Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sokuhlanganyela Komthetho

Isimiso somthetho waseMelika asisona isimiso esikude esigcinelwe abameli namajaji; siyisici esiphilayo esithonywa yisakhamuzi ngasinye futhi sithonyelwe yiso. Ukuhlanganyela enqubweni engokomthetho kusho okungaphezu nje kokulalela imithetho ngokuhlanganisa ukuvota abashaya imithetho abahlela imithetho, abasebenza ezinkantolo ezinqumayo, ezisingatha izindaba zomphakathi, futhi ngisho nezindlela zikahulumeni eziphikisayo zokuqulwa kwecala. Icala leNkanto ePhakemende lichaza imingcele namathuba okuhlanganyela, kuqinisekisa ukuthi lesimiso sihlala sisabela futhi sivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngokuhlola lezi zinqumo eziyisisekelo, abantu ngabanye bazuza ukuqonda okucace ngokwengeziwe kwemisebenzi yabo siqu phakathi kwe-judiary nezindlela ezikhona zokubophela izivumelwano eziwusizo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindaba eziningi ezihlukene kanye nezindlela ezibanzi futhi sakha isimo sezindawo ezingokomthetho futhi sakhanyaze umphakathi futhi sakha indawo.

Ilungelo Lokukhuluma Ngenkululeko: Ikhorali Lenkulumo Yeningi

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, kodwa ubukhulu obugcwele balesosivikelo buye bachazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuhlanganyela empikiswaneni yasobala, kungaba ngokubhikisha, ukuveza ubuciko, noma izinkulumo ezilula, kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuhlanganyela ezimisweni ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe. Amacala aphawula ukuthi lokhu kuhlanganyela akupheleli esangweni lesikole noma ebhokisini lokufaka amabhokisi.

ker v.Des Moines Independent School School (11969)

Kwelinye lamacala abafundi acashunwe kakhulu, iNkantolo yathi abafundi abawashiyi amalungelo abo okuQonda iSichibiyelo sesikole. Ngo-1965, uMary Beth Tinker, umfowabo John, nomngane wakhe babefake ingalo emnyama esikoleni ukuze baphikise i-Vietnam War. Isikole sathatha umthetho ovimbela ukuvinjelwa kwengalo futhi sayekelela abafundi. INkantolo ePhakathile yanquma ukuthi inkulumo yabafundi engokomfanekiso yavikelwa ngaphandle kokuba iphazamiseke kakhulu imisebenzi yesikole. Lesi sinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi intsha ihlanganyela enqubweni engokomthetho, hhayi nje izihloko zegunya. Izikole azinakali nje ngenxa yokungathandi umyalezo umyalezo. [FLTFLD:] [FLD] [FLT]]

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1 969)

Nakuba umholi we-Ku Klux Klan wabekwa icala ngaphansi kwezenzo zobugebengu buka-Ohio, ekhuluma ngamazwi alulazayo, Brandenburg walungisa futhi imingcele yezombangazwe zokulwa. Umholi weKlux Klan wabekwa icala ngaphansi kwezenzo zobugebengu ze-Ohio's ngokomthetho zokukhuluma amazwi ahlazisayo ngabantu bamnyama namaJuda. Inkantolo ephakeme yaguqula, yamisa uvivinyo olunamandla oluzingxenye ezimbili: ukusekela isenzo esingekho emthethweni sivikelwe ngaphandle kokuba (1) kuqondiswe noma kukhiqizwe isenzo sokungalungisi umthetho futhi (2) ngokunokwenzeka ukukhuthaza noma ukuveza isenzo esinjalo. Lokhu “ukungalungisimthetho okungenamthetho” kuthathe indawo yesilinganiso esiqinile ‘ nengozi yamanje futhi kwandisa izinga lenkulumo yezombangazwe.

