Incazelo yemithetho iyinqubo izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo incazelo yomthetho owenziwa yiphalamende noma ingqungquthela. Lena ingenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu nevame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yejaji, ngoba imithetho iwumthombo oyinhloko womthetho wanamuhla. Ngaphandle kwendlela engaguquki nenezimiso zokuchaza, umthetho ungancitshiswa ngokunganqunyulwanga nangokungaphikwa. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izinkantolo ezichaza futhi zisebenzise ngayo imithetho, zihlanganisa indima enkulu yokuchaza izinhloso zemithetho, ithonya lefilosofi yomthetho, kanye nezinselele ezisebenzayo eziphakamayo.

Isisekelo Sencazelo Yemithetho

Ngaphakathi, incazelo yemithetho ifuna ukuphendula umbuzo owodwa: Yini eyayihloswe isishaya - mthetho lapho sikhipha lamazwi? Kodwa lowombuzo ulula ngokukhohlisayo. Imithetho ibhalwe ngolimi oluvamile, ngokuvamile ishiya izimemezelo ezidinga isinqumo sokwahlulela. Ngakho izinkantolo zithembela ohlelweni lwemithetho, iziphakamiso, kanye nasemaphepheni ukuze zifike ekuchazeni okuhluzekile.

Le nqubo iqala ngombhalo ngokwawo. Ngokungaphezulu kwezimiso eziningi zomthetho ezisesikweni somthetho esivamile − indawo yokuqala iyi-print command [ echaza umthetho [. Uma amazwi omthetho ecacile futhi ecacile, inkantolo kumelwe iwasebenzise njengalotshiwe, ngaphandle kokuphendukela kusizo lwangaphandle njengomlando wemithetho. Lomthetho uphathelene nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso: umsebenzi womthetho wokubhala imithetho, kanye nomsebenzi wejadiary ukuwagcina isemthethweni.

Nokho, amagama angacaci ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Indima Yokuzimisela Ukubusa

Inhloso yomthetho ingumqondo oyinhloko ekuchazeni imithetho. Ngokomlando, izinkantolo ziye zathi umsebenzi wazo uwukuveza ithonya “lenhloso yeqiniso” yesishaya - mthetho esimisayo. Nokho, namuhla, amajaji nezazi eziningi ziyangabaza ukuthi inhloso enjalo ikhona, ngoba isishayamthetho uyindikimba ehlangene enamalungu amaningi. Noma kunjalo, inhloso yenhloso iseyindaba ewusizo. Izinkantolo zizama ukuveza inhloso esekelwe embhalweni womthetho, esakhelwe kuwo, ubuhlobo bayo neminye imithetho, nanoma yiziphi izinto zemithetho ezikhona.

E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibilokhu ithembele njalo emibhalweni yamakomiti, izimpikiswano zasesitezi, nakweminye umlando wemithetho ukuze ixazulule iziphakamiso. Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo zakhipha izinto ezinjalo ngokomlando ngaphansi “komthetho oweqisayo,” nakuba lowomthetho uye wakhululeka ezikhathini zanamuhla, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuchaza umthetho kufeza izibopho zomhlaba wonke.

Ukubaluleka Komongo

Izinkantolo aziwatoli amagama ngokuhlukanisa. Umbhalo ozungezile, icebo elibanzi lezomthetho, kanye nomongo wezenhlalo nomthetho ngesikhathi sokumisa yonke incazelo. i-cocturneive ye-nossis[ — igama elaziwayo ngenkampani eligcinwayo — kanye nesakhi sozakhilo se-genery [[FLT:] [FLT] uluhlu lwemithetho-sonto (lapho amagama avamile elandela aqondene, amagama avamile alinganiselwe kwisigaba esifanayo) angamathuluzi asiza izinkantolo ukuba ziqonde ngokomomo.

  • amagama akha phezulu [ - Igama ngalinye kufanele linikezwe ukubaluleka; akukho ngxenye okumelwe ifinyelelwe.
  • Phezulu kwesakhiwo – Izihlokwana, izingeniso, kanye nezinombolo zengxenye zingacacisa izinga elihloselwe.
  • [[Umlando:0] owaziwayo [ – imibiko yamakomiti, izitatimende zephansi, kanye nohlelo lwangaphambili lokwenza imishini ye-flact.
  • Imithetho ebhaliwe – iMithetho endabeni efanayo ithathwa ngokuvumelana.

