Table of Contents
UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States umi njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, kodwa amazwi awo kuphela awanikezi izimpendulo ezicacile njalo emibuzweni eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho ephakama emphakathini wanamuhla. Yilapha lapho ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuba okubalulekile khona. Inkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, inendima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo usho ukuthini nokuthi izimiso zawo zisebenza kanjani ezindabeni zanamuhla. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezichaza uMthetho-sisekelo okubaluleke ngayo ekuqondeni ukuthi umthetho waseMelika uqala kanjani nokuthi amalungelo ethu nemibuso kahulumeni kuchazwa kanjani.
Inqubo yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo icacile kakhulu kunokumane ufunde umbhalo. Esinqumweni sayo sonyaka ka-1803 kuMarbury v. Madison, iNkantolo Ephakeme yagcizelela futhi yachaza izisekelo zamandla ayo ukubukeza ubukho bomthetho-sisekelo wesenzo sikahulumeni kahulumeni. Lelicala elivelele lamisa isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela, linikeza izinkantolo igunya lokushaya imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abahluleli baye basungula izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi nezici ezingokwezisekelo zohlelo lomthetho-mthetho, ngalinye ngesisekelo salo siqu sefilosofi kanye neziciphozo eziwusizo.
Isisekelo Sokubukeza Kokwahlulela
Ngaphambi kokuhlola izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ukuchaza kudingekile ekuqaleni. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo, ubhalwe ngencwadi ephawulekayo, ngolimi olungadida noma luvuleleke eziqondeni eziningi. Umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo awusho lutho emibuzweni eminingi eyisisekelo yomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nemibuzo yokuthi abadwebi bawo nabaqondisi bencwadi abangeke baqale baqaphele noma bakhethe ukuxoxa nabo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungenangqondo, kodwa asidingi ukuthi amaphoyisa angawuhlola yini ucingo lwecell phone ngaphandle komfacelo.
Isidingo sokuchaza sisuka kunezici eziningana. Okokuqala, ulimi lomthetho-sisekelo luvame ukuba lubanzi ngamabomu futhi lusebenzisa amagama afana "nenqubo elindelekile," "isivikelo esilinganayo," kanye "ukuphenya okungenangqondo" okudinga incazelo nohlelo. Okwesibili, amaFramers angeke alindele intuthuko eziningi zesimanje, kusukela kwezobuchwepheshe kuya kwezesayensi yamanje. Okwesithathu, ngisho namalungiselelo abonakala ecacile angaphakamisa imibuzo uma esetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile ezingokoqobo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zivale igebe phakathi kombhalo womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kanye nezindaba ngaphambi kwazo, zenze ukuchazwa kwenqubo engenakugwenywa nebalulekile yesimiso sokwahlulela.
Izindlela Eziyisikhombisa Eziyinhloko Zokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo
Izazi zomthetho namajaji baye baveza izindlela eziningana ezihlukene zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Lapho besebenzisa amandla abo okubukeza ukuthatha umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathembela encazelweni ethile "ama-method" noma "ama-demode" okuchaza" okusho ukuthi, izindlela zokuveza incazelo ethile yelungiselelo ngaphakathi komthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba abahluleli bengase bagcizelele izindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngefilosofi yabo yomthetho, ukuhlaziya okuningi okungokomthetho-mthetho kuhilela ukucabangela izindlela eziningi zokuchaza. Nazi izindlela eziyisikhombisa eziqashelwa kakhulu:
Ukubhala Ngemibhalo: Indlela Ecacile Yokufinyelela Incazelo
I-Textalism iyindlela yokuchaza egxile encazelweni ecacile yombhalo wencwadi engokomthetho. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi amagama oMthetho-sisekelo kufanele aqondwe ngokwencazelo yawo evamile ngesikhathi ebhalwa. I-Textalism ivame ukugcizelela indlela amagama aseMthethweni oqondana ngayo nabantu ngesikhathi agunyazwa ngaso, kanye nomongo avezwa ngawo.