[[UMTL:0]Texas v. Johnson[[FL:1] (1989)

Mhlawumbe akukho cala elibonisa kangcono amandla enkulumo engokomfanekiso . Johnson. Ummangalelwa washisa ifulege laseMelika phakathi noMhlangano weRepublican National Convention ukuze aphikise izimiso zikaMongameli Reagan. INkantolo, esinqumweni, yaveza ukuthi ukushiswa kwefulege kwakuvikelwe ukuziphatha okungaqondakali kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lesinqumo sabangela ukuba umphakathi uthukuthe ukuvuselelwa komthetho-mthetho, kodwa ekugcineni sagcizelela isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni awunakumelana nokukhuluma ngenxa nje yokuthi kuyacasula. Ukuhlanganyela enqubweni engokomthetho ngezinye izikhathi kusho ukuvikela amalungelo alabo esingavumelani. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi igatsha lokwahlulela liyindawo enkulu yokuveza indlela yomphakathi yokuzishoshosho okuncisha komphakathi abaningi.

Isivikelo Ekufuneni Nokungaqondi: Ukusetshenziswa Kwamalungelo EsineSichibiyelo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela izakhamuzi ekugxambukeni kukahulumeni okungena ngokusemthethweni kubantu bazo, amakhaya, amaphepha, nemiphumela. Ukuhlanganyela enqubweni engokomthetho ngokuvamile kudinga ukwazi ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kungaseshwa nini noma kuthathwe impahla, futhi yimaphi amakhambi akhona uma leyomingcele iphulwa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakha indikimba eqinile yecala enikeza abantu amandla okubekela inselele yokuhlola okungekho emthethweni futhi ibeke iziphathimandla icala.

Mapp v.O. (1961) noMthetho we-Exclussion

Dollree Map wabekwa icala lokuba nezinto ezingcolile ngemva kokuba amaphoyisa ehlole ikhaya lakhe ngaphandle kwemvume esemthethweni. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphulwa kweSichibiyelo sesine kumelwe bukhishwe ekuqulweni kwecala likahulumeni. Lo “mthetho oweqinisiweyo” ngaphambili wawusetshenziswe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kuphela. Ngokuwudlulisela ezinkantolo, [umthetho] wasungula umthetho onamandla ovimbela ukuphenywa okungekho emthethweni. Kungenxa yezakhamuzi, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlanganyela enqubweni engokomthetho kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokubekela amaphoyisa inseleleko. Uma ubufakazi obungemthetho bungagcinwa bungaboleki, icala lingawa, liqinisekisa ukuthi isiphetho asiyithetheleli cebo. Isinqumo sihlala siphikisana, kodwa siseyithuluzi eliyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho.

Terry v.O. (1968) kanye nokumisa-full-Frisk

[[[FLT: 0]] Igunya lokwehlisa ijubane lincane kakhulu kune sizathu. [ [FT] [FT:1] lasungula ukuthi amaphoyisa angamisa umuntu futhi afake izikhali uma esola ngokunengqondo ukuthi umsebenzi wobugebengu uhamba ngezinyawo futhi umuntu ehlomile. Lokhu “misa ne-fratulik” igunya lincane kunesizathu, kodwa likhulu kune-hnighty. Indaba ibonisa ukulingana okungathandeki phakathi kwemfihlo ne-mqando yomthetho. Isibonelo esibonisa ukulingana ngokulinganayo phakathi kwemfihlo nemfuyo yomuntu ngamunye ne-mthetho. Izakhamuzi ezibolileyo, ukuqonda [[[[FLT:]] [FLT:] [3] inter: "Imper] uma isikhulu, singabuza ukuthi isikhulu sikhona yini esinengqondo, futhi uma i-fdimfonsi enciphilele izikhali ezihlo, okungase kuphakakaliswe.[Fogconfine] [[10]] [ense]

Katz v. United States (1967): Ukulindela okunengqondo kwemfihlo

Phambi [FLT] KAtz, iSichibiyelo sesine sasiboshelwe empahleni: uma umuntu esendaweni ephenywayo, wayenelungelo; kungenjalo, babengase bahlulelwe ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obubekwe ngaphandle kwendlu yocingo lomphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo. Ukuhlolwa kwaba khona ukuthi umuntu “ulindele ukuba angabi nandaba yemfihlo” okungakhokhwa. Lokhu kuvulela umnyango wezindaba zocingo ezihilela amakhalekhukhwini, GPS kulandelela izintambo zemishini, nemininingwane yezimiso. Ukuhlanganyela enqubeni yanamuhla kusho ukuvikelwa kwezethulo njengezezobuchwepheshe, ngokuvamile ngokubhekisela kulokhu kuveza [FLT]

