Table of Contents

Isimiso sokwahlulela singenye yezinsika ezibaluleke kakhulu zesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi sanamuhla, sisebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina wezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nokulondoloza ubulungisa. Nsuku zonke, izinkantolo kulo lonke izwe zixazulula izinkulungwane zamacala asukela ekuphukeni okuncane kwezimoto kuya emibuzweni eyinkimbinkimbi elawula umphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezenza ngayo izinqumo zibaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso somthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi osemthethweni, uchwepheshe wezomthetho, umnikazi, noma isakhamuzi esithembisiwe. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi abahluleli nabahluleli nabagcini bemali abafika ngayo ezinqumweni zabo, izici ezithinta ngayo lezo zinqumo, nezicimo ezibanzi zobulungisa nomphakathi.

Isisekelo Segunya Lokwahlulela

Lapho i-United States isungulwa, abakhi bezakhiwo bafaka amandla okwahlulela eSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., bemisa iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi benikeza uMkhandlu amandla okusungula izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Bakha ijaji elizimele, igatsha likahulumeni elivikelekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe emthethweni, azithandwa.

Isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika sinohlu lozalo oluqondile nolunamandla. Izimpande zaso zijula ngaphakathi emthethweni wesiNgisi, isimiso esakheka emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka lapho abahluleli bengasebenzisi khona nje isimiso esibhaliwe; badala umthetho ngezinqumo zabo ezibhaliwe ezicacisiwe. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi i-ssus decisis (i-"si-Latin sisho ukuthi ukuma ngokwezimo ezinqunyiwe"), sasho ukuthi isinqumo kwesinye isimo saba isibonelo esibophayo sesikhathi esizayo, izenzakalo ezifanayo. Lokhu kwakha kokubili ukubikezela nokuzinza kwesimiso somthetho.

Izinkantolo zamandla ezisebenzisayo zinamandla. Amandla enkantolo okunquma angaphumela ekukunikeni umyalo wokuba ukhokhe imali, ulahlekelwe impahla, uboshwe, noma uzuze ilungelo lokuhlala nengane, iyenze ibe ngenye yemisebenzi enamandla kakhulu kahulumeni. Leligunya elikhulu lenza inqubo yokwenza izinqumo ibaluleke kakhulu.

Indima Nendima Yezinkantolo Enabantu

Izinkantolo zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile phakathi kwesimiso somthetho. Ezimfashinini zazo, izinkantolo zikhona ukuze zichaze futhi zisebenzise umthetho ukuze zixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lempi ihilela amacala obugebengu, ukubekwa kwecala komphakathi, ukuphikisana kwezivumelwano, noma imibuzo engokomthetho, izinkantolo zinikeza impikiswano engathathi hlangothi lapho izingxabano zingaxazululwa khona ngokwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe kunokuba zixazululwe ngamandla noma ngamandla angenazimiso.

Kuleli zwe eliyinkimbinkimbi neliyinkimbinkimbi lomthetho, isisekelo sokwenza izinqumo sokwahlulela siyisisekelo sobulungisa nobuqotho obungokomthetho. Le nqubo ebalulekile isekela ukusebenza kwezinkantolo kanye nesimiso somthetho esibanzi, ihlanganisa izimiso lapho imiphakathi elinganayo yakhiwe khona. Nsuku zonke, abahluleli emhlabeni wonke bagxila ekujuleni kwezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, bebheka amaqiniso ahlukahlukene, imithetho, nokucabangela okungokokuziphatha ukuze banikeze izinqumo ezingaxazululi nje kuphela izingxabano kodwa futhi zilolonge nesisekelo sezemithetho engokomthetho.

Uma ijaji linquma ukuthi uma ummangalelwa ephuma ejele elindiwe icala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubufakazi bungakholeki noma abunabo, nokuthi angayala kanjani abahluleli ngomthetho. Abahluleli banquma ukuthi umuntu kufanele agwetshwe ejele noma ejele, noma abekwe ekuhlohlwani, futhi isikhathi eside kangakanani. Ezicabeni zomphakathi, abahluleli bachaza amalungelo ethu, amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yethu ebhizinisini lethu nokuphila kwethu siqu. Lezi zinqumo zithinta abantu bangempela ngezindlela ezijulile, zenza izinga nemfanelo yokwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela kube yizeyona ephambili.

Lenqubo iqondiswa ngokuqinile isimiso sokuzimela ekwahluleleni, isisekelo esiyisisekelo esiqinisekisa izinqumo zenziwa zakhululeka ekucindezeleni kwangaphandle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwezombangazwe, kwezenhlalo, noma komuntu siqu. Igcizelela ubungcwele benqubo engokomthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isekelwe kuphela emthethweni naseqinisweni elikhona, ingenazo ubandlululo noma iphoqelelwe.

Inqubo Yokwahlulela: Kusukela Ekwenzeni Amaphutha Kuya Esinqumweni Sokugcina

Ukuquliswa Kwecala Nokulahlwa Kwamacala

Inqubo yokwahlulela iqala lapho icala liqulwa enkantolo efanele. Ngaphambi kokuba noma iliphi inkantolo lizwe icala, kumelwe libe negunya elingokomthetho lokuzwa nokunquma lelocala. Icala liyigunya elingokomthetho lenkantolo ukuzwa icala futhi lenze isinqumo esingokomthetho. Izinkantolo zilinganiselwe yizo zombili izintambo (izinhlobo zamacala ezingawalalela) kanye negunya lomuntu siqu (igunya phezu kwamaqembu ahilelekile).