Izindlela Ezinkulu Zokuchaza Imithetho

Indlela ngayinye iveza ifilosofi ehlukile ngendima efanele yabahluleli nencazelo engokomthetho ewumthombo wencazelo engokomthetho.

Ukubusa Okungokoqobo

Umthetho ongokoqobo uqondisa izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise incazelo evamile yolimi lwemithetho, ngisho noma lokho kuholela kumphumela ongathandeki. Lomthetho uyiphutha ezikhundleni zomthetho ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni edumile yaseNgilandi Fisher v. Bell [1961], umthetho owenqabelayo wokwenza izikhali ezithile zokuthengisa. Inkantolo yathi isitolo siyindawo “efanele ukuphatha” futhi hhayi“ isambatho, ngakho akukho ukwephulwa. Incazelo engokoqobo yalandelwa naphezu kwenjongo esobala. Umthetho wemvelo ukhuthaza ukuqiniseka nokuhlonipha ukuphakama kwemithetho, kodwa ungaveza imiphumela engenangqondo.

UMthetho Wegolide

Umthetho wegolide uwukuguqulwa komthetho ongokoqobo. Ivumela inkantolo ukuba ishiye incazelo engokoqobo uma ukulandela ulimi olulula kungaveza umphumela ongekho nengqondo. Inkantolo ithatha incazelo enengqondo egwema ubuwula. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthetho uthi umuntu “obehlube omunye” unecala lokungalawuleki, kodwa ummangalelwa ngephutha wawela kummese ngephutha kuyilapho ewuphethe, umthetho wegolide ungavumela inkantolo ukuba ifunde ngemfuneko yenhloso. Umthetho wegolide usetshenziswa ngokungenangozi, ngoba unikeza amajaji angenzangalathi alulaze izinhloso zomthetho.

Ukubusa Okungalungile Okukhulu

Inqubo endala, umthetho wokukhohlakala uyabuza: Yayiyini “impoqo” noma ukukhubazeka emthethweni wangaphambili ukuthi umthetho wawuklanyelwe ukulungisa? Inkantolo ifaka umthetho wokuba uvimbele lokho kulimaza futhi uqhube ikhambi. Lomthetho uwusizo kakhulu uma umbhalo ungacacile futhi umlando wemithetho uyiveza ngokucacile inkinga. Ikakhulu ubekwe ngendlela yesimanje.

Indlela Engabiza Ngayo

Namuhla, indlela esetshenziswa kabanzi kakhulu indlela yokuthatha izinto. Esikhundleni sokugxila kuphela emazwini, inkantolo ibheka injongo noma injongo yomthetho. Esithombeni sesibonakaliso Pepper v. Hart icala, iNdlu yamaLords (1999), isho ukuthi izinkantolo zingabhekisela ekwakheni izinjongo zomthetho kuphela. Kamuva, R v. unobhala weSizwe, exter for the Homentier, Simms [1999]), Lord Hoffman washop ukuthi izinkantolo kufanele “zifunde amazwi omthetho ohlelo lwendlela yokulawula.

Izakhiwo Ezinqala

Ngaphandle kwezindlela ezinkulu zokuchaza, izinkantolo zithembele ezinhlamvwini zezakhi ezibizwa ngokuthi amaqoqo omthetho. Lezi yimibono yokuthi umthetho kufanele ufundwe kanjani. Amanye amasiko akhuluma ulimi, amanye anezici eziphansi.

  • [[UMTL:0] Expressio unius exclussio exclussio trantius – Isibonakaliso sento eyodwa sisho ukukhishwa kwezinye.
  • [ Ejussem generis - - lapho amagama avamile elandela amagama aqondile, amagama avamile alinganiselwe ohlobo olufanayo.
  • Reddendo seula sellis - Ohlwini, igama ngalinye lisebenza entweni yalo efanelekile.
  • Ukubusa kobuthakathi - Ezimweni zobugebengu, imithetho edidayo ihunyushwa ngokuvuna ummangalelwa.
  • Ukusikisela okumelene nokukhishwa kwemisebe – iMithetho kucatshangelwa ukuthi isebenza kuphela ngokulindelekile ngaphandle uma kuhlongozwa ngokucacile.
  • [ Inkolelo yokuthi imithetho ayiphuli umthetho wezwe lonke – izinkantolo zizakuchaza imithetho ukuze kugwenywe ukungqubuzana nezibopho zomhlaba wonke uma kungenzeka.