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Elifanele: Ukulingana Nokufinyelela Ubulungisa

Icala elilungile liyindawana yesimiso somthetho. Ngaphandle kwalo, ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho akunanjongo. ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa amalungelo amaningana akhethekile: ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala, ukuqashelwa kwamacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nosizo lweseluleko. Izinqumo zeposi ziqinisekise ukuthi lamalungelo ayasebenza kubo bonke, kungakhathaliseki ingcebo noma isikhundla.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Ilungelo lokweluleka

Clarence Earl Gideon wabekwa icala lokugqekeza igumbi lokulala. Wayengenakukwazi ukukhokhela ummeli futhi waphoqeleka ukuba azimelele. Walahlwa futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ejele. Esitokisini sakhe, wanikeza isicelo eNkantolo Ephakeme, ephikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wafuna ukuba umbuso unikeze ummeli wabamangalelwa abangemthetho. [FFG:] I-GONT [[FON] imelela [[FF:] [FFF]] ingumunye wezehlulele izigebets. [FFOM] eyisa umthetho waseMelika. [FFOFOF] futhi ufaka inqubo yecala engokomthetho engokomthetho elawulayodwayo.] futhi uvika ngisho neyamelwayo.[FFFFodercer.] ngenxa yenye ingxenye yecala esekela isigaba senkantolo (FFoff4]]]]) ngenxa ye-offinst: [est:[FF:]

Brady v. Maryland [1963] kanye namalungelo okuthola

Amalungelo amahle okuqulwa kwecala ahlanganisa nokuthola ubufakazi. kuMaryland v., iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi abashushisi kumelwe badalule ubufakazi bezinto ezibonakalayo ezinikeza isivikelo. Uma umshushisi ecindezela ubufakazi obufanele abamangalelwa, ukuqiniseka kungajijiswa. Lokhu “kubusa okungalawuleki” kuyi-sehlolo ekhohlo emandleni abashushisi. Izakhamuzi ezisebenza kumajaji noma njengezibukeli zizuza esimisweni esifuna ukukhanya okusobala; abameli nabameleli bangasebenzisa [ Brady ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bamukela ithuba eligcwele nelingene engokwabo.

Duncan v.Louisiana (1968): Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala likaJury

Cishe wonke ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa icala uma isigwebo esingase sidlule izinyanga eziyisithupha ukuboshwa. Duncan v.Louisiana wahlanganisa ukuqulwa kwesinqumo seSixth Isigwegwegwe sokuHlulisa imibuso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlanganyela enqubweni engokomthetho akugcini kubameli nasebamangalelweni abamangalelwa kanye nezakhamuzi ezinegunya lokufuna ukuba ijaji futhi zinqume ukuthi zinecala noma ukuthi zimsulwa. Inkonzo yeJury ingenye yezindlela eziqondile zokukhokhwa kwesivumelwano somphakathi. [[FLT.2]] [FLT:]] I-Duncan iqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu lungelo akunakuphiwa ngomthetho. Icala eligunyazwe ukuba ifune ukuba ijaji lomahlulele noma ihlulele uhulumeni, ihlole amandla kahulumeni.

Ukuhlanganyela Enqubweni Engokomthetho Namuhla: Ngalé Kwenkantolo

Amacala aphawula angaphandle aveza imingcele yamalungelo angaphandle, kodwa ukuhlanganyela nsuku zonke enqubweni engokomthetho kwenzeka ngezindlela eziningi.

Ukuzibopha Nokuhlanganyela Ekwakheni Isivumelwano Somthetho

Imithetho yakhiwa abameleli abakhethiwe, futhi ukuvota kuyindlela eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezithonya ngayo uhlelo lomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngokuphindaphindiwe ngamalungelo okuvota, kusukela ku- Reynolds v. Sims (1964]) imisa “umuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa” [ku-] Shelby County v. I-baker[ [2013]) ishaya izivumelwano eziyinhloko ze-Vot Act. Ngokuvota, izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ekukhetheni umthetho owe-Progist, amajaji (kweminye imibuso), futhi ngisho nabameli besifunda. Inqubo engokomthetho ayikho nje kuphela ngokuphathelene nezinkantolo kodwa ngezimiso.