Izazi zokubhala zivame ukukholelwa ukuthi kunencazelo eqondile yombhalo, futhi azibuzi imibuzo ngokuphathelene nenhloso yabadwebi bezincwadi, abazuzi, noma abadansi boMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo lapho uthola incazelo embhalweni. Lendlela igxila kulokho okushiwo nguMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi lokho okungenzeka ukuthi abaFrames babekuhlosile noma ukuthi umphakathi wanamuhla ungakhethani. Ababhula ngezincwadi, izincwadi zolimi, nezinye izincwadi zomthetho zenkathi efanelekile ukuze banqume ukuthi ulimi lungaqondwa kanjani.
Indlela yokubhala ithonyekile eNkantolo yanamuhla ePhakeme. UMahluleli uNeil Gorfo waziwa njengombhali ovelele, futhi lendlela iye yasetshenziswa ezimweni ezivelele ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomthetho-mthetho. Amandla okubhala asekelwe ekutheni asekelwe ekutheni aqondeni futhi anqande ukugxila encazelweni ecacile yombhalo, ngokusho amajaji alinganisela ukuhluzeka kwawo futhi agweme ukubeka izifiso zomuntu siqu ezituswayo.
Ukukholelwa Ebuntwaneni: Ukuqonda Okushiwo Yilokho Okwakuqala
UbuSredinast buyinkolelo-mbono yokuchazwa kwemibhalo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo. Abakholelwa ekudalweni kwakuqala bakholelwa ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele unikezwe incazelo yomphakathi yokuqala ukuthi wawuyoba khona ngesikhathi usiba umthetho. Lendlela iye yaba nethonya kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva futhi imelela isikole esikhulu sokucabanga ekuchazeni umthetho.
Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zobufundi bokuqala. Izitayela ezintathu eziyinhloko ezivezwayo yinhloso yokuqala, ukubhalwa kombhalo, nokwakhiwa okuqinile. Inhloso yokuqala igxila kulokho amaFramers ayekuhlongoza lapho ebhala uMthetho-sisekelo, nakuba incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi (indlela yanamuhla neyamukelwa kabanzi) igxila ekuqondeni ukuthi umbhalo wawungaqondwa kanjani umphakathi wonke ngesikhathi sokuqoshwa. Incazelo yokuqala yemibhalo yemithetho-mthetho ingaqondwa ngezichazamazwi, izincwadi zolimi, nakweminye imibhalo engokomthetho okungabolekiwa kuyo. Ingathathwa futhi kuvela ezibonelweni ezingokomthetho wezwe nenkulumo-mkhakhakha eyaveza ilungiselelo lomthetho.
UMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia mhlawumbe wayengumsekeli odumile wemfundiso yokuqala eNkantolo Ephakeme. Indlela yakhe yagcizelela ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo yayimiswe ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa futhi akufanele ishintshe ngokusekelwe ezimweni zengqondo eziguqulayo zomphakathi. Abaqambi benkolo baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela inikeza ukuqina, ingcindezelo yokwahlulela, futhi ihlonipha inqubo yentando yeningi ngokufuna ukulungiswa okungokomthetho kunokuchazwa kabusha komthetho-siseko.
Ukuhlaziya Okungokomlando Nendima Yawo
Umlando wamahluleli ubheka emongweni ongokomlando lapho kuqoqwa ilungiselelo elithile futhi ligunyazwa ukuba likhanyise incazelo yalo.
Izinqumo eziphambili zamagatsha ezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yawo emide emisiwe, engokomlando, ziwumthombo obalulekile wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo ziye zabheka imikhuba engokomlando njengomthombo wencazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ezimweni ezihilela imibuzo emayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, namalungelo omuntu ngamunye, ikakhulukazi uma umbhalo unganikezi impendulo ecacile. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho zichaza izinga lamandla okulawula, izinkantolo zivame ukubheka ukuthi abaphathi noMkhandlu baye baziqonda kanjani ngokomlando futhi basebenzisa kanjani iziphathimandla zabo.
Ukuhlaziya okungokomlando kunganikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo, ikakhulukazi uma umbhalo wodwa ungaqondakali.
