Ukusakazwa kwamandla negunya emiphakathini akusona isenzakalo esiqanjiwe kodwa amandla amakhulu alokhu ehlanganisa ukusebenzelana kwezenhlalo, izakhiwo, nenhlangano ngayinye. Kusukela ekuxhumaneni kwendawo kuya kohulumeni besizwe, umbuzo wokuthi ubani olawulayo uyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani, imithombo yamandla yabelwe, futhi izimiso ziyaqiniswa. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuphikisana nalemiqondo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni i-gauni i-mospeance nezindlela ezicashiwe zisebenza kakhulu (cishe ngokungabonakali, ngezinye izikhathi. Lokhu kuhlola okukhudlwana okuhlukahlukeneyo kwesimo namandla negunya, ukuhlola izincazelo zabo, ukubonakaliswa, ukulwa, nemizabalazo eqhubekayo echaza ukuphila komphakathi.

Ukuchaza Amandla Negunya

Amandla negunya kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana, kodwa kumele imiqondo ehlukile yezenhlalo. [[FLT:] amandla ayikhono lokuthonya noma ukuphoqelela abanye ukuziphatha, ngisho nangaphandle kwentando yabo. Ingasetshenziswa ngokuphoqelela, ukunxenxa, noma ukubhokoza. [ubuhlobo [, ngokwehlukene,], yigunya elingokomthetho noma eliqashelwe ngokwenqhinga lomphakathi lokusebenzisa amandla. Isazi sezenhlalo saseJalimane uMax Weber saziwanda kakhulu izinhlobo ezintathu ezimsulwa zegunya: (zisekelwe emasikweni nasemfuleni), igunya elingokwesiko, igunya elinamandla (elisekelwe kuzibuthe), nokulawula okungokomthetho (ngokusekelwe emithethweni kanye nezimiso). Lokhu kuhlala kusetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile kwezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zomphakathi, futhi kusiza abanye abaholi, ngaphandle kokwenziswa, ukuvumelana, ukuvumelana, futhi kusiza abanye ukuvumelana, ukuvunyelwa, ukuvunyelwa, ukuhlelwa, ngaphandle komthetho, ukuhlelwa, ukuhlelwa, ukuhlelwa, ukuhlelwa, ukuhlelwa

Izinhlobo Zamandla Emiphakathini

Izazi zengqondo nesayensi yezombangazwe ziye zathola izinhlobo eziningana zamandla asebenza emiphakathini.

  • Amandla agunyazayo: Lendlela ixhomeke ekwesabeni, ekujezisweni, noma ekusongeleni izijeziso. Emiphakathini, amandla okubambisana angasetshenziswa ngokugcinwa komthetho, ukuvalelwa kwezenhlalo, noma izijeziso zezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, ikhono lomninindlu lokuxosha abaqashi noma amandla kahulumeni okuphoqelela izinkosha abangekho emthethweni kuyizici zansuku zonke.
  • Amandla avunyiweyo: Ikhono lokunikeza izisusa / imali, ukunyuselwa, ukuvunyelwa kwezenhlalo, noma ukutholakala kwemithombo yengcebo. Ezikoleni, othisha basebenzisa amandla okuvuza ngamamaki nokudumisa. Emsebenzini, amabhonasi nokuqaphela kungamathuluzi avamile. Amandla omvuzo angakhuthaza ukubambisana kodwa futhi adale futhi u-Abrama.
  • Ligitimate Power: futhi yaziwa njengamandla esikhundla, lokhu kusuka esabelweni somuntu esingokomthetho noma isiqu esiphakathi kwesigaba sekhulu. Iphoyisa, umahluleli, noma umholi onegunya elingokomthetho eliqashelwe umphakathi. Loluhlobo luhlangene kakhulu negunya futhi luvame ukuhlanganiswa emithethweni noma ngemithetho yenhlangano.
  • Amandla athathekayo: [Izisekelo ezisekelwe ekuncomeni, ehlonipheni, noma ekwazisweni. Abaholi abathathi-mdlali, osaziwayo, nabadala bomphakathi bavame ukuba namandla abhekisa phambili ngenxa yokuthi abantu bafuna ukubalingisa noma ukubajabulisa. UMartin Luther King Jr., ngokwesibonelo, babephethe amandla amakhulu asekelwe egunyeni lokuziphatha nasemhlatshelweni womuntu siqu.
  • Expert Power: Ivela olwazini olukhethekile, emakhonweni, noma ochwepheshe. Odokotela, onjiniyela, noprofesa banamandla angochwepheshe ezindaweni zabo. Emiphakathini, amandla ochwepheshe angathonya umbono womphakathi ezinkingeni ezinjengempilo, isimo sezulu, noma ubuchwepheshe. Ngokuvamile kuyindlela ehlonipheke kakhulu yethonya uma lisetshenziswa ngokucace.
  • Amandla olwazi: Uhlobo olungaziwa kakhulu kodwa olubaluleke kakhulu, amandla okwaziswa avela ekulawuleni ukwaziswa, amaqiniso, noma ukulandisa. Enkathini yonyaka, labo abahlanganisa izindaba, abaphatha izimpawu zezesayensi, noma abalawula ukufinyelela kolwazi lwezazi ezingathinta izinkolelo zomphakathi nezinqumo.

