Nempilo: Inkinga Ejulile

Ohulumeni boMbuso bakhona njengabaklami abayinhloko bezinkonzo zomphakathi ezibaluleke kakhulu: imfundo nokwezokwelapha. Nakuba izimiso zikahulumeni zinikeza izisekelo ezibanzi, kusesilinganisweni sikahulumeni lapho injoloba ihlangana khona nomgwaqo − ngezenzo zomthetho, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso, nokukhethwa kokulawula. Lezi zinqumo zihlela ngokuqondile okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi, zithonya yonke into kusukela ezifundweni zesikole kuya ekungeneni kwasesibhedlela. Lokhu kuhlola okukhudlwana kuhlola izinqubo ezithile, izibonelo zangempela zezwe, kanye nezici eziqhubekayo ezichaza indlela ohulumeni abalawula ngayo lezi zingxenye ezibucayi.

Amandla emibuso kulezindawo asekelwe eSichibiyelweni seshumi, imibuso egciniwe engaphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene, ezivumela ukuba kuqaliswe futhi kulungiswe izinhlelo kodwa futhi kwakha nezici ezihlukile. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ohilelekile esimisweni, ekuqondiseni, noma ngokumane afune ukusebenzisa lezi zimiso ngokuphumelelayo.

Imfundo: UMholi Wethuba Kahulumeni

Imfundo isho ukuthi ikhona lapho igunya likahulumeni likhulunyelwe khona. Amazwe amisa izindinganiso zemfundo, othisha belayisense, izifunda ezikontiyelayo, futhi anikeze izinqumo. Uhulumeni unezela cishe ngamaphesenti ayishumi nambili emali ka K-12, kodwa ama-90% asele avela kuhulumeni nasemithonjeni yendawo, anika izishaya-mthetho izishaya-mthetho amandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kokwabiwa kwempahla nezinga eliphezulu.

Ukusebenzisa Izindlela Zokudweba Nokuphishekela Ukwahlulelana Ngokungaguquguquki

Enye yezixhakathi ezilandelwa kakhulu ezilawulwa uhulumeni wezwe yindlela yokuxhasa ngemali yesikole. Indlela uhulumeni ohlela ngayo imali ezifundeni zesikole ungahlela noma unciphise imali ekhona. Lendlela yokulawula i-Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), eyasetshenziswa ngo-2013, iyisibonelo esivelele. Inikeza imali eyengeziwe emaqenjini esikole agcwele abafundi abathola imali ephansi kakhulu, amaNgisi abafundi, kanye nokukhulisa intsha. Lendlela yokuhlela yayiwushintsho olubalulekile kumfanekiso owenziwe ngaphambili owenziwe nge-grant, ihloba i-ehle insimu yokudlala. Ukuhlolwa kweSikole soMnyango we-Prorigictiote kuthola ukuthi i-LCFFF yaholela ekwandizeni ephawulekayo ekukhiqizweni kwemfundo nasekwezintweni yemfundo ephakeme kakhulu, ibonise amandla ezindaweni ezingcono kakhulu, i-edvernvern.

Ngokuphambene, izifundazwe ezinjenge-Illinois ziye zalwa nobunzima obukhulu ekuncikeni kwentela yendawo, okuholela ekuhlukaneni okukhulu kwezimali phakathi kwemiphakathi yabacebile nabampofu. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yempikiswano, i-Illinois yanikeza inqubo yezimali esekelwe kubufakazi ngo-2017 eqondisa ama-dollar amasha kahulumeni ezifundeni ngesidingo esikhulu kakhulu. Lezi zibonelo ziqokomisa ukuthi izinqumo zokuxhasa izimali akuzona nje kuphela ezilawulayo kodwa ziwukuziphatha okujulile futhi ziwusizo ngokuphathelene nethuba elilinganayo.

Izindinganiso Zokufundiswa Nokulandisa

IMigangatho Evamile yeSizwe iCorame Core, eshiwo esihlokweni sokuqala, imelela indaba ephawulekayo yokubambisana kwezwe nokulandelana kwezombangazwe. Ekuqaleni yathathwa yizifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-40, izindinganiso ezihloselwe ukuqinisekisa abafundi abaphothula amakholiji zilungiselelwe ukuthatha amakholiji noma imisebenzi. Nokho, njengoba ukumiswa kwezakhiwo kwanda, ukuphikisa kwezombangazwe kwanda, futhi amazwe amaningana, kuhlanganise noIndiana noOklahoma, asusa noma athathela indawo izindinganiso ngezindlela zawo siqu. Le-6 ibonisa indlela inqubo yemfundo kahulumeni ekwazi ngayo ukuguqula imimoya yezombangazwe. Namuhla, iphawula njengamaMassachusetts and Virginia ilondoloza izindinganiso eziqinile, umbuso ezihlala njalo phakathi kwezinqumo eziphakeme kakhulu zesizwe, kuyilapho amanye eye akhetha ukuguqula amabhandekisi angafune kakhulu.

Izindlela zokulandisa zingenye indawo yokungalingani kwezwe. Nakuba u-all Students Receeds Act (ESA) wezwe wanikeza i-spects evumelanayo ekuklameni izimiso zokulinganisela isikole, izifundazwe ziye zathatha izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iTennessee, isebenzisa isibonakaliso esithwele amandla agcizelela kakhulu ukukhula kwabafundi, kuyilapho isimiso seFlorida sifaka isisindo esikhulu kakhulu ngokwekhono lonke. Lokhu kukhetha kuthonya indlela izikole ezihlolwa ngayo, izinhlelo ezixhaswe ngayo, futhi lapho imizamo yokuthuthukisa ihlelwa khona.

Ukukhetha Isikole: Uhulumeni Wazama Ukukhetha Izinto Ezihlukahlukene

Ohulumeni boMbuso bayizindawo zokucwaninga eziyinhloko zezimiso zesikole zokukhetha. Ngokwesibonelo, iFlorida, inendawo ekhethelwe kakhulu ezweni, kuhlanganise nezikole zomthetho-mvume, izinhlelo zikazibuthe, kanye nezinhlelo zemfundo ezinkulu kakhulu zezwe ezingabodwa (iSigunyazo Somkhaya Sokuba Nekhono Lokwenza Izemfundo). I-Arizona iqhubeke ngisho nangokumisa i-Education Savings akhawunti zezemfundo (EAs), evumela imikhaya ukuba isebenzise imali yomphakathi ekusebenziseni isikole, izinto zokufundela ekhaya, noma ezinye izindleko zemfundo. Abagxeki baphikisa lezinhlelo bakhuthaza ukuncintisana nokunika amandla kobuza, i-ectiverial akhawunti yezentengiselwano ezikoleni ezingokwesiko. Lokhu kuhlola kombuso kunikeza ukwaziswa okugxekayo ukuze kuhlolwe isikole esidala nethonya inguquko.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo: I - United States Njengezishuwalense, Abaqondisi, Nabaholi Bezempilo Bomphakathi

Ohulumeni boMbuso banethonya elifanayo ekunakekeleni impilo. Balawula izimakethe zomshuwalense, baqondisa iminyango yezempilo yomphakathi, futhi baqondise izinkampani zezezokwelapha ze-asethi. I-Affordtable Care Act egunyazwe ngamabomu izifundazwe ezigunyazwe ngokuzivumela ukuba ziklame izinhlelo zazo siqu zokwandisa iMedicaid futhi zimise imishuwalense yezempilo esekelwe kuhulumeni.

Ukwanda KweMedicaid: Ikhasi LaseMelika Embili

Mhlawumbe akukho nqubo eyodwa ebonisa ukuhlukana kwezempilo yezwe kusondela ngokucace kakhulu kune-Medicaid eyanda ngaphansi kwe-ACA. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-2025, cishe amazwe angamashumi amane neWashington D.C. iye yandisa ukungenwa kwenani labantu abadala abaholayo abafinyelela ku-138% yenani lobumpofu obuphakathi. Amazwe anjengeKentucky, eyanwetshwa ngaphansi koMbusi uSteme, yabona amazinga angenayo ehle kusukela ku-20% kuya ku-7%. Ukuhlola okuphawulekayo kwe-New England Journal of Medicine kwabonisa ukuthi ukwanda okuphawulekayo okukhona ekubulaweni, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala nakulezo izimo ezingamahlala njalo. [FLT:] KFFFFF] eqhubekayo ehlela ukunwetshwa kwezinqunulo zesinqumo [FFFF:1]

Ngokungafani, iTexas, Florida, neGeorgia azizange zandise iMedicaid, zishiye abantu abadala abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili abahlawulwa kancane ekhaleni lokuhlanganisa − ukuvalela kakhulu ama-Medicaid angokwesiko kodwa amancane kakhulu kuwezitolo ezivamile. Lokhu kukhetha kunezimiphumela eziqondile: izibhedlela ezisezindaweni ezingezona ezeqile zibhekene nezingalingani, futhi izibhedlela zasemaphandleni zivale kakhulu kakhulu. Isinqumo sokwandisa noma ukunganwebi yisinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu senqubo yokwelapha izwe lingasenza.

Ukuqondisa Umshuwalense NeTelehealth

Izwe lisebenza futhi njengemishini eyinhloko yezimakethe zomshuwalense wezempilo. Zimisa izindinganiso ze-socine zokungafundi kwezezimo zempilo. Zibukeza izinga lokunyuka kwenani, futhi ziqinise izivikelo zabathengi ezigunyaziwe. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVAD-19, amazwe amaningi, kuhlanganise neTexas kanye ne-New York, agunyaza imiyalelo yamashwa yokwandisa izinkonzo ze-telehealth, ivumela iziguli ukuba zithintane nodokotela kude. Lezi zinyathelo zesikhashana zenziwe zahlala njalo emazweni amaningi, ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, Verlont manje ifuna ukuba amasuntrelaze embo ezindaweni ezifanayo nakwezezokuhambelana kwe-te-person, kuyilapho ezinye izimezo ezinye izimemezelo zilinganiselwe. [FLD] Ingqungqungquthela yezwe yeSizwe se-State i-Framestrectives [Foctive], i-Foct1], indlela evelele kakhulu yemithetho yasemaphandleni yasemaphandleni, futhi i-evivisethi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.

Imizamo Yezempilo Yomphakathi Nenkinga Yezitho Eziyingozi

Imikhankaso yezempilo yomphakathi ehanjiswe uhulumeni iye yaphumelela ekushintsheni ukuziphatha. Umkhankaso waseCalifornia wokulwa nokubhema, ohlanganisa imithombo yezindaba ephakeme nentela kahulumeni eqinile nemithetho yemisebenzi engenantuthu, uye wanconywa ngokunciphisa amazinga abantu abadala ababhemayo phakathi kwezwe. Ngokufanayo, izifunda ezifana neNyakatho Carolina ziye zaqalisa ukusungula izindlela zokuvimbela ukubhema, njengokusakaza inaloxone kanye nokumisa izinhlelo zontanga. Ohulumeni bakhona futhi ezikhomba phambili zokusabela ekuvulekeleni ubhadaba olunjengobhadane lweopioid, ngokuvamile bazama ngezimiso ezifana nezinhlelo zokuhlola imilaliso yemilaliso (PDMPS) nemithetho elungile yomSamariya ethathwa kamuva ngezinye izimemezelo noma ngokukhuthaza kwezimiso zomphakathi.

Izinselele Ezingapheli Ngalé Komibili Imigoqo

Naphezu kwempumelelo ephawulekayo, ohulumeni bombuso balwa nezinselele ezinkulu zokwakha. Ukukhokha imali elinganiselwe kusagxilile. Ezemfundo, ukuthembela ezintela zempahla zendawo kusho ukuthi idolobha elicebile lingasebenzisa imali eningi kakhulu kumfundi kunoma isifunda sasemaphandleni esimpofu, ngisho nakulelozwe. Umbiko wamashumi amabini22 ovela kuyi-Education Trust wathola ukuthi amasifunda aphezulu kakhulu emazweni ampofu kakhulu njengaseNew York nase Pennsylvania athola isifunda nemali engcono kakhulu kunezifunda ezimpofu kakhulu, naphezu kokuba nezidingo ezinkulu.

Kunokwelashwa, izinga elingakholeki lihlala liphakeme kakhulu ezifundeni ezingandini. Ngisho nasezimini ezinwetshwayo, ukukhokha kuhlala kuyinselele, nezindleko eziphakeme nezokuphuma kwemoto zikhubaza abantu ukuba bafune ukunakekelwa. Ikhomonwealth Fund yaminyaka yonke yesimiso sezempilo sombuso sokusebenza [ ibonisa umehluko omkhulu njalo emiphumeleni, kusukela emazingeni okufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ekufuneni ukunakekelwa.

Ukuhlukana kwezimiso kungokunye okuyiqiniso. Okuhlangenwe nakho komfundi kwemfundo kungahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi uhlala eMassachusetts (izindinganiso eziphakeme, imali eqinile) noma eMississippi (izindinganiso eziphansi, izimali ezincane). Ngokufanayo, umuntu onesifo esingalapheki eCalifornia uyakwazi ukufinyelela esigcawini esisekelwe kuhulumeni, ukwanda kweMedicaid, kanye nokuvikelwa okuqinile kwabathengi, kuyilapho umsizi wase-Alabama ebhekene nezinketho ezimbalwa kakhulu. Le misebenzi idala ukulingana okungalingani nezimiso eziqinile ezisemfazameni kahulumeni.

Ukumelana nezombangazwe nesimiso kubuye kubhidlize intuthuko ende. Izinguquko zemfundo zivame ukushintshwa lapho ababusi abasha noma izishaya-mthetho zithatha isikhundla. Isimiso sempilo sifana nokushintshashintsha kwemithetho yezempilo, njengoba kuboniswa izimpi eziqhubekayo zezimfuneko zomsebenzi ze-Medicaid nokuhlelwa kwemikhaya. Ukuqina nokuzibophezela okuqhubekayo kuvame ukunikelwa e-altare lemijikelezo yokukhetha.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukubonisa Umphumela Wesenzo SikaHulumeni

I - Preseebourg YaseTennessee Yokuthuthukisa Ukufunda

I-Tennessee igxile ekufundeni okusekelwe ekwazini ukufunda, inikeza isibonelo esishukumisayo sokuguqula kwezwe. Iqaphela ukuthi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yababehleli babefunda emakilasini, isifundazwe sadlula iTennessee Melinie Memonitor trand Act ngo-2021. Lo mthetho udinga izikole ukuba zisebenzise iziyalezo ezisekelwe kubufakazi ezihambisana nesayensi yokufunda, zinikeza uthisha ophakeme, futhi izibukiso zinikeza bonke abafundi be K-3 abafundayo ukuswela kokufunda. Imiphumela yangaphambili ithembisa: uhulumeni wabika inzuzo enkulu yeminyaka yesithathu yokufunda impumelelo ephambili eshumini leminyaka ngo-2023. Lokhu kubonisa indlela inqubo ehlangene nenqubo yombuso yokufunda, imithetho, ukusekela, nokuthuthukisa kwezekhono.

Ukubonisana Kwezibhedlela Nokuvuselelwa Kwezibhedlela EColorado

Kunokwelashwa, iColorado ithathe indima ephambili ekusingatheni izindleko zasesibhedlela. Ibhekene nenye yentengo ephakeme kakhulu yasesibhedlela ezweni, iSishaya-mthetho saseColorado sadlula i-Spital Transparency and Fairness Act ngo-2021, okudinga izibhedlela ukudalula imininingwane yokwethula nokulinganisela iziguli ngemali ethile. Izwe futhi lamisa uhlelo lwezibhedlela ezisekela izimali ezihambelanayo zokwandisa iMedicaid uma isiza ekusekeleni ukukhokha isibhedlela sokuzivikela. Lezi zinqubo ezimbaxakile ziye zasiza iColorado ukuba yandise intebo ezindaweni ezingaphezu kuka-95% zezakhamuzi lapho zisaqala ukugoba izindleko. Lokhu kubonisa indlela uhulumeni angakwazi ngayo ukufinyelela futhi amanani anele ngezimiso ezisebenzela ukubambisana.

Ukwanda Kwe - Telehealth YaseNtshonalanga Virginia Ngenxa Yokuphazamiseka Kwezinto Ezisetshenziswa Ngaphansi

I-West Virginia, ehlaselwe kakhulu umqedazwe we-opioid, ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni sokunweba i-telehealth ukuze ithole ukuluthwa. Ngo-2020, isishaya-mthetho savumela imithi eminingi evimbela ukuphazamiseka kwemithi edinga ukusetshenziswa kwe-opioid ukuba inikezwe nge-telehealth, isusa imfuneko yokuhambela i-person. Lenqubo, ihlangene neselulekthazelo sezimali ezikhudlekayo zokulungisa i-teleheal ukuze isetshenziswe. Ngo-202020, yenza ukuba kube nengozi engapheliyo. Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuvumela ukuphazamiseka kwezwe ukuba kusetshenziswe i-telehealth sy, i-Virginia yathuthukisa ukufinyelela ekunakekeleni ukuphila esifundeni lapho izakhamuzi eziningi zihlala kude kakhulu ezikhungweni zokwelapha.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukubuyiselwa Esimweni SikaHulumeni

Uma bebheka phambili, ohulumeni bombuso cishe bayoqhubeka besebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga eziyinhloko zokusungula. Ukugcizelela okwandayo nge-equity kulololonga izimiso ezintsha: njengokuyiNew Mexico iye yamisa izimali zemfundo yokwethenjelwa kwezingane zisencane, kuyilapho i-Oregon iye yahlola obala izisebenzi zezokunakekela impilo yendawo yonke ezixhaswe yinhlangano ehlelekile yokunakekela abashaye.

Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe kuzoba kukhulu. Ezemfundo, izifundazwe zifaka imali ekhoneni lokuthola izikole zasemaphandleni ezisezingeni eliphezulu ze-inthanethi, amapulatifomu okufunda azimele, nezimiso zokwaziswa ezilandela abafundi ziqhubeke isikhathi eside. Ekunakekeleni impilo, ukuhwebelana kwempilo kwezwe kuya ngokuqina, okwenza ukuba ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kube ngcono. Izwe elifana neCalifornia lisebenzisa ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela ekusebenziseni izinqubo zokulawula ze-Medicaid, kuyilapho ezinye ziqhubeka zihlola izinhlelo zeziguli ezikude zokulawula izifo zamahlala njalo.

Inhlangano yesizwe nezinhlangano zezifunda ezihlukahlukene zisiza ekuhlanganyeleni imikhuba emihle kakhulu. Izincwadi ze-interstate ezihlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwemfundo emikhayeni yezempi kanye nezikhungo zempilo eziphuthumayo zodokotela kakade sezikhona futhi zingasebenza njengezibonelo zokubambisana okukhulu ezindabeni ezinjengokufaka isikhala nokwaziswa.

Ekugcineni, indaba kahulumeni kahulumeni wezemfundo nezokunakekela impilo ingenye yezimo ezinamandla nezingapheli. Izwe linamandla amakhulu okwakha ithuba noma ukulondoloza ukungalingani. Izibonelo zezwe langempela ezihlolwa lapha zibonisa ukuthi uma abaholi bombuso bebophela ubufakazi, ukuqondisisa, intuthuko engenakulungiseka iyakufezeka. Nakuba kunjalo izinselele zokuxhasa imali, ezombangazwe, nokuhlukana zihlala zinzima. Njengezakhamuzi, abenzi bezimiso, nabasekeli, ukuqonda lamandla ombuso abalulekile ekuqhubeni isizukulwane senguquko esizayo esizothinta ukuphila kwezigidi.