Iqhinga Nestartic Deccis
Iqhinga abahluleli banquma icala ngokubheka esinqumweni secala elandulelayo nelifanayo ngokwesimiso somthetho sokubuka udecisis, ngokuthola umthetho noma isimiso ecaleni langaphambili ukuze kuqondiswe ukwahlulela kwabo ecaleni lamanje. Imfundiso yokugqolozela idecis . .C. Latin ye-"ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe"" iyitshe lesisekelo lesimiso somthetho waseMelika futhi ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho.
Lendlela igcizelela ukubaluleka kwesibonelo ekwenzeni izinqumo zomthetho. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo, kamuva izinkantolo zilandela leyo ncazelo ngaphandle kokuba kunezizathu eziphoqelelayo zokuyiguqula. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, ukubikezela nokuzinza emthethweni. Izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zingathembela ezincazelweni ezimisiwe lapho zenza izinqumo nokuhlela ukuziphatha kwazo.
Nokho, isibonelo asisona esiphelele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yazijikijela izinqumo zayo ngaphambi kokuba iphethe ngokuthi zanqunywa ngokungalungile noma azisasebenzi. Izibonelo ezidumile zihlanganisa Brown v. Board of Education, eyagumbuqela uPelleby v. Ferguson ukuvunyelwa kwe-volution yohlanga, futhi muva nje, iDobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, eyagumbuqela uRoe v. Wade. Ukungezwani phakathi komthetho wezehlakaniphi naxa.
Incazelo Yezakhiwo
Isimiso sokwakha sichaza uMthetho-sisekelo osekelwe ebuhlotsheni nasemathanjeni amagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni. Lendlela ibheka umklamo nezakhiwo zoMthetho-sisekelo, ihlola indlela izinhlelo ezihlukene ezihlobana ngayo nendlela ezimisa ngayo uhlelo lukahulumeni.
Enye indlela yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo iveza ukuklanywa koMthetho-sisekelo: ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni kahulumeni (ngokuvame ukubizwa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso); ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni (owaziwa njengombuso); kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu. Ukuchazwa kohlelo kucabangela indlela uMthetho-sisekelo onikeza ngayo amandla phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene kanye nokuthi yiziphi izimiso ezisekela lokho kwabiwa.
Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ehlola ukuthi isenzo esithile sikahulumeni singokomthetho-sisekelo, umsunguli wezokwakha angase acabangele ukuthi siphazamisa ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha aphetheyo nawama-winogional, noma ukuthi siphazamisa ubukhosi bukahulumeni ngendlela ephikisana nezimiso zikahulumeni. IJaji elikhulu uJohn Roberts liye lasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokwakha ezimweni eziphawulekayo, lihlola indlela amalungiselelo omthetho asebenza ngayo ndawonye ukuze lakhe isimiso esivumelanayo sikahulumeni. Lokhu kungasiza kakhulu uma umbhalo wodwa unganikezi impendulo ecacile, njengoba uvumela abahluleli ukuba bacabange ngemibo bonke bomthetho womthetho.
Ukuzitika Nemiphumela Ewusizo
I-Pragmaticism ibheka uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi ephilayo okufanele ichazwe ngokucabangela imiphumela esebenzayo. Abahluleli abaqondisi bacabangela imiphumela yezwe yangempela yezinqumo zabo, behlola izindleko nezinzuzo zezincazelo ezihlukene. Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo akukho esimweni esiphansi.
Abahluleli bezazi zemfundo bangase babuze imibuzo enjengokuthi: Ingabe lencazelo iyowenza uhulumeni ube ngcono noma uphumelele? Ziyini izimpawu eziwusizo zokugcinwa kwamandla omthetho, amabhizinisi, noma amalungelo abantu?