Izinkantolo, kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme, azinakwenza isinqumo ngaphandle kokuba zinamacala phambi kwazo, futhi ngisho nasecaleni, kumelwe zinqume ngamaqiniso alo. Nakuba indima yenkantolo ichaza, abahluleli namajaji isalawulwa amaqiniso alelicala, uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho ehlobene, nesibonelo senkantolo ngokwayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo azimane nje zenze umthetho owenziwe ngaphandle kodwa ziphendule ezimpikiswaneni zangempela.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi Nezimpikiswano

Uma icala selilungile phambi kwenkantolo, bobabili baba nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi babo nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Esimweni sokuqulwa kwecala, lokhu kuhlanganisa ubufakazi bobufakazi, ubufakazi obubhaliwe, imibono ehlakaniphile, nemifanekiso engokoqobo. Uma umenzi wesinqumo engumahluleli, cishe njalo kuba nezinguqulo ezimbili zamaqiniso. Umsebenzi wabameli ukuhlela amaqiniso ngendlela evumelana nomphumela ongokomthetho abafisa ukuwufinyelela.

Ubufakazi, njengoba buhlelwa abameli nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho abazenzayo, bakha izinto eziyisisekelo zesinqumo somahluleli, nakuba abahluleli bengase futhi bathole ulwazi lwabo siqu lwesizinda nokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nezincazelo zabo siqu zobufakazi nokuqonda kwabo siqu umthetho. Lokhu kuqokomisa indima esebenzayo efezwayo ekuhloleni nasekuhloleni ubufakazi kunokuba bathathe ukwaziswa ngokunganaki.

Abahluleli abaphansi kudingeka baziqonde ngokuqinile izimiso ezingokomthetho ezihlobene nazo, futhi kudingeka bahlole ukwethenjwa kofakazi abavela phambi kwabo.

Ukuhlaziya Okungokomthetho Nokusebenzisa

Ukuthatha kwamajaji izinqumo kumele kunqume ukuthi yimaphi amaqiniso nokusetshenziswa okufanele komthetho kula maqiniso. Le nqubo yamanqamu amabili-ne-fct-wathola ilandelwa uhlelo olungokomthetho olusebenzayo. /Iguqula umnyombo wokwenza izahlulelo.

Abahluleli baqala ngokubukeza imithetho ehlobene, imithetho, imithetho, nezimiso zomthetho (izinqumo zenkantolo zangaphambili) ezihlobene necala elikhona. Uhlelo olungokomthetho lunikeza isisekelo sokwenza kwabo izinqumo. Lokhu kucwaninga nokuhlaziya kungaba kukhulu, ikakhulukazi emacaleni ayinkimbinkimbi ahilela imibuzo emisha engokomthetho noma iziphathimandla eziphikisanayo.

Abameli bahlanganyela ezindleleni ezinhlanu zokucabanga okungokomthetho. Abaphathi bemithetho basekela izimpikiswano zabo emithethweni, ezimisweni, ezimisweni, ezimisweni, namasiko. Abahluleli kumelwe bahlole lezi zimpikiswano ezihlukahlukene futhi bathole ukuthi yiziphi ezithonya kakhulu nezisebenzayo ecaleni.

Ukuzimisela Nesinqumo

Ukuze akhiphe ukuhleleka kokudideka kwamaqiniso nemibono ephikiswayo yomthetho, umahluleli oqulwayo unquma izimpikiswano ngokucabangela noma uchungechunge lwemibono eqanjiwe ekhulayo. Lemibono eqinisekile isekelwe kulokho abahluleli abacabanga ukuthi ubufakazi buyoba yikho noma buye bakubonisa, indlela umthetho ongase usebenze ngayo kulezozici eziyiqiniso, nokuthi umphumela unengqondo yini. Lenqubo yokuhlola ivumela abahluleli ukuba bahlole izincazelo ezihlukene ngaphambi kokuba bafike esinqumweni sokugcina.

Ezinkantolo lapho amacala ezwakala khona amajaji, ukucubungula kuba umzamo obambisanayo. Abahluleli baxoxa ngecala, babekelana inselele imibono nezincazelo zabo bezama ukufinyelela ukuvumelana. Le nqubo yesivumelwano ingaqinisa izinqumo ngokudalula ubuthakathaka ekucabangeni nasekuqinisekiseni imibono eminingi.

INkantolo ilandela inqubo ehlelwe kahle yokukhomba amacala, iqala ngezimpikiswano zomlomo ezivela kubameli futhi iphethe engqungqutheleni lapho amajaji evota khona futhi anikeze imibono. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokucophelela enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo.

Imibono Elotshiwe Nokucabanga

Abahluleli kufanele bachaze obala ukuthi benzani nokuthi kungani. Ukunikeza i-ace ibaluleke ngempela. Lemfuneko yencazelo yomphakathi ihlukanisa ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela kwezinye izinhlobo zokwenza izinqumo futhi ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile.