Le mithetho yezincwadi ayiyona imithetho eqinile kodwa yiziqondiso eziwusizo. Isebenza njengemibono engekho phutha engaphikiswa ngobufakazi obuqinile benhloso ephikisanayo. Ohlwini olubanzi, i-Cornell Information Grigial Institute [[[FLT: 1] inikeza ukucatshangelwa okuhle kakhulu.

Indima Yokukhohlisa Kwamaqaba Nezinkanyiso

I-Starde decisis [1] isiLatin esisho “ukuma ngokwezinto ezinqunyiwe” `iyisimiso esiyisisekelo sezimiso zomthetho ezivamile. Uma inkantolo isithathe umthetho, incazelo iba ibopha izinkantolo eziphansi ezicabeni ezilandelayo ezihilela umthetho ofanayo. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, ukubikezela, nokungakhethi. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme (noma inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu) ingazilawula ezayo uma inquma ukuthi incazelo yangaphambili inephutha noma ishintshe izimo zidinga ukufundwa okusha.

Ngokwesibonelo, ku- iNew York Times Co. Sullivan (1964), iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yachaza iSichibiyelo sokuqala njengokufuna indinganiso ephakeme ukuze kuhlanjalazwe abantu abathatha izibalo. Le ncazelo iye yamisa umthetho we-libryl amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Imfundiso yokubuka idecisis iqine kakhulu emacaleni emithetho ngoba uKhongolo lungahlala lungadlula incazelo yomthetho ngokuvikela umthetho. Ngakho, izinkantolo zithambekele ekuqapheleni ukugumbuqela imithetho emide, ishiyela izijeziso ekwahlulelweni.

Ukukhohliswa Kwenkanyezi Ethe ukuQothuka Nokuvundlile

Ukubheka phezulu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zilandele izincazelo zezinkantolo eziphakeme eziphethe ngendlela efanayo. Ukubuka okuthe gqiilile kubhekisela ekuhlonishweni kwenkantolo ngezinqumo zayo zangaphambili. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ayilandeli ngokunembile ukubuka okuqondile kodwa isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo okucabangela izithakazelo zokuncika, izinga lokucabanga kwasekuqaleni, futhi iguqula izimo eziyiqiniso noma ezingokomthetho.

Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela Nomphumela Wayo

Ifilosofi yomahluleli echazayo ithonya kakhulu indlela imithetho efundwa ngayo. Amafilosofi amabili aphikisanayo emithetho yanamuhla yaseMelika aqukethe imibhalo ne - purposivism (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi i - qualism).

Ukubhala ngokulotshiwe

I-Textalism ithi amajaji kufanele agxile ngokukhethekile embhalweni womthetho njengoba umisiwe, ngaphandle kokucabangela umlando wemithetho noma injongo. IJaji uAntonin Scalia wayengumsekeli ophambili. Abaxhasi bemibhalo baphikisa ngokuthi umbhalo kuphela owasinda enqubweni yomthetho futhi uphendukela ezimpikiswaneni noma imibiko inikeza isilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu emibonweni yabantu abashaya imithetho. Bavame ukusebenzisa izinkenenezo zemibhalo futhi bacabangele izincazelo ezivamile zamagama ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwemidwebo. Umbono odumile wombhalo yiye [[FLT: 0]Smith v. United States[FLT:] [1993], lapho iNkanto ekholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa isibhamu ukuze kushintshwe izidakamizwa “ukuhweba ngezidakamizwa, ” noma ngokwendlela ehlukile“ ngokomthetho.

Ukuthenga Ngezinhloso

Abathelisi baphikisa ngokuthi umbhalo wodwa awunele nokuthi amajaji kumelwe acabangele injongo yomthetho wonke. Bazimisele kakhulu ukubonana nomlando wemithetho yemithetho, imibiko yekomiti, nomongo wezenhlalo owabangela ukuba kuphakame umthetho. IJaji uStephen Breyer wayengumbhishobhi odumile. Ku u-United Selvator v. [FORT] u-Weber[FLT] [FLD] [1] [1997]), iphendulele ku-Sihlomo VII se-OFOM FREAct futhi yaphetha ngokuthi uKhomishanomelwane ukuvumela izinhlelo zokuzimisela ukuvumela izinhlelo zokwenza izinhlelo zomthetho, nakuba ulimi lwe-station lungafundwa ukuba lungavinjwa zonke izinkozo zohlanga. Abagxeki ze-PURLIVIS [irliv] inikeza amajajis kakhulu ukuba ahlulele izimiso.

