Indima Yegatsha Lomthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela likahulumeni wase-United States liyinsika elinganayo yentando yeningi, isebenza ngokuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba izishaya-mthetho zimisa imithetho kanye nezikhulu ziyenza iphoqelele, izinkantolo zisebenza njengabameli bokugcina balokho okushiwo umthetho. Lamandla okwahlulela asebenzayo ahlanganisa umboniso wentando yeningi (‘obekwe esithombeni sekhulu lamakhulu angu-803) [Marbury v.[FLT]][FLT]] [@glact] [] [iizinkantolo ezingokomthetho zokushaya imithetho ephula umthetho. Ngokwenza kanjalo, i-judiary ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ilondoloza ukwahlukana kwemibuso, futhi inikeza i-ehemocralictic careary [e] hs ngokomthetho obalulekile womthetho nokwenziwase-mthetho womthetho womthetho.

Izakhiwo Ze - Federal Judiciary

Isimiso senkantolo yezwe sihlelwe ngokulandelana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubukezwa nokusetshenziswa komthetho okuhlelekile. Esiqongweni kukhona iNkantolo yase-United States , elawula ngokuqondisisa amacala ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yiNkantolo [[FLT:] United States] iNkantolo Yezidluliso [izifunda] [izifundazwe] [izifundazwe] [izifunda] [izifunda ezizwa izinkantolo zesigodi], ezizwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesigodi futhi zibukeze izinqumo zeze zezezeze ngokomthetho. [FLT] Izindawo ezisezinqimini zezindawo ezingokomthetho [FLT] [FOct:5] [94], izingozi zecala elihlukene, kuhlanganise nezigebeqelwe yizezemthetho-mthetho, izinkantolo zezezezindawo ezihlukene zeNkamele iNkathi yezindawo zezezezezezezo.

Izimiso zeNkantolo yeFederal

Ngaphezu kwejaji likahulumeni, isifundazwe ngasinye silondoloza isimiso saso siqu senkantolo ngezakhiwo ezizimele. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba eziningi ezingokomthetho − izimpikiswano zomthetho, umthetho womkhaya, ukuphambana kwezimoto, necala lombuso. Uma kuqhathaniswa, izinkantolo ze-Federal, zizwa amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, ukwahlukahluka kwezesizwe, noma izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe. Ukuhlobana kwalezi zimiso kulawulwa ngezimiso zobuzwe, neNkanto ephakeme ekhonza njengegunya lokugcina lemibuzo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo esimbaxakile kuyagxeka ngenxa yokuqonda ukuthi imithetho ehlukene ichazwa futhi iphoqelelwe kanjani phakathi kwemibuso ehlukene.

Izindlela Zokuchaza Imithetho Nomthetho - sisekelo

Abahluleli basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ukuze baxazulule amaphutha ezimisweni nasemalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo. Ayikho indlela eyamukelwa yonke indawo; kunalokho, ukuthatha izinyathelo ngokuvamile kubonisa amafilosofi okwahlulela abanzi ngendima yezinkantolo. Ngezansi izikole ezivelele zokuchaza.

Ukubhala ngokulotshiwe

I-Textism ithi amajaji kufanele athembele kuphela encazelweni ecacile yombhalo we-state, njengoba iqondwa umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokumiswa. Abasekeli, ikakhulukazi uMahluleli wamuva u-Antonin Scalia, baphikisa ngokuthi ukunqanda u-textus kulawula ukwahlulela futhi abhekisele ekubekeni isikhundla somthetho. Isibonelo, [ku-Heller v. [2008], iNkakhulukazi iNkakhulukazi i-Antolo ye-mfaythi ye-mscriciation isebenzisa indlela yokuchaza i-transformation i-modential i-gnomessssss (istruption) eyisa ukuchaza ilungelo leSibe sokwesibili sokuphatha nokuphatha izigwebo zomthetho"ukuvikela izigwebo"njengokuvikela ilungelo lokuziqhumisa izibha zobu zobuphini, ngokweziqu.[FLT:] [FPlation:]] [FPG]]]]]