Ngemva kokufinyelela isinqumo, amajaji abhala imibono echaza ukuma okungokomthetho okuthathelwe isinqumo. Lemibono ebhaliwe ifeza izinjongo eziningana: bachaza isinqumo kumacala asemaqenjini, banikeza isiqondiso emacaleni esikhathi esizayo, bavumele ukubukeza, futhi balondoloze ukulandisa komphakathi nokubonakala enqubweni yokwahlulela.

Ukuhlelwa kwesinqumo mhlawumbe kuyingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yenqubo yokwahlulela. Ukwenza isinqumo esingesona esizwakalayo ngokomthetho kuphela kodwa esicacile futhi esiqondakalayo kuwumsebenzi onzima. Izinqumo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa incazelo yokubusa, ukunikeza ukuveza nokuqonda emabuthweni ahilelekile nakuwo umphakathi. Isahlulelo esilotshiwe sisebenza njengomlando wenqubo yokwenza izinqumo, sifaka isandla endikimbeni yesibonelo esingokomthetho sezomthetho secala lesikhathi esizayo.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezigunyaza Izinqumo Zokwahlulela

Umthetho Omisiwe Namalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Isici esiyinhloko ekwenzeni izinqumo zokwahlulela umthetho ngokwawo osebenzayo. Abahluleli kumelwe bachaze futhi basebenzise imithetho emiswe izishaya-mthetho, izinhlelo zomthetho-mthetho, imithetho yokuqondisa, neminye imithombo yomthetho. Uma umthetho ungacacile noma ungaqondakali, abahluleli kumelwe bachaze incazelo yawo. Bahlaziya inhloso yemithetho, umongo, nenjongo yomthetho ukuze banqume ukusebenza kwayo.

Ekucabangeni okungokomthetho okungagunyaziwe, umenzi wesinqumo uqala ngamaqiniso aqondile, ubheka umthetho osebenza kulawomaqiniso, futhi afinyelele isinqumo. Uma i-Liquor Store kaJoe ithengisela ubhiya uRichard oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, futhi kunomthetho owenqabela ukuthengiswa kotshwala kunoma ubani ongaphansi kweminyaka engu-21 ubudala, khona - ke i-Liquor Store inecala. Imicabango ngokuyisisekelo iwukuchaza ngokunembile. Ezimweni eziqondile, lokhu kusetshenziswa okunengqondo komthetho ekudayiseleni amaqiniso kuveza imiphumela ecacile.

Iqhinga Elingokomthetho Nesimangaliso Sikhohlisa

Umthetho ovamile usekelwe ngokujulile esimisweni sokubuka ("ukuma ngokwezinqumo"), lapho izinkantolo zilandela khona izimpawu ezamiswa ngezinqumo zangaphambili. Lemfundiso ibalulekile endleleni izinkantolo ezenza ngayo izinqumo ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile.

Abahluleli bavame ukulandela isimiso sokubuka, okusho ukuthi banamathela ezinqumweni zomthetho zangaphambili (izenzakalo) lapho benquma amacala afanayo. Umlando usiza ukulondoloza ukungaguquguquki nokuqondana kwesimiso somthetho. Lokhu kuvumela abantu namabhizinisi ukuba bahlele izindaba zabo ngokuqiniseka ukuthi umthetho uzosetshenziswa kanjani.

Uma icala elifanayo selixazululiwe, izinkantolo zivumelana kakhulu nokucabanga kwazo nesibonelo esibekwe kuleso sinqumo. Nokho, "ezinhlolweni zokuqala" ngaphandle kwesibonelo noma isiqondiso esicacile sokulawula imithetho, amajaji anikwa amandla okuxazulula lendaba futhi amise isiqalo esisha. Lokhu kuvumelana nomthetho kuvumela ukuguqula futhi kuvumelane nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuzinza konke.

Ukufunda amacala, ukuhlaziya amaqiniso nomthetho, nokuhlola indlela icala elingaphambi kokuba lisisize ngayo ekunqumeni ukuthi impikiswano iyingxenye eyinhloko yendlela ijaji elenza ngayo isinqumo.

Amaqiniso Nobufakazi

Nakuba izimiso zomthetho zinikeza uhlaka, amaqiniso aqondile ecala ngalinye anquma ukuthi lezozimiso zisebenza kanjani. Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlolisise ubufakazi obunikezwayo ukuze zinqume ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela ngaphambi kokuba kusetshenziswe umthetho kulawo maqiniso. Lo msebenzi wokuthola iqiniso ubaluleke kakhulu enkantolo equlweni.

Abahluleli bahlola izici eziningana zobufakazi obuhlanganisa nokubaluleka kwabo (ukuthi buhlobene yini nezindaba ezisendabeni), ukuthembeka kwabo (ukuthi bathembekile), nobunzima babo (ukuthi bathonya kanjani). Ukuthembeka kofakazi kufeza indima ebalulekile, njengoba abahluleli kumelwe bahlole ukuthi ubufakazi buyiqiniso, bunembile futhi buphelele yini.

Ukucabanga Okungokomthetho Nokuchaza

Abahluleli bahlanganyela ekuhlaziyweni kwemithetho, okuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa imithetho ehlobene nendaba nezibonelo emaqinisweni. Bahlola ukuthi amacala angaphambili angowenkululeko noma ahlukanisa kanjani nendaba yamanje. Lokhu kucabanga okungokwezimo kuyisici esibonisa ukwenza izinqumo ezivamile.