Inkonzo YaseJury: Umsebenzi Wesakhamuzi

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ijaji liyithuluzi eliqondile lokuhlanganyela esabelweni somphakathi. Ukukhonza ejajini kunikeza abantu abavamile amandla okuchaza amaqiniso nokusebenzisa umthetho ngaphansi kwemiyalo yamajaji. Icala Dincan [ liqinisekisa ukuthi ilungile. Izinkantolo zixhomeke ezakhamuzini ukuze zenze lomsebenzi, futhi labo abakhonzayo bazuze ukuqonda komuntu siqu esimisweni sobulungisa. Ukuhluleka ukubika umsebenzi wokwahlulela kululaza inqubo engokomthetho.

Izimpendulo Zomphakathi, Amaphikisi, Ne - Amicus

Phambi kokuba izinhlangano eziqondisayo zinikeze imithetho, ngokuvamile ziyakwamukela ukukhulumela komphakathi. Izakhamuzi zingabumba indawo ezungezile, impilo, kanye nemithetho yokuphepha ngokunikeza amazwi anengqondo. Izeluleko nemiboniso, okuvikelwe Tinker kanye [[FLT]] Brandenburg [, ithonya umbono womphakathi futhi ingaholela ekushintsheni kwemithetho yemithetho. Olunye uhlobo lokuhlanganyela luyi-actus curia (“umngane wenkantolo”) emfushane. Nakuba inikezwa kakhulu yizinhlangano, abantu ngabanye abanolwazi olukhethekile noma isithakazelo esinamandla enkantolo ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi kungahlangana nombono kabanzi. Lokhu kuvumela abantu abavamile ukuba bahlanganyele ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho.

Ithonya Lokuzinza Nemfundo Engokomthetho Yomphakathi

Ezinye izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuletha ukumangalela okungavumelani nemithetho noma imikhuba. Izenzakalo ezixoxwe lapha .Gideon, [, [[FLT]], [[FLT:][4] Katz[[[FLT]][FLT]][5]] [iizinto ezikhona zaqala lapho abantu benqaba ukwamukela ubuqili. I-aligcio ivame ukudinga ukuhlangana nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi njenge-ACLUU noma i-NACPLC Legalight Fund, kodwa ihlala iyindlela enamandla yokuhlanganyela. Imfundo esemthethweni ingeye enye indlela yokwenqabelana. Izivumelwano zezelele ukuvumelana nezinqumo zezentengo yomthetho. [F9][5]

Isiphetho: Ifa Eliphilayo Lamacala Ayifa

Ukuhlanganyela enqubweni engokomthetho kungumthwalo wemfanelo wombili. Amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme enza okungaphezu kokuxazulula izingxabano. Thulani[ ufundisa ukuthi isibindi sokungavumelani nenqubo engokomthetho sivikelekile; [[ [Icala] lifundisa ukuthi umbuso kumelwe uhloniphe imfihlo; [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Gedeon[ ufundisa ukuthi ubulungisa abunakuxhomeke engcebweni. Lezi zinqumo zihlala zibalulekile ngoba izakhamuzi ziyaqhubeka zihlobana nemimo entsha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkonzo yokuvota, ukubhikisha, ukubhikisha, noma ukumangalela, noma ukumangalela, wonke umuntu, kungahambisana nokuphathana. Inkantolo ephakeme i-Genet Countston iveza izindaba zeNka, izigwebo zeNkame zeNkathi yezakhamuzi, izikhulu zezakhamuzi zonke zezente, zingasiza ekuqondeni yezimiso zomthetho.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe emacaleni aphawuliwe nendlela yokusebenza ejajini, hlola imithombo esendaweni engokomthetho yeNkantolo ePhakeme , SCOUSBlog[ ekuhloleni icala lamanje, namaqembu agxile emfundweni engokomthetho. Khumbula: umthetho ungowabantu, futhi ukuthatha isinyathelo kuwenza uhlale uphila.