Ukuzicabangela

I-Interialism ifuna ukuthola lokho abasunguli bomthetho ababekuhlosile lapho bemisa umthetho noma ilungiselelo lomthetho-mthetho. Abahluleli bahlola umlando wemithetho. Imibiko yemithetho yemithetho, izimpikiswano zaphansi, kanye nokuhlela ukuhlelwa kwezivumelwano zangaphambi komthetho (_ukuqonda injongo ewumthetho. ] isonto likaZiqu - zintathu oNgcwele. [1892]]), iNkanto ePhakathi yeNkantolo edumile ibheke ngalé kombhalo ongokoqobo wesivumelwano esivimbela ukusebenza, iphetha ngokuthi iSivumelwano sasihlose ukuthunga umsebenzi ophansi kuphela, hhayi ukuqasha kwesonto. Nakuba ihlose isinqumo sobushiqela beze ngentando yentando yeningi, ingagxekwa ngokuncika kwemibhalo engokomlando engaziwa futhi ephakeme kakhulu ngombhalo owenziwayo wonke.

I - Pragmatism (Inkolo)

Incazelo ebanzi icabangela imiphumela esebenzayo yesinqumo sokwahlulela, icabangela ukuthi imiphumela ehlukene injani ethinta umphakathi, inkambiso yomphakathi, namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Abahluleli abathatha indlela elula yokuzihlela bangase balinganisele izithakazelo ezincintisanayo, besebenzisa "ukulinganisa" noma intengo-benefit. Ngokwesibonelo, [ku-] ku-'FLT'sboozation v. [[FLT]] [1992], iNkanto esekela ukugcinwa okubalulekile [ v.]. [ade ngokusebenzisa uvivinyo olunzima olungaqondaniseki" olufuna ukuvikela ukukhishwa kwesisu lapho kuvunyelwa umthetho onengqondo. Ukulawula inqubo yomthetho.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo / Ukuchaza Ngokunamandla

Inkolelo-mthetho ephilayo inkolelo-mbono yama-posit ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze ibonise ukushintsha izindinganiso ze-social nezimo. Ngale mbono, abahluleli ababoshelwanga ngokwencazelo yakuqala kuphela kodwa bangavumelanisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimo zanamuhla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinqumo eziningi zezimpawu, kuhlanganise Brown v. I-Brown[FLT] v. I-Dratect [i-][FLT] [1] [i-i-active] [i-constitunion)] kanye [iiintelligame] ne-'spell v. [iNkakhulu] iveza imibono efanayo [iNkakhulu] [FLT] [FF:] [3] (iqaphele imishado-exmagedism, ne-sm], ivumela ukuvumelana kwemithetho ye-onkethi.

Izakhiwo Ezinkulu

Ngaphandle kwamafilosofi adlule, abahluleli bathembela emaqenjini amisiwe okwakha (imithetho echazayo eqondisayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa isocis [igama] (igama elaziwayo ngenkampani eligcinwayo), [[FLT:] i-genesties [[FLT]] system [izimpawu zento eyodwa] [i-FLT]]] (imisho elandelayo]] ilinganiselwe engxenyeni efanayo) kanye neyokwahlulela okungakhokhwakhwa. [[FLT] [12] [12] [inani] [inani] [inani] lenani elingaphezulu] liguqula [inani elinguququouscle ligcina ulwazi] [izinto ezikhonjiwe yi-okst:5] [ngengomthetho womthetho omthetho ogunyazayo] [umthetho ogunyazayo], [uhlu], [uhlu olugunyaza i-uhlu] [uhlu],[19], umqulu we-F], awu

Imfundiso Yezinkanyezi Iyakhohlisa

Isisekelo sesimiso somthetho waseMelika yi- i-decisis. Isimiso sokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele umthetho omisiwe ezicaleni zangaphambili ngaphandle kokuba kunesizathu esinamandla sokulawula. i-Starde decisis ikhuthaza ukuzinza, ukungalungi, nenhlonipho ngegunya lokwahlulela. Iqinisekisa ukuthi amacala afanayo anqunyiwe, ivumela izakhamuzi nabameli ukuba bathembele emthethweni omisiwe. Inkantolo ephakeme ayivamile ukubeka iziqondiso zayo siqu, igcina ukuthi amandla emicimbini yangaphambili ayikasebenzi, inciphiswe yizenzakalo ezilandelayo, noma ihlelwe ngokungafanele. [FFFFF:].[3]