Abagxeki be-pragmatic baphikisa ngokuthi yenza amajaji abe nokuhlakanipha okukhulu futhi kungaholela ekwenzeni izinqumo ezisekelwe ekuthatheni imingcele lapho amajaji ebuya emuva khona emphumeleni wawo othandwayo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukungayinaki imiphumela esebenzayo kungaholela emiphumeleni engasebenzi noma eyingozi, futhi amajaji kufanele aqonde ukuthi ithonya lezinqumo zawo linemiphumela engokoqobo. Indlela yokuzihlela ngokuvamile ihambisana nezinye izindlela, njengoba abahluleli becabangela imiphumela ewusizo ehambisana nombhalo, umlando, kanye nokuhlaziya kokwakha.
Ukucabanga Ngokuziphatha Nezimiso Ezinengqondo
I-Moral Reasoning, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-ethos yomthetho", iphikisa ngokuthi "imiqondo ethile yokuziphatha noma imiqondo esekelwe kweminye imibhalo yoMthetho-sisekelo" nokuthi iNkantolo kufanele ibangele lemiqondo eyisisekelo kuyo yonke incazelo yayo ecaleni. Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo nezimiso − njengenkululeko, ukulingana, nobulungisa okumelwe kwazise ukuchazwa kwawo.
Abahluleli abasebenzisa indlela yokucabanga yokuziphatha bangase bacabangele ukuthi ikuphi ukuchaza okuthuthukisa isithunzi somuntu, ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo, noma ukuthuthukisa izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela ibaluleke kakhulu lapho bechaza iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezibanzi ezinjengokuthi "inqubo esele yomthetho" noma "isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho," okubonakala sengathi kusekela imiqondo yokuziphatha nezimiso ezingokomthetho kuphela kunokuba kuthathwe imithetho engokomthetho.
Nokho, ukucabanga ngokokuziphatha mhlawumbe kuyindlela ephikiswana kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ivumela amajaji ukuba aphoqelele imibono yawo siqu yokuziphatha nge-propatials, avumelane ngokuphumelelayo noMthetho-sisekelo ukuze avumelane nokukhetha kokuziphatha kwamanje. Baphikisa ngokuthi embusweni wentando yeningi, izahlulelo zokuziphatha kufanele zenziwe ngabameleli abakhethiwe, hhayi abahluleli abangahleli. Abalweli baphendula ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo ufaka izimiso zokuziphatha, futhi ukuthi ukuchaza lezizimiso kudinga ukucabanga kokuziphatha okungokokuziphatha kodwa kudinga ukuqonda izibo abazinikele zokuziphatha ezisembhalweni womthetho-mthetho.
Impikiswano Enkulu: Ukuqalwa Kwakuqala Kuphambene Nomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo
Inkulumo - mpikiswano enkulu yamanje ephathelene nokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo igxile kumafilosofi amabili aphikisanayo: ukuthatha izinto zakuqala nokuphila komthetho-sisekelo. Abaqondisi bokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo imisiwe futhi kufanele ibophe abenzi bomthetho-sisekelo. Abaphili bomthetho-sisekelo abaphilayo baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho womthetho-sisekelo ungaphenduleka futhi kufanele uphendule izimo ezishintshayo. Lokhu kungavumelani okuyisisekelo kuhlela indlela abahluleli ababheka ngayo imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi kunemiphumela ephawulekayo ngomthetho nemphakathi waseMelika.
Isikhundla Sokuqala
UbuOrnationalism buvame ukuhlukaniswa njengenkolelo-mbono yokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ne-Living Constitution. Izazi zomthetho-sisekelo eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo ishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba isimo sezenhlalo sishintsha, ngisho noma kungavunyelwanga ukuguqulwa komthetho-mthetho woMdabu we-Explorinto, uphikisa lombono, uveza ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo yamiswa lapho ivunyelwa futhi ingashintshwa ngenqubo engokomthetho ehlelwe echazwe eSiphakathini V.