Ukucabanga okusekelwe kumthetho kuncike ekusebenziseni izimpikiswano ezisekelwe ekucabangeni okusemthethweni. Nokho, ukubheka okungokomthetho kudlulela ngalé kokungalingani okunengqondo okuhlanganisa ukucatshangelwa kwezimiso, izimiso zokulunga, nemiphumela esebenzayo.

Kwezinye izimo, abahluleli kungase kudingeke balinganisele izimiso zomthetho ezincintisanayo, amalungelo, noma izithakazelo. bacabangela imiphumela yesinqumo sabo esimisweni somthetho esibanzi nomphakathi. Lokhu kulinganisela kudinga ukuba abahluleli balinganise izindinganiso ezihlukile futhi banqume ukuthi yiziphi okufanele zibe khona emongweni othile.

Ukuhlakanipha Kokwahlulela

Ngokwesibonelo, bangase banqume ngokuhlakanipha lapho begweba noma benquma amakhambi afanele.

Inkolelo eyisisekelo yokucabanga okungokomthetho okuvamile ukuthi ukwahlulela kulinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi izinqumo zabahluleli zicindezelwa yizikhulu ezikhethiwe ezithatha isigwebo kanye nezinhloso zomthetho - sisekelo. Nakuba abahluleli benemibono ethile eqondile, zisebenza phakathi kwemingcele emiswe umthetho nesibonelo.

Izifanekiso Ezingokwesayensi Zokwenza Isinqumo Sokwahlulela

Ukuqonda lezi zici kusenza siqonde izici ezihlukahlukene ezingase zithonye imiphumela yokwahlulela.

Isibonelo Esingokomthetho

Isibonelo esingokomthetho sithi amajaji anquma amacala ngokwesibonelo, incazelo ecacile yomthetho okukhulunywa ngawo, inhloso yabahleli boMthetho-sisekelo, noma amagama angokoqobo oMthetho-sisekelo. Ngamanye amazwi, isibonelo esingokomthetho sicabanga ukuthi amajaji aziphatha ngendlela esemthethweni, anqume amacala ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ezinenjongo zokubukeza.

Inkolelo-mbono kaFormalist igomela ngokuthi uma nje amaqiniso esenqunyiwe, umahluleli uyothola umthetho ofanele abese enza isinqumo esilungile. Izazi zisho ukuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela ziyimikhiqizo yezici ezimbili ezimisiwe: amaqiniso nomthetho. Lombono ovamile ugcizelela ukusebenza okuzenzekelayo kwemithetho engokomthetho emaqinisweni amisiwe.

Isibonelo Sezinzwa

Isibonelo esiyisigungu siphatha abahluleli njengabaenzi besinqumo esingabantu abanethemba lokumisa imithetho yabo abayithandayo. Labo abanamathela emfundisweni yokuzicabangela basikisela ukuthi abahluleli banquma amacala ngokwesimo sabo sengqondo; abahluleli abakhululekile bavota ngokukhetha ngenkululeko nangokulandela imithetho engaguquki.

Abasekeli be-Attitudial bahlanganisa uJeffrey A. Segal no-Albert Cover abasungula i-Segal-Cover, isilinganiso sezimfanelo ezicatshangelwayo kanye nemibono yamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. USegal noFiva wahlaziya amavoti amacala enkululeko yomphakathi, futhi wathola ukuthi ukuvumelana phakathi kwamacala abo namavoti kwakungu-0.80. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni kwakuyisimo sobulungisa nomqondo owe-suthi u-Segal, kunokuba kube yimibono yabo engokomthetho, okwakuyi-gallery ewuphawu olunamandla kakhulu lokuvota kwabo.

Isibonelo Esifanelekayo

Kunezinhlebo ezintathu eziyinhloko zesinqumo sokwahlulela ezenziwa: isibonelo somthetho, isigebengu, nesibonelo se-qualitial. Isibonelo siqaphela ukuthi amajaji awasebenzi ngokuzehlukanisa kodwa kumelwe acabangele izenzo kanye nokusabela kwabanye abadlali abahleli.

Ubufakazi bendlela ehlelekile buye batholakala ngokuhlola inani lezinhlelo zombono eziningi ezasakazwa ngaphambi kokuba umshini ugunyazwe. Ngokwesilinganiso, umlobi wombono omkhulu wasakaza amafomu ahlukene ayizi-2,8. Abalobi bathola ukuthi ababhali bemibono kulindeleke ukuba babhale amafomu engeziwe angaphezulu lapho bebhala ngemvume ephumelele kancane, kunokuba babhalele ibhentshi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuba abahluleli bangene emkhankasweni futhi bahlehle ukuze bakhe imifelandawonye.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nobuntu Nokuphila Kwangempela

Abakholelwa ekutheni izinto zikhona ngempela baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo zithonywe izici ezingokomthetho lapho zenza izahlulelo kuyilapho abashisekeli bemithetho bephikisa ngokuthi amaqiniso, imithetho, nemithetho engokomthetho kuphela.

Ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela, nakuba kuhlelwe ngezimiso zomthetho nobufakazi, nakho kuthonywe ngobuhlakani yisimo sahluleli ngokwabo. Ubandlululo lwesijeziso, izinkolelo zomuntu siqu, ngisho nokuhlangenwe nakho komahluleli kungathinta ukuchaza kwabo umthetho nobufakazi ngokungaqondi. Ukuqaphela nokulungisa lokhu kucwasa akuyona nje inselele, hhayi nje umahluleli kodwa sonke isimiso somthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zilungile futhi azinamibandela.

Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela Nezindlela Zokunikeza Incazelo

Ngaphandle kwezibonelo ezicatshangelwayo, abahluleli ngabanye ngokuvamile basekela amafilosofi athile okwahlulela aqondisa indlela yabo yokuchaza umthetho nokunquma amacala.

Ukusungula Nokubhala Umbhalo Olotshiwe

Abasekeli bobu-Extraryism/Textalism baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele anqume amacala asekelwe encazelweni yokuqala yomphakathi yoMthetho-sisekelo noma umbhalo ocacile womthetho. Bakholelwa ukuthi indima yamajaji iwukusebenzisa umthetho njengoba ubhalwe, hhayi ukuwenza uvuselele ukuze ubonise izindinganiso zanamuhla. Lefilosofi igcizelela ukwethembeka embhalweni nasekuqondeni komlando ngamalungiselelo omthetho.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

I-Living Constitutionism/Pragmaticism isekela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi "ephilayo" nokuthi amajaji kufanele ayichaze ngokucabangela umphakathi wamanje nezindinganiso zawo eziguquguqukayo. Bakholelwa ukuthi umthetho kufanele ululame ngokwaneleyo ukuxazulula izinkinga zanamuhla abakhi bomthetho-mthetho ababengeke bazicabange. Lokhu kuvumela ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho ukuba ushintshele ezimweni ezishintshayo zezenhlalo.

Ukuthatha Icala Kokwahlulela Kuqhathaniswa Nemingcele Yokwahlulela

Umahluleli noma ukwahlulela okubheka indima entweni eboniswa umshisekeli wempi cishe uyosebenzisa amandla akhe okwahlulela ukuze andise inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ubulungisa, nokulingana. Izenzo zokwahlulela zihilela umbono omkhulu kakhulu wamandla okwahlulela nokuzimisela ukushaya imithetho noma ukwandisa amalungelo.

Abanye bakholelwa ekuvimbeleni kokwahlulela, okuholela ekubekeni izinqumo ezithatha isikhathi (futhi ngaleyondlela ukwenza izimiso) emagatsheni kahulumeni akhethiwe futhi bagxile ekuchazeni okuncane kakhulu kweSipho Samalungelo Abantu. Lezizigebengu azinakushaya mkhuba izenzo noma imithetho njengokungavumelani nemithetho futhi azinakwenzeka ukuba zigxile ekwandeni kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu.

Indima Yamajukuthu Ekwenzeni Isinqumo

Ezimweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi amacala obugebengu kanye namacala athile asemthethweni, amajaji kunokuba abe amajaji asebenza njengabenzi besinqumo abayinhloko ngezindaba eziyiqiniso. Iqembu labahluleli liyiqembu lezakhamuzi elifungela ukuzwa ubufakazi ecaleni futhi likhiphe isinqumo. Isimiso sabahluleli simelela isici esiyisisekelo sentando yeningi enqubeni yokwahlulela, sivumele izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuqondile ekuqondiseni ubulungisa.

Njengoba amajaji namajaji engakhethi, ngezinye izikhathi sibheka izinkantolo ezisusiwe emphakathini; nokho, lokhu akulona icala ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi kunezikhathi lapho izakhamuzi ezivamile zingase zihileleke khona ngokwazo ezinkantolo njengengxenye yenqubo yazo yokwenza izinqumo enqubeni yezwe noma amazinga kahulumeni. Ngezinga elithile, uma ungabizwanga kakade, ungathola izimemo zekomiti enkantolo engokomthetho esendaweni yakho. Ungacelwa ukuba ukhonze emsebenzini wenkantolo yejaji, njenge-U.S. umsebenzi wenkantolo yesifunda noma isibopho esikhulu sombuso, kodwa inkonzo yezezingasese, esimisweni senkantolo, ivame kakhulu. Nakuba ukusabela kwakho kokuqala kungase kuqale ukuhlelwa ukuba uhlele indlela yokuphuma kuyo, ukuhlanganyela ekuhlanganyele ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sokwahlulela, kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yesimiso sokwahlulela, ngenxa yelungelo elisenkantolo enkantolo ehlelwe ngezikhathi ezithile.

Ngokungafani namajaji, amajaji ngokuvamile awanikezi izincazelo ezibhaliwe zesinqumo sawo, nakuba kumelwe afinyelele isivumelwano esivumelanayo emacaleni obugebengu ezikhundleni eziningi. Indima yamajaji ilinganiselwe ekutholeni amaqiniso nasekusebenziseni umthetho njengoba unikezwe ijaji; awachazeli noma asungule umthetho.

Izinhlobo Zezinqumo Zenkantolo Nezixazululo

Izinkantolo zikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinqumo ezixhomeke ohlotsheni lwecala nosizo olufunwa yilabo abahilelekile.