Izinqumo Zophawu Nethonya Lazo Elingokwentando Yeningi

Incazelo yokwahlulela ihlela ngokuqondile ukubusa kwentando yeningi namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Amacala alandelayo aphawula izenzakalo abonisa indlela izinkantolo eziye zaguqula ngayo umphakathi waseMelika.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula iSivikelo sika-Celal Claus seSichibiyelo se 145. Isinqumo sabangela ukuba amalungelo esizwe angabi nabulungisa futhi abeke isisekelo somthetho ongokomthetho olandelayo, kuhlanganise neSivumelwano se-Civil Act of 1964. [FLT:][FLT][FLT][FLT][FF:][FF]][5] [96] [186]] [18] [iindlela izinkantolo ezingathuthukisa ngayo isilinganiso sobukhomputhamo yezimiso zokukhanyisa isilinganiso somthetho womthetho.[FT][6]

UWade (1973) noDobbs v. Jackson (2022)

[[FLT: 0] .Roe v. waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kweNkathi yeSichibiyelo se 14 Yezinye, elisekelwe elungelweni lomuntu siqu. Kwangathi ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka, [ Roe enesimo senkambiso yesizwe sokuzala lapho kubhebhebhethekiswa impikiswano enkulu yezombangazwe. Nokho, [[FLT:] kumaDobs v.kgn KN. Jackson’s Organization yempilo yabesifazane [[FL:] [52]] [20], eningi eqinileyomthetho [[FLT] [FL:] [FL:] [FLT] [5], i-futvolussss, iveza i-fullssion.[10]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Ku u-Obergefell v. Hodges, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kweNkathi Efanele ne-Unimeal Protection Clauss. Umbono we-Kennedy abaningi ugcizelela isithunzi nokuzinqumela okusemshadweni, icabanga ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela ukukhetha komuntu siqu ebuhlotsheni obusondelene. Isinqumo sasemthethweni ngokuphumelelayo ukushada okulinganayo-exxtranslate transfer, ukwandisa amalungelo omphakathi we-LBBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. OFLTberge] uwehlela[ uyisibonelo esiyinhloko sokungena komthetho ophilayo, njengoba isho iNka i-Curtmentationsting Reformationssionations offormations of traptions offormation of traidefiedmistnation of tration of tradiationation.

Izakhamuzi E - United v. FEC (2010)

Isinqumo seNkantolo, esisekelwe ekuchazeni imibhalo kanye nasekuchazeni kokuqala, sasusa imingcele yezezimali ze-CPT ezinhlanganweni zezezombangazwe ezizimele nezihlangene, siphethe ukuthi ukusebenzisa okunjalo kuyinkulumo evikelekile ngaphansi kweSiphendulo Sokuqala. Isinqumo seNkantolo, esisekelwe ekuchazeni imibhalo nakukulokhu kuchaza kokuqala, saveza igagagasi lomkhankaso wezezimali elichithwa ngePCs. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lilulaza isilinganiso sentando yentando yeningi ngokufaka ithonya lezentengiselwano ezicebile, kuyilapho abasekeli bevikela inkulumo yenkululeko yezombangazwe. Lokhu kubonisa imiphumela efinyelelayo yokuchaza izinqumo ngenqubo yentando yentando yeningi ngokwayo.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Nesivikelo Sako

Ukuze izinkantolo zichaze imithetho ngokungakhethi, abahluleli kumelwe bavikeleke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nasekufuneni inkanuko ethandwayo.

Isikhathi Sokuphila Nesivikelo Sokuthengiswa Kwemali

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza amajaji angokomthetho ukumiswa kokuphila konke phakathi "nokuziphatha okuhle," kanye neholo eliqinisekisiweyo elingenakwehliswa. Lezisivikelo zivumela abahluleli ukuba banqume amacala asekelwe kuphela emthethweni nasemaqinisweni, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kumagatsha aphethe noma alawulayo. Isikhathi sokuphila futhi senza ukuba amajaji athole ulwazi futhi athuthukise ulwazi, okunezela ekubekeni imingcele eqinile. Nokho, abagxeki baqaphela ukuthi amagama okuphila angaholela ekuphelelweni imingcele futhi aqhubekiswe izigwebo zemingcele.