Abaqondisi bemfundiso yokuqala banikeza izimpikiswano eziningana ukuze bafinyelele indlela yabo. Okokuqala, baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo emisiwe yomthetho ithuthukisa umthetho ngokwenza umthetho uqonde futhi ucindezele ukuqondisisa kokwahlulela. Uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ingashintsha ngokusekelwe emibonweni yabahluleli yokususa izindinganiso zezenhlalo, khona - ke kuba nzima ukwazi lokho umthetho ofunayo ngempela. Okwesibili, abasunguli baphikisa ngokuthi indlela yabo yokuhlonipha idemokrasi. Umthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa ngenqubo yentando yeningi, futhi ukuguqula incazelo yawo kufanele kufune ukuvunyelwa kwentando yeningi okufanayo nge-producraticmentmentmentmentation, hhayi ukuchazwa kabusha kwemithetho.
Okwesithathu, izazi zokuqala zigomela ngokuthi incazelo emisiwe yomthetho-sisekelo ivikela amalungelo nezimiso ezibalulekile ekuwohlokeni ngokushintsha kwemimoya yezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, abasunguli bacabanga ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sasikunqabela njalo ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga (kusukela ekuthatheni kwayo ngo-1868), esinqumweni esiyiphutha seNkantolo Ephakeme esisekela ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ePlessy v. Ferguson (1996), esinqunyweni saseBrown ngo-195496, kuze kube namuhla. Ngaphansi kwalombono, isivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo sokulingana asishintshiwe mayelana nokuthi i-empele yomthetho iyaziwa noma ayithandwangathandwangathandwangabo noma ayithandwangathandwangakho nganoma isiphi isikhathi.
UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo Uyasondela
Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo banombono ohlukile. Baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe uchazwe ngokwezimo zamanje, izindinganiso, nokuqonda. Izikhawu zoMthetho-sisekelo ezibanzi (inqubo efana "yokuqala," nesijeziso esingavamile" kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi uyaziguqula njengoba ukuqonda komphakathi lemiqondo kukhula.
Abasekeli bobuProgramu obuphilayo banikeza izingxenyana eziningana zokuthatha kwabo indlela. Okokuqala, baphikisa ngokuthi abaFramers basebenzisa ngamabomu incazelo ebanzi, ulimi oluvamile ngamalungiselelo amaningi omthetho-sisekelo ngenxa nje yokuthi bafuna ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo uvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo. Baphikisa ngokuthi, ukuchaza okuqinile, okungokokuqala, kungenza ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo uphelelwe isikhathi futhi ungakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga zanamuhla. Okwesibili, abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo baveza ukuthi ukunquma "incazelo yokuqala" yamalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kunzima noma akunakwenzeka, njengoba ubufakazi obungokomlando bungase bungaphelele noma buphikisa.
Okwesithathu, baphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izincazelo zemvelaphi yokuqala zingaholela emiphumeleni engamukeleki. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sichaza uMthetho-sisekelo osekelwe kuphela ekuqondeni okungowe-18 noma kwele-19, singaphetha ngokuthi abesifazane abanawo amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo okwelapha okulinganayo, noma ukuthi ubuchwepheshe banamuhla obunezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziningi abunakuvikelwa ngokomthetho. Abaholi bemithetho-sisekelo bakholelwa ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kufanele zisetshenziswe ngezindlela ezinengqondo emphakathini wanamuhla.
Abagxeki bomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo baphikisa ngokuthi unika amajaji amandla amaningi kakhulu futhi ubavumela ukuba baphoqelele izinqubo zabo siqu ngokuzisholo ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ingashintsha ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni eziguquguqukayo, ubani onquma ukuthi ziyini lezozindinganiso? Ngokwesiko, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi, abahluleli abangahleliwe abazenza lezi zinqumo, okululaza ukuzilawula ngokwentando yeningi.
Indlela Izinkantolo Ezizisebenzisa Ngayo Lezi Zinqubo
Eqinisweni, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme awavamile ukuncika endleleni eyodwa yokuchaza igebe elihlukile. Ukuhlaziya okuningi komthetho - sisekelo kuhilela ukucabangela izici eziningi nezinqubo. Ubulungisa bungase buqale ngombhalo womthetho - sisekelo, bucabangele incazelo yawo yasekuqaleni, buhlole izenzakalo ezihlobene nokwakheka, futhi bucabangele imiphumela esebenzayo lapho kunqunywa icala elilodwa.