Kuvela Amacala Ezelelesi

Emacaleni obugebengu, isinqumo esiyinhloko siwukuthi ummangalelwa unecala noma cha icala. Lokhu kuzimisela kumelwe kwenziwe ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho. Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala, inkantolo inquma isigwebo esifanele, esingase sihlanganise:

  • Ukuthunjwa ejele
  • Ukuhlanganisa nezimo
  • Imali emihle Nenzuzo Ezisulwini
  • Inkonzo yomphakathi
  • Izinhlelo zokwelapha ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa noma izinkinga zempilo yengqondo
  • Ukuhlanganiswa Kwalezi Zijeziso

Umphumela Wamacala Asembusweni

Ezinkantolo zomphakathi, inquma ukuthi unecala elingokomthetho yini, noma ummangalelwa unecala lokulimaza ummangalelwa. Indinganiso yobufakazi iphansi kunasemacaleni obugebengu, ngokuvamile idinga ubufakazi obuqanjiwe bobufakazi (cishe kakhulu). Uma icala selimisiwe, izinkantolo zinquma amakhambi afanele, angase ahlanganise:

  • Imali ekhokhelwayo: impontshelwe ukukhokhela ukulahlekelwa kwangempela noma ukulimala
  • Imali eyongeziwe inikezwa ukujezisa ukuziphatha okuxekethile nokuvimbela ububi besikhathi esizayo
  • I-Injctions:[ Inkantolo ikhipha iziyalo ezifuna umbambi ngxenye ukuba enze okuthile noma ugweme ukwenza okuthile
  • [ Izahlulelo zecala:[ izinqumo zeNkantolo zamalungelo nezibopho zamaqembu
  • Imithetho edinga ingxenye ukuze kufezwe izibopho ezihlangene
  • Amakhambi angenakuphikwa: Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zosizo ezisekelwe ezimisweni ezilungile

Izinqumo Zokungenela

Isinqumo senkantolo yisinqumo sephuzu elithile elingokomthetho noma ukuthatha isinyathelo, ngokuvamile esenziwa phakathi necala. Izinkantolo zenza izinqumo eziningi kuyo yonke inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ngaphambi kokufinyelela isahlulelo sokugcina, kuhlanganise nemithetho yokuthatha isinyathelo sokulahla, ukuthatha isinyathelo ngenxa yokwahlulela ngokufushanisa, ukuphikisa okusobala, nezindaba ezingokwembuyiselo.

Inqubo Yokubukeza Okuhlolwayo

Isinqumo sokwahlulela asisona isiphetho somgwaqo uma ungavumelani; inqubo yokunxusa ikhona ngokukhethekile ukubukeza izinqumo zamaphutha angokomthetho, kodwa kuyindlela enzima nezwelayo isikhathi. Isimiso sokuhlola sinikeza i-exameter yendlela ebalulekile ezinqumweni zenkantolo futhi sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukungaguquguquki ekuchazeni umthetho.

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo zibukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha angokomthetho kodwa ngokuvamile aziphinde zihlole okutholiwe ngaphandle kokuba zinephutha. Inkantolo yokudlulisa icala ingasiqinisekisa isinqumo senkantolo ephansi, siguqule, sililungise, noma siphindele emuva enkantolo equlweni lenkantolo ukuze kuqhutshwe izinqumo ezivumelana nesinqumo senkantolo.

Ezingeni lenkantolo elibukeziwe, ngokuvamile amajaji anonobhala abalungiselela imisebenzi/izikhombo ezibonisa izimpikiswano eziyinhloko nezimiso zomthetho. Lokhu kusekela kusiza amajaji ukuba abukeze izindaba zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokunempumelelo kanye nemibhalo eminingi egciniwe yokuqulwa kwecala.

Izinselele Nezimemezelo Ekwakheni Isinqumo Sokwahlulela

Ukucindezela Kwesikhathi Nokulinganiselwa Kwemicebo

Amajaji asenkantolo avame ukwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokucabanga, futhi ngaphandle komthetho olandelwa yinoma ubani. Umahluleli elwa nokuqulwa kwecala, akavamile ukuzinika isikhathi sokufuna isiqondiso ezincwadini zomthetho, emacaleni, noma emithethweni yobufakazi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abahluleli kumelwe bathembele olwazini lwabo nasekwahluleleni ukuze benze izinqumo ezisheshayo.

Lapho abahluleli belwela ukunemba, ngezinye izikhathi izidingo eziwusizo zokuphatha ibhodi elimatasa zidinga izinqumo ezisekelwe ezimisweni ezivamile ezingokomthetho kunokuba zicwaninge ngokucophelela.

Ukukhohlakala Nemibuzo Engokomthetho

Ngezinye izikhathi amacala awanqunywa, noma amane nje angacabangi ngalesi simo esingokoqobo phambi kwenkantolo ukuze athole isinqumo.

Icala elilula yilelo lapho izingqondo ezinengqondo zingeke ziphikisane khona, lapho umshini womthetho ukhafulela khona impendulo yokuthi noma ubani onezinto ezifanele angafinyelela khona. Icala elinzima yilelo lapho kungelona iqiniso. Icala elinzima lidinga amajaji ukuba enze ukukhetha okunzima phakathi kwezincazelo eziphikisanayo nezindinganiso.