Impikiswano Namuhla

Ingxoxo yokubhala iyaqhubeka. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yashintsha kancane embonweni wemibhalo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinkulu njengase-Bostock v. Clayton County [2020], lapho iNkantolo yayithi “i-stex” eSihlokweni VII ihlanganisa ukuma kokuziphatha kobulili kanye nokwazi ubulili, incikekile nasezintweni ezicacile zencazelo yaleli gama. Nokho, leyo nkinga ibonisa nokuthi umbhalo ungaholela emiphumelweni ekhululekile. Ukuhlaziya okuningi, [FLT:] SCUSCUS[FLTY]

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Ekuchazeni Imithetho

Naphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka entuthuko, ukuchaza imithetho kusenzima. Ezinye zezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Ukungaqondakali nokungaqondakali - Abameli bangasebenzisa amasu ngamabomu ukuze bafinyelele ukuvumelana. Izinkantolo zifuna ukugcwalisa izikhala.
  • Iziphakamiso phakathi kwemithetho - Uma imithetho emibili ikhuluma indaba efanayo ngokuphikisana, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi yimuphi ulawulo, ngokuvamile ukhetha umthetho ocaciswe kakhulu noma owalandela.
  • Izindinganiso zomphakathi [ - Isinqumo esimiswe ngo-1950 singaba namagama avele asho okuthile. Izinkantolo kumele zinqume ukuthi zingalandela yini incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi noma ukuqonda kwamanje.
  • Ukucindezela kokunquma amacala amasha – ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe (umzk., amanani, i-AI) kuphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise imithetho emidala ezimweni ezintsha, ngezinye izikhathi zicindezele ulimi.

Inkinga Yokuthula Kwemithetho

Uma umthetho ungakhulumi ngendaba ethile, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi lokho kuthula kusho ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sihlose ukukhipha udaba noma asicabangi ngakho. Iqoqo expressio unius ngezinye izikhathi liyasebenza, kodwa livame ukukhishwa ngobufakazi benjongo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. Act ayizange isho ngokuqondile i-Internet, kodwa izinkantolo zachaza amalungiselelo ayo okuhlanganisa ukukopisha kwe-minumbe.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zabafundi Abangokomthetho

Kubameli, ukuchaza komthetho okuqondayo kubalulekile ekuchazeni imibandela nokuthatha umthetho. Lapho kuthethwa icala, abameli kumelwe balindele ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuchaza inkantolo eyothandeka. Kufanele baphawule ama-stable asekelayo, isibonelo esifanelekile, futhi, lapho kuvunyelwa, umlando wemithetho. Imithetho yokuhlela, ukucaciswa kubaluleke kakhulu: amagama adingeki ukuchazwa kabusha komthetho, okungaphazamisa injongo yomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho wezizwe zonke nowokuqhathanisa uthonya incazelo yasekhaya ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zaseYurophu zisebenzisa “indlela yokuhlola imvelo” (ehlobene kakhulu ne purposivsm) kakhulu, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ngezinye izikhathi ibhekisela kwezinye izindlela ekuchazeni imithetho, nakuba lomkhuba uyimpikiswano.

Isiphetho

Indlela izinkantolo ezichaza futhi zisebenzise ngayo imithetho ayiwona nje umbuzo wemfundo − ithinta ngokuqondile amalungelo nezibopho zabantu nezinhlangano. Izindlela zokuchaza ezixoxwe lapha zinikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yokuba abahluleli baxazulule ngokungezwani lapho becabangela ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Ukungezwani phakathi kombhalo nomthetho nomthetho kuveza izimpikiswano ezijulile ngokulawula ngokumelene nomthetho. Ekugcineni, umgomo ukuveza izincazelo ezithembekile emthethweni, eziqinisekisiwe ekusebenziseni, nokusabela ekwahluleleni. Njengoba imithetho iyaqhubeka ibekwa futhi ibekwa, lendawo yomthetho iyohlala ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla.

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, [[QULT: 0] i-Cornell Information inikeza isiqondiso esifingqiwe emaqenjini, kuyilapho NPR] incazelo efinyelelweyo ye-[ inikeza incazelo efinyelelweyo kubantu abangebona abakhethekile.