Udonga Lokuphepha Olufanele

Abahluleli bangasuswa kuphela ngokujeziswa yiNdlu yabameleli nokuvunyelwa yiSigele, esigcinelwe "ubugebengu obuphezulu neMisdears" lesi sigqebhezana esiphezulu siqinisekisa ukuthi ukususwa kusekelwe ekuziphatheni okubi okungathi sína − ukuthatheka, i-prejury, noma ukuxhashazwa kwesikhundla ngemithetho. Inqubo yokungagunyazi isebenza njengesehlo emandla okwahlulela kuyilapho ilondoloza inkululeko.

Izindinganiso Ezingokwenkolo Nokuthenjwa Komphakathi

Amajaji ahlangene nemithetho ye-Federal for Eme for United States Abhight, edinga ukungakhethi, ubuqotho, nokugwema izingxabano zesithakazelo. Ukuthembela komphakathi enkantolo kuxhomeke ekunamatheleni kwabahluleli kulezi zindinganiso nasekuzinzeni kwabo okucatshangelwayo kwezombangazwe ezithathelwanayo. Izimpikiswano zamuva ngokuvezwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha nezinqumo ezicatshangelwe ngokuphindiwe ziye zaqokomisa isidingo sokugcinwa kwemithetho yezimiso ezisemthethweni ngokusemthethweni.

Izinselele Ezinkantolo Embusweni Wanamuhla

Igatsha lokwahlulela namuhla libhekene nezingcindezi ezinkulu ezivivinya indima yalo njengomhumushi womthetho ongakhethi.

Ukucwazimula Kwezombangazwe Nokupakishwa Kwenkantolo

Inqubo yokugunyazwa kwamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme iye yashintsha kakhulu, izimpi ezikhona ngenxa yezimo ezibonisa ukuhlukana okujulile kwemibono. Lokhu kuhlukana kuye kwaqeda umbono wezinkantolo njengezinhlangano zezombangazwe. Iziphakamiso zokwandisa iNkantolo Ephakeme ("ukupakisha inkantolo") ziye zantanta kwezazi zezombangazwe ezifuna ukuhlanganisa izici zemibono zejaji, kodwa izinguquko ezinjalo zisongela ukuguqula iNkantolo futhi zilulaze zinciphe ukuzimela kwayo. Ukulondoloza ilungelo lokuhlola kokwahlulela kudinga ukulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kokulandisa nokukhipha icala.

Umphakathi Nokungagunyazi

Imibono ibonisa ukuncipha kokuthembela komphakathi eNkantolo Ephakeme, namaMelika amaningi ewubheka njengendikimba yezombangazwe eqhubekisela phambili izigigaba. Le mibono iqiniswa yizinqumo eziphikisanayo ngokukhishwa kwezisu, izibhamu, nenkolo. Izivumo zangaphakathi zeNkantolo zibonakala kakhulu ngokuhlangana okuhlukene nangokuphikisanayo kwemibono. Ukuze igatsha lokwahlulela liqhubeke likhonza njengomlindi wentando yeningi, kumelwe liqinise ukuzimisela kwalo ukuveza, ukuchaza izimiso, ngisho naphambi kokucindezelwa umphakathi.

Isiphetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela linegunya lokuchaza imithetho liyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ngezindlela ezisukela ekubhaleni textum kuya ekusebenziseni i-pragmat, izinkantolo zihumusha izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezibanzi ngokwemithetho ekhethekile elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Izinqumo zezwe lamaza anjenge Brown[[, [[FLT]] [FLT]] Oberge wawehlela[[[FLT]], futhi [[FLT] [[FLT]] amaDobs [[FLT:]] [[FLT] abonisa indlela incazelo yokwahlulela kokubili okuqhubekela nokuhlola ushintsho lwentando yeningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, impilo ye-judiary ixhomeke ekuziseni kwayo, ekunamatheleni kwayo, ekulondeni nasekuthembeni komphakathi. Njengoba izikhostiso zezikhulu zezombangazwe zihlala ziqinile enkantolo zezemthetho "FLT:], futhi zikhothe ukuchaza imithetho, noma iziqondiso, futhi ziveza ngokuthembeka, noma ziqiniseke ngokuthembeka, noma