Ukucindezela Kwangaphandle Nethonya

Umbono womphakathi ungesinye isici sokuthi nakuba kufanele ukuba ungathonye izinqumo zokwahlulela, ungaqala enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo. Emacaleni aphakeme, isisindo somzwelo womphakathi sisobala ngaphakathi ezindongeni zenkantolo. Abahluleli, nakuba bezama ukuhlala bengakhethi, abahlukani nezwe; bayaqaphela ukuthi iziphi izimo ezihlobene nezomphakathi ezihlobene namacala abawengamele.

Ezinye iziphazamiso zivimbela ukwenza kwabo izinqumo, kuhlanganise nomthetho, uMthetho - sisekelo, isiqalo noma ukubuka, kanye nokukhetha kukamongameli noKhalanisi.

Ukusebenzisa Izenzo Zokwahlulela Nokuphoqelelwa

Isehlo esibaluleke kakhulu eNkantolo Ephakeme ukugunyazwa kwezikhulu nomthetho ngokusetshenziswa nokugcinwa kwemithetho yayo. Lenqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukumiswa kokwahlulela. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinkantolo zinendima enkulu ekumisweni kwezimiso, azinandlela yokwenza izinqumo zazo zibe ngokoqobo.

Lapho iNkantolo ePhakeme ka-1832 inquma ukuthi uZwe laseGeorgia lathatha amazwe oMdabu angewona asemthethweni, uMongameli uAndrew Jackson kubikwa ukuthi wathi, "uJohn Marshall wenze isinqumo sakhe, manje masiyenze siphoqelelwe," futhi isinqumo seNkantolo sashaywa indiva. Lesi sibonelo esingokomlando sibonisa ukuthembela kwezinkantolo kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinqumo zabo.

Izinkantolo zithembele egatsheni eliphethe ukuba liqikelele iziyalezo zazo nasegatsheni lemithetho ukuze linikeze imithombo edingekile futhi, uma kufaneleka, limise umthetho ovumelana nezincazelo zokwahlulela. Lokhu kuncintisana kwamagatsha kahulumeni kubonisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuyisisekelo somklamo womthetho-mthetho waseMelika.

Ukubaluleka Kokubona Ingaphandle Nokulandisa

Ukubonana ngokomthetho ekwenzeni izinqumo kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Kuvumela abahilelekile ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani bephumelele noma belahlekile, kuvumela ukubukeza, kunikeza isiqondiso emacaleni azayo, futhi kugcine ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni sokwahlulela. Imibono elotshiwe yenza umbhalo womphakathi ongahlolisiswa izazi ezingokomthetho, imithombo yezindaba, nezakhamuzi.

Izinqubo zokulandisa zabahluleli ziyahluka kuye ngesikhundla nesigaba senkantolo. Amajaji ahlangene ajabulela ukuphila ukuze abavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, kodwa angasuswa ngokuyenganiswa ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi kakhulu. Abahluleli benkantolo yoMbuso bangabhekana nokhetho olugciniwe, imikhankaso yokuvota, noma ukumiswa ngokubukeza ngezikhathi ezithile. Imithetho yomthetho nezimiso zokwahlulela zinikeza izindinganiso zokuziphatha kokwahlulela, kanye nezimiso zokujezisa ukubhekana nokuphulwa komthetho.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezenzakalo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ubuchwepheshe Nokwahlulela Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo

Ubuchwepheshe bulungele ukuguqula inqubo yokwenza izinqumo zomthetho. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza nomshini kwamathuluzi okufunda kuqala ukusiza amajaji ngokucwaninga okungokomthetho, ukuphatha izindaba, ngisho nokubikezela imiphumela. Nakuba le sayensi inikeza izinzuzo ezingase zikhona uma kuziwa ekuhleleni kahle nasekuvumelaneni, iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngendima yokwahlulela komuntu enqubweni yokwahlulela.

Isicelo esikhulu sokwahlulela i-Al siwukuthi kukhulisa ukufinyelela ekulungeni. Uma singenza kube lula ngabantu ukuba baye kuyi-intanethi futhi bathole isinqumo ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu, khona - ke kungcono ukuba banqobe inqubo. Emacaleni ayizigidi ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, abaningi babo bangashesha ukunqunywa uma nje indaba iqashelwa. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ekwenzeni izinqumo zokwahlulela kumelwe kulinganiswe ngokucophelela ngokumelene nesidingo sokwahlulela komuntu, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ezibucayi.

Ukuhlukahluka Nokumelela

Ukunaka okukhulayo kubhekiswa ekuhlukahlukaniseni ibhentshi nokuthi izizinda nokuhlangenwe nakho kwamajaji kuthinta ukwenza kwabo izinqumo. Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene ingacebisa ukucubungula kokwahlulela futhi ithuthukise ukwenza izinqumo, ikakhulukazi ezicatshangelweni ezihilela izimpikiswano ezithinta imiphakathi ethile ngokungenakuqhathaniswa.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Abantu abaningi namabhizinisi amancane abanakho ukukhokhela ukumelelwa okungokomthetho, ukwenza imingcele yokufinyelela isimiso sokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zizama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthuthukisa ukungenela, kuhlanganise nezinqubo ezenziwe lula zezinhlobo ezithile zamacala, imithombo yokuzisiza, kanye nezindlela zokuveza ezilinganiselwe. Lezi zici zijonge ukwenza isinqumo sokwahlulela sitholakale kubo bonke, hhayi labo abakwazi ukuthenga abameli.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Kwababezi Bomthetho Nabasemphakathini

Kubantu abanezinqumo, lolu lwazi lusiza ekulungiseleleni izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho eziphumelelayo, ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izici abahluleli abazozicabangela, nokubeka amathemba angokoqobo ngemiphumela.