Amajaji ahlukene agcizelela izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisekelwe kumafilosofi awo okwahlulela. Abanye abahluleli bazinikele ngokuqinile ekuchazeni kobukhomanisi noma emibhalweni, kuyilapho abanye benikeza ithonya elikhulu ekwakheni noma emiphumeleni esebenzayo. Ngakho - ke, ukuhlelwa kweNkantolo kuthinta ngokuphawulekayo indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ochazwa ngayo. Njengoba amalungu eNkantolo eshintsha, ngokufanayo nendlela yokuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izinqumo zayo zomthetho sisekelo.
Cabangela indlela ehlukene yokuchaza izindlela ezingasebenza ngayo esibonelweni esiqinile. IsiHlanziso sesine sivikela ekuhlolweni "ukuphenyisisa okungacabangeli nokuquleka." Inkantolo kufanele inqume kanjani ukuthi ukuhlola okuthile "kungenangqondo"? Umlobi wemibhalo ubengagxila kulokho "okungenangqondo" okushiwo ngo-1791 lapho iSichibiyelo sigunyaziwe. Umuntu wakuqala angahlola ukuthi iziphi izinhlobo zokuhlola amaFramers aqondwayo njengokungacabangeli. Umahluleli obekuqondiswe ukuthi inkantolo yangaphambili ichaza ukungacabangeli okungacabangeli. U-pragmatist angabheka izidingo eziwusizo eziwusizo ezingokwezinzuzo zomthetho ezimelene nezithakazelo zomuntu siqu. Umuntu ophila ngomthetho angabheka ukuthi kulindelweni okungaqondakali kobuchwepheshe nangokomphakathi wanamuhla.
Lezindlela ezihlukene zingaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ingabe iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela okuqukethwe umakhalekhukhwini? Owakuqala angaphawula ukuthi abakhi bocingo babengakucabangi ukuthatha umakhalekhukhwini, kodwa bangabuza ukuthi yisiphi isimiso esisekela iSichibiyelo Sesine nendlela esisebenza ngayo kwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla. Umsekeli womthetho-sisekelo ophilayo angaphikisa ngokuthi amathemba ezindaba zomuntu siqu engolwazini lwemishini kufanele azise ukuhlaziywa. Zombili izindlela zingadinga ukwahlulela nokucabanga ngaphandle kokufunda nje umbhalo.
Izici Ezithonya Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo
Ngaphandle kwezindlela ezivamile zokuchaza, izici eziningana eziwusizo zithonya indlela izinkantolo eziwuchaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda lezi zici kunikeza umbono ophelele wokwenziwa kwesinqumo somthetho - sisekelo.
Indima Yeziqu Zangaphambili Ezingokomthetho
Njengoba kuxoxwe ngaphambili, inqubo engokomthetho ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile ilandela izinqumo zayo zangaphambili, yakha umthetho womthetho - sisekelo ogcina ukhona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lemfundiso yokubuka ithuthukisa ukuzinza nokubikezela, kodwa isho futhi ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kulolongwa izinqumo ezinqwabelene zezinkantolo zesikhathi esidlule.
Nokho, ubunzima obunikezwayo bungahluka. Abanye abahluleli babheka isibonelo njengesandulela esiwukwehlisa isithunzi, ukugumbuqela izinqumo zangaphambi kuphela ezimweni ezikhetheke kakhulu. Abanye bazimisele kakhulu ukugumbuqela izenzakalo abazibheka njengezinqunywe ngokungalungile noma eziphikisana nencazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu ukungavumelani ngendima efanele yesibonelo yisici esibalulekile sokuchazwa komthetho sisekelo.
Izindinganiso Zomphakathi Nendawo Ezungezile
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amajaji ayavuma noma cha, izindinganiso zomphakathi nezimo zamanje zithonya ngokungagwegwesi ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo. Abahluleli bayimiphumela yesikhathi sabo namasiko, futhi ukuqonda kwabo izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kulololongwa yizwe elibazungezile. Lokhu akusho ukuthi abahluleli bamane baphoqelela umbono othandwayo wamanje //rather, ukuqonda kwabo imiqondo efana "ukulingana," nenqubo" yokuhamba kwesikhathi" itshelwa ulwazi lwamanje, izindinganiso, nezimo.
Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi isiphi isijeziso "esiwubuhlukume nesangavamile" kuye kwashintsha njengoba imibono yomphakathi ngesijeziso isishintshile. Imikhuba yake yabhekwa njengeyamukelekayo `njengokushaya komphakathi noma ukubulala izingane' manje iqondwa njengese-Eighth Isichibiyeli. Ukuthi lo kuziphendukela kwemvelo kumelela ukulawulwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma ukusebenza kwezimiso ezimisiwe ezimweni ezintsha kuyimpikiswano.
Amaqiniso Aqondile Ecala Ngalinye
Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ayikho kule mithetho engabonakali. Izinkantolo zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngomongo wamacala athile ahilela amaqiniso athile nezimo. Imininingwane yecala ingayithonya ngokuphawulekayo indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisetshenziswa futhi ziqondwe ngayo.
Ngokwesibonelo, izigwebo zeSichibiyelo sesine ezihilela ukuphenya zingabheka izici ezinjengokuthi ingabe ukuseshwa kwenzeka ekhaya noma emotweni, ukuthi lowo muntu wayelindele ukuba angabi nandaba, ukuthi zazikhona yini izimo ezihlukile, kanye neminye imininingwane eminingi eyiqiniso. Nakuba umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo uhlala ufana, ukusebenza kwawo kuyahluka kuye ngesimo esiqondile. Le nkinga ngekhanda kuvumela ukusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngendlela ecacile kodwa futhi kungaholela ekubeni kube yinkimbinkimbi nokungaqiniseki.
Ukucatshangelwa Kwezinhlangano
Izinkantolo zicabangela nezici eziyisisekelo lapho zichaza uMthetho - sisekelo. lezi zihlanganisa ukukhathazeka ngendima efanele yezinkantolo namanye amagatsha kahulumeni, imingcele yekhono lokwahlulela, nokusebenza okusebenzayo kwezincazelo ezihlukahlukene.
I-Pudientialism inqanda amajaji ukuba abeke imithetho ebanzi emalunga esikhathini esizayo, futhi iluleka izinkantolo ukuba zifeze indima elinganiselwe. Abanye abahluleli bakholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo kufanele zibonise ukuzithiba futhi zilalele amagatsha ezombangazwe emibuzweni eminingi, zingenela kuphela lapho kubekwe umthetho oqinile. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo zinesibopho sokuphoqelela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuqinile ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kudinga ukugumbuqela izenzo zezikhulu ezikhethiwe.
Izinkantolo zicabangela futhi ukuthi zinamandla yini okuxazulula izindaba ezithile ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuzo ehilela izahlulelo zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi, ubuchwepheshe, noma ukwabiwa kwempahla ingafaneleka kangcono ekubekeni izinqumo zezemithetho noma zomthetho esikhundleni sesinqumo sokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlola okuhlakaniphile kungathonya indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo nokuthi zikhetha yini ukungenela ezimpikiswaneni ezithile.
Umphumela Wokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo NgoMthetho WaseMelika
Izindlela ezisetshenziswa izinkantolo ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo zinemiphumela emikhulu emthethweni waseMelika nasemphakathini. Ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho kulawula izinga lamalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene namagatsha kahulumeni, nesinqumo sezindaba eziningi zomphakathi eziphikisana kakhulu.
Amalungelo Nabantu Ngabodwa
Indlela izinkantolo eziyichaza ngayo imibandela engokomthetho ewathinta ngayo ngokuqondile amalungelo nenkululeko abantu baseMelika. Izinqumo eziphathelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, inqubo efanele, nesivikelo esifanayo zonke zixhomeke ekuchazeni umthetho. Ukuchaza okuhlukahlukene kungaholela ekuvikeleni amalungelo omuntu ngamanye noma ekuwalinganiseleni.
Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokufihla ubuso nobuso (leqanjwa ngokucacile eMthethweni) eliye laqashelwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza. Abanye abahluleli baye bathola amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu abonakala "ku-"liberty" evikelwe yi-Century Procession Claus, kuyilapho abanye benqabe lendlela njengesekelwe ngokungafanele embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kungavumelani okuchazayo kunemiphumela yangempela yezindaba ezisukela kumalungelo okuzala kuya ekuthuleni ulwazi lwezindaba.
Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nohulumeni
Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo inquma futhi ukwabiwa kwegunya phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni. Imibuzo ngegunya eliphetheyo, amandla ombuso, kanye nobukhosi bombuso konke kudinga ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ngohlelo lukahulumeni negunya.
Izindlela zokuchaza ezihlukene zingaholela eziphethweni ezihlukene ngalemibuzo yokwakha. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla oMkhandlu okulawula ezohwebo ezisezweni kufanele achazwe kabanzi kangakanani? Inkantolo kufanele ibeke isineke esingakanani ezincazelweni eziphethe amagatsha emithetho? ISichibiyelo seshumi seSimende singena egunyeni likahulumeni? Izimpendulo zalemibuzo zixhomeke kakhulu ezindleleni zokuchaza ezisetshenziswa izinkantolo.
Izimpikiswano Zezenhlalo Nezezombangazwe
Izindaba eziningi zezenhlalo nezombangazwe ezihlukanisa kakhulu ekugcineni ziba yimibuzo edinga ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Izindaba ezinjengokukhipha isisu, umshado oxubile, ukuvuma, amalungelo ezibhamu, imali yomkhankaso, kanye nenkululeko engokwenkolo konke kuye kwaxoxwa ngakho ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.
Indima yeNkantolo Ephakeme ekuxazululeni lezimpikiswano yenza ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho ngokwemvelo kube kwezombangazwe ngomqondo wokuthi kuthinta imiphumela ebalulekile yenqubo. Nokho, abahluleli abaningi nezazi zomthetho bagomela ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kufanele kusekelwe ekucabangeni okungokomthetho nasemithethweni, hhayi kwezombangazwe. Inselele ihlukanisa phakathi kwencazelo engokomthetho engokomthetho kanye nokwenza izinqumo okuphumela ekutheni − umehluko ngokwawo uncintisana futhi ngokwengxenye uxhomeke emibonweni yomuntu ngezindlela ezifanele zokuchaza.
Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano Ngencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo
Indlela ngayinye yokuchaza ibhekene nokugxeka, futhi kunezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zokuthi iziphi izindlela ezifaneleke kakhulu neziphumelela kakhulu. Ukuqonda lokhu kugxeka kusiza ekukhanyeni izinselele ezikhona ekuchazeni komthetho-sisekelo.
Izimo Zokukholelwa Ekudalweni Kwakuqala
Abagxeki bemfundiso yokuqala baphakamisa izimpikiswano eziningana. Okokuqala, baphikisa ngokuthi ukunquma "incazelo yokuqala" yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo akunakwenzeka noma akunakwenzeka. Ubufakazi obungokomlando bungangangaphelele, buphikisane, noma buthule emibuzweni eyisihluthulelo. Abacwaningi abahlukene bokuqala bangafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngokuthi incazelo yakuqala yayiyini, basikisela ukuthi lendlela ayinenjongo etheni kunabasekeli bayo.
Okwesibili, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ubuFramest bungaholela emiphumeleni engamukeleki. Uma siboshwe ngemizwa ye-18 noma ye-19, uMthetho-sisekelo ungavikela ezinhlotsheni eziningi zanamuhla zobandlululo noma ukuphamba kukahulumeni. Isizukulwane sabaHluleli samukela ubugqila, siphika amalungelo alinganayo abesifazane, futhi asinakucabanga ngobuchwepheshe banamuhla noma amalungiselelo ezenhlalo. Ukunamathela ngokulandela ukuqonda kwabo, abagxeki baphikisa