Igunya Ekubuseni

Izimiso ezihlukene zezombangazwe zisakaza amandla ngezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu, zithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kusiza ekukhanyeni okulawulayo nendlela eligcinwa ngayo noma elibekelwa inselele.

Izimiso Zentando Yeningi

Ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, igunya lisekelwe evumeni yababuswayo. Amandla asetshenziswa ngabameleli abakhethiwe, futhi izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuhlanganyela ekwenzeni izinqumo ngokuvota, ngokuqapha, nangokuthembisana umphakathi. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukhetho oluvamile, olukhululekile nolunobulungisa oluqinisekisa ukulandisa.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu nenkululeko yomphakathi, ngokuvamile okusekelwe kumthetho - sisekelo.
  • Amagatsha aphethe, ashaya imithetho, nawahluleli ahlola futhi alinganise izikhulu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugxiliswa kwamandla.
  • Inkululeko yezindaba nomphakathi okhuthele onakekela izenzo zikahulumeni.

Nokho, intando yeningi ayigonyiwe ekulinganiseni amandla. Ukungalingani kwengcebo, ukuthonya, nokucindezela kovoti kungalulaza umqondo ofanele wokumelelwa ngendlela efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited States iye yabona izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngoshintsho lwezezimali ezingokwezimali nokulawula, okwambula ukungezwani phakathi kwezimiso zentando yeningi namaqiniso angokoqobo.

Izinga Lombhali

I - aspertialist igxilisa amandla kumholi oyedwa noma kumuntu omncane ovelele, icindezela ubuningi bezombangazwe nokuphikisana. izimpawu zihlanganisa:

  • Okhetho olulinganiselwe noma olungekho ngempela; ngokuvamile ababusi bahlala bebusa kuze kube phakade.
  • Ukucindezelwa kwamaqembu okuphikiswa, imithombo yezindaba ezimele, nezinhlangano zomphakathi.
  • Ukuthembela emandleni ombuso okuvikela ukuze kuphoqelelwe ukuthobela nokujezisa ukuphikisana.
  • Inkulumo - ze nokulawula ukwaziswa ukuze kulondolozwe ukuvumelana kwemibono.

Ezimisweni ezinjalo, igunya lilondolozwa ngokwesaba nangokuphoqelelwa kunokuba liqashelwe ngokomthetho, nakuba eminye imibuso izama ukusungula ukwamukela ngobuzwe noma ngokukhuluma okungokwenkolo.

Ama - monarchy, Ama - Theocracies Ne - Hybrid System

Ngaphandle kwentando yeningi nesimiso sokubusa ngempoqo, kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zokubusa. Imibuso ye-odomal (umzk. United Kingdom, iJapane) ihlanganisa igunya elingokomfanekiso nezinhlangano zentando yeningi. I-Theocracies (umz., Iran) iveze igunya lokuphelela kubaholi benkolo noma emibhalweni. Izimiso ze-Hybrid, njengedemocracyism, zihlanganisa ukhetho lwentando yeningi nemikhuba ye-democricial. Isimiso ngasinye sembula izimpendulo ezihlukene enhloni yabalawuli nakumandla afaneleke kanjani.

Izinhlangano Negunya Lomphakathi

Ohulumeni abazona kuphela izinhlangano eziphethe amandla negunya. Izinhlangano zezenhlala-khona zenza umsebenzi wemfundo, inkolo, umkhaya, imithombo yezindaba, nezomnotho, nezimiso eziwubala zezentengiselwano, izindinganiso nokuziphatha nsuku zonke.

Indima Yemfundo

Izinhlangano zemfundo zingamanxusa anamandla okuthuthukisa izenhlalo negunya. Azidluliseli ulwazi kuphela kodwa futhi ziqinisa ukubusa kwezenhlalo nezimiso zempucuko. Othisha banegunya elingokomthetho kubafundi, kodwa isikole ngokuvamile silolongwa amandla ezombangazwe nawezomnotho. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa:

  • Izifundo ezifihliwe: Imithetho nezindinganiso ezingabhalwanga ezifundisa ukulalela, ukugcina isikhathi, nokuncintisana.
  • Ukuhlola nokulandela izimiso ezivamile ezingathuthukisa ukungalingani.
  • Izikole njengezindawo zokumelana, lapho abafundi nothisha bebekela khona inselele ezimisweni ezicindezelayo.
  • Ithonya elandayo lezinhlangano zomuntu siqu nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe bezemfundo ekulolongeni lokho okufundiswayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, izimpikiswano ngenkolelo - mbono yohlanga egxekayo ezikoleni zase - United States ziqokomisa indlela igunya lemfundo eliphikiswa ngayo, namaqembu ahlukahlukene alwela ukulawula ukulandisa komlando nemininingwane yawo.

Izinhlangano Ezingokwenkolo

Igunya lenkolo belilokhu liyisisekelo somphakathi. Abaholi benkolo banikeza isiqondiso sokuziphatha, izinkonzo zomphakathi, nomuzwa wokuba khona. Nokho, igunya lenkolo lingase lisetshenziswe futhi ukuthethelela ukungalingani noma ukuvimbela ukungavumelani. Izici ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:

  • Izakhiwo ezingokwemfundiso yamaKatolika: Igunya lopapa leSonto lamaKatolika liphikisana nezibonelo zebandla ezinkolweni zamaProthestani.
  • Ukusebenzelana namandla ezombangazwe: Izinhlangano zenkolo ngokuvamile zilwela imithetho evumelana nezimfundiso zazo.
  • Izinhlangano eziyinhloko: Imfundiso yenkolo yenkululeko eLatin America yasebenzisa igunya elingokwenkolo ukuze isekele ubulungisa bezenhlalo.
  • Ukuthambekela kwenkolo: Emiphakathini eminingi yanamuhla, igunya lenkolo liye lancipha, kodwa lisenamandla ezindaweni ezithile.

Igunya lezokuxhumana nelolwazi

Kulelikhulu lama-21, izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba ziye zaba yizisekelo zokusetshenziswa kwamandla okwaziswa. Izindawo zezindaba ezivamile, iziteshi zezokuxhumana, nemithetho-mithetho yokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izindaba ezivelelayo. Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu inkulumo yentando yeningi. Izihloko eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemithombo yezindaba: Izinhlangano ezimbalwa zilawula inqwaba yezindaba nokuzijabulisa, zigxilise igunya ekulandiseni komphakathi.
  • Ukungaqondi kahle namagumbi okunanela: Ukwaziswa okungamanga kungasakazeka ngokushesha, kuqede ukwethembana emithonjeni engokomthetho.
  • Ukufuna ukunikeza amaphephandaza ezakhamuzi nemithombo ethile yezindaba: Igunya elishintshwayo livumela izimpande zotshani ukuba ziphikise ukulandisa okuvamile.

Abaholi Bomphakathi Nezenzo Zokuzenzela Izenzo

Amandla negunya akuzona nje izenzakalo eziphezulu. Abaholi bomphakathi nabashisekeli bavame ukuvela ezimpandeni zotshani ukuze baphikise izakhiwo ezimisiwe. Laba bantu bathola igunya ngokuqiniseka ngokokuziphatha, ngolwazi abaluphilayo, nangokusekela kontanga. Izindima zabo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubuthela ndawonye ngeqembu ukuze kushintshwe umbango, ukubhikisha nokukhohlisa.
  • Amazwi ahlukanisayo akhishwe ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezivamile zamandla.
  • Ukwakha ezinye izikhungo, njengezindawo zomphakathi, amabhizinisi abambisanayo, noma izinhlanganisela zokusizana.
  • Ukuxoxa neziphathimandla ukuze kutholakale izinguquko ezizokwenziwa noma ezinqubweni.

Izinhlangano ze-Contemporary njenge-Black Live Matter, ukuhlasela kwesimo sezulu sembulunga yonke okuholwa intsha, kanye nemikhankaso yamalungelo ezwe ezakhamuzi zibonisa indlela igunya elivundlile elingamelana ngayo namandla ezwe nawamabhizinisi. Lezi zinhlangano ngokuvamile zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yamandla anamandla (abaholi bemikhosi) namandla okwaziswa (izindaba zezenhlalo nezilandiso zamagciwane) ukuze zakhe ukufaneleka.

Ukuhlola Icala Lokubusa Negunya

Ukuhlola umlando wezehlakalo kunikeza ukuqonda okucacile ngemisebenzi echazwe ngenhla.

I - Civil Rights Movement (United States, 1950-1960)

I-Civil Rights Movement ilokhu ingenye yezibonelo ezihlolwa kakhulu zokungaphikisi ngobudlova egunyeni lezinhlangano. Ama-Afrika aseMelika kanye namanxusa awo abekela inselele isimiso sokuhlukaniswa okungokomthetho okusekelwe amandla ombuso. Izibalo eziyinhloko zahlanganisa:

  • uMartin King Jr. - - Wasekela ukungalaleli komphakathi okungenabudlova, edweba imfundiso yenkolo yobuKristu nefilosofi kaGandhian. Igunya lakhe elinamandla nelokuziphatha lashukumisa izigidi.
  • Rosa Parks - Ukwenqaba kwakhe ukushiya isihlalo sakhe ebhasini laseMontgomery kwabangela udokisi lwebhasi lwansuku ezingu- 381. Isenzo sakhe sokwedelela safanekisela amandla esibindi somuntu ngokumelene negunya lobuphini.
  • MPONEX - wamelela indlela yokuphikisa, egcizelela ukuzifaka ngokwayo namandla amnyama. Waqokomisa imingcele yokungaphazamisi ubudlova nesidingo sokuzinqumela kwezomnotho nezombangazwe.

Le nhlangano yafinyelela ukunqoba okuphawulekayo komthetho, kuhlanganise noMthetho Welungelo Kahulumeni ka - 1964 neSivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu sika - 1965. Nokho, yembula nokuqina okujulile kwezakhiwo zemibuso yezinhlanga kanye nokulwela ukulingana kwangempela.

Inhlangano Yabesifazane Yokuzibamba (ikhulu leminyaka le - 19 nele - 20)

Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka abesifazane bencishwa igunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe ngomthetho nangesiko. Inhlangano yokuzimela yabekela lokhu kwenqaba ngokuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo:

  • Abaholi abanjengo-[QUT:0] Nkosi B. u-Anthony kanye ne-Elizabeth Cady Stanton ehlelwe imihlangano, izicelo, namapheshana. U-Anthony waboshwa ngenxa yokuvota ngokungemthetho, esebenzisa icala ukusakaza imbangela.
  • Izinhlangano zazihlanganisa ukubhikisha okukhulu, ukugadla kwendlala (eBrithani), nokungalaleli komphakathi.
  • Lenhlangano yayihlangene nezinye izimbangela zobulungisa bezenhlalo, kuhlanganise nokuqedwa kwamalungelo ezisebenzi, kodwa futhi yabhekana nokuhlukana kwangaphakathi ngenxa yohlanga nesigaba.

ISichibiyelo Se - 19 SoMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States, esagunyazwa ngo - 1920, sagunyaza amalungelo okuvota abesifazane ngokusemthethweni.

IApartheid Movement (I-South Africa, 1948-19994)

Ubandlululo kwakuyisimiso sokuhlukaniswa kohlanga nokuphakama kobumhlophe okulondolozwe ngamandla kahulumeni ombuso. Inhlangano emelene ne-apartheid imelela umzabalazo wembulunga yonke negunya elingavunyelwe. Izisekelo eziyisihluthulelo:

  • uNelson Mandela - ekuqaleni wasekela ukumelana okungenabudlova, kodwa ngemva kokubulalana kweWrocheville, wahlanganisa iphiko elihlomile le-African National Congress. Ukuboshwa kwakhe kwamenza waba uphawu lokumelana nempi, futhi kamuva ukukhululwa kwakhe nobumongameli kwabonisa amandla egunya elisekelwe ekubuyisaneni.
  • Ubunye Bomhlaba Wonke: Abathathi - gazi, ukuhlukana, nezijeziso zacindezela umbuso wobandlululo, okubonisa indlela umphakathi wembulunga yonke ongabekela ngayo inselele igunya lesizwe.
  • I - Truth and Reconciliation Commission: I - Post - aparateid South Africa yazama ukusingatha ukuxhashazwa kwesikhathi esidlule ngokulungisa ubulungisa kunokuba iphindisele, inikeza esinye isibonelo sokushintsha igunya.

Isiphetho: Ukuqonda Imishini Enamandla

Amandla negunya akuyona imiqondo engaqondakali egcinwe ezincwadini zezincwadi, kodwa zikhona ezithinta zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi. Ngokuhlaziya izinhlobo zamandla, izakhiwo zokubusa, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, kanye nezinhlangano zotshani, sithola ukuqonda okuhlukile ngokuthi ubani olawulayo nokuthi kungaphi ukulawula kungaphikiswa noma kushintshwe kanjani. Kubafundi nabafundisi, lolulwazi luyithuluzi eligxekayo. Kusikhuthaza ukuba sibuze: Ubani ozuzayo ekuhlakanipheni kwamanje kwamandla? Obani owehlaziywayo? Singahlanganyela kanjani ekulungiseni imiphakathi elungile nengalinganiswe nangalingani?

Ukuhlolwa kwamandla negunya ekugcineni kuyisicelo sokuba isakhamuzi esikhuthele. Kusikhumbuza ukuthi igunya, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhulumeni, esikoleni, noma emkhayeni, aliyona engokwemvelo noma engenakugwenywa, ngakho livulekele ukuchazwa kabusha. Ngokuqonda lamandla, sizinika amandla thina nabanye ukuba sinikele ngokunenjongo emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuphila kwentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola inkolelo-lwazi kaMax Weber yegunya (etholakala nge- Encyclopedia of Philosophy ), umbhalo we U.S.Constitution[ kanye nokulungisa kwayo, kanye nokucubungula okungokomlando kwezinhlangano zezenhlalo ze- Umzila we-LT[. Lemithombo inikeza umongo ojulile wezibonelo ezixoxiweyo lapha.