Kubameli, ukuqonda ukumiswa kwesinqumo sokwahlulela kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukugunyaza. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ummeli olungile okumelwe ayenze ukusekelwa ngokomthetho esikhundleni sabo. Ukumelelwa okusemthethweni okuphumelelayo akudingi ulwazi lomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi ukuqonda indlela abahluleli abasingatha ngayo ukwenza izinqumo nokuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezingase zikhohlise.

Kumphakathi wonke, ukuzwa isinqumo sokwahlulela kuthuthukisa ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi futhi kusiza abantu ukuba baqonde kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwesimiso sokwahlulela. Kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole umsebenzi wokwahlulela, zihlanganyele ngokunengqondo ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokukhetha kokwahlulela nokuguqula, futhi ziqonde indlela izinqumo zenkantolo ezithinta ngayo amalungelo nezibopho zazo.

Ukungqubuzana Komthetho Nobulungisa

Ayikho indlela yokwahlulela icala, umahluleli kudingeka abe nemininingwane ephelele ngokwaneleyo ukuze acabangele wonke amaqiniso nomthetho ekufikeni esinqumweni esinezimiso. Lokhu kuphawula kuthatha iqiniso elibalulekile mayelana nokwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela: kudinga kokubili ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho nokwahlulela okubanzi ngokulunga nobulungisa.

Akusona isinqumo nje umahluleli okumelwe asenze — kuyisinqumo esilinganiselwe, esinengqondo esitshelwa umthetho. Indima yokwahlulela idinga ukulinganisela ukunamathela emithethweni engokomthetho kanye nokuphishekela imiphumela elungile, ukusebenzisa izimiso ezivamile emaqinisweni aqondile, nokusebenzisa ukuqonda phakathi kwemingcele efanelekile.

Imithetho yabo iwumphumela wokuhlaziya nokucabangisisa, ibonakalisa isibopho esijulile sokulunga nokulawula umthetho. Ngokungcono kakhulu, ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela kuhlanganisa ukuzimisela komphakathi ukuxazulula izingxabano ngesizathu nangomthetho kunokuphoqa noma amandla obuqili.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Okuqhubekayo Kwesinqumo Sokwahlulela

Inqubo izinkantolo ezenza ngayo izinqumo iyinkimbinkimbi, zinezici eziningi futhi zixazulula njalo. Ihilela ukusebenzisa imithetho engokomthetho nezandulela, ukuhlola amaqiniso nobufakazi, ukusebenzisa ukwahlulela okunengqondo, nokucabangela izimiso ezibanzi zobulungisa nokulunga. Nakuba izibonelo ezicatshangelwayo zisisiza ukuba siqonde amathonya ahlukene ezinqumweni zokwahlulela, iqiniso liwukuthi amajaji kumelwe ahlanganise izici eziningi ekufinyeleleni iziphetho zawo.

Isinqumo sokwahlulela yisinqumo esingokomthetho senkantolo esinquma indaba engokomthetho noma icala eliphelele ngokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho nesibonelo emaqinisweni aqinisekisiwe. Lencazelo ithatha umsuka walokho okwenziwa izinkantolo, kodwa inqubo yokufinyelela lesosinqumo esingokomthetho ihilela okungaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwemithetho okungokomthetho.

Ukuqonda ukwenza isinqumo sokwahlulela akukona nje ukuthatha inqubo engokomthetho; kungokokwazisa ukucabangela okuningi abahluleli abakucabangelayo ekufuneni kwabo ukukhipha ubulungisa. Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguqula futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, inqubo yokwahlulela iqhubeke ivumelana nokuzimisela kwawo okuyisisekelo ekubuseni umthetho.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda isimiso somthetho, ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo, noma nje ukuzivivinya ngokwendawo enolwazi, ulwazi ngendlela izinkantolo ezenza ngayo izinqumo lubaluleke kakhulu. Kwembula kokubili amandla esimiso esisekelwe ekucabangeni okunengqondo nezimiso ezimisiwe, nezinselele ezitholakala ekusebenziseni imithetho evamile ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zabantu. Ngokuqonda lenqubo, singayazisa kangcono indima ebalulekile efezwa izinkantolo ekulondolozeni umphakathi olungile noyaliwe.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngesimiso sokwahlulela nezinqubo zomthetho, ungahlola imithombo evela e- United States Courts, , iMelikan Bar Association, kanye [[FLT] ne-[FLT]Cornell’s Legin Information ye-Legial School [[[[FLLT:5]]]. Le mithombo enegunya inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo futhi yenza izinqumo esimisweni somthetho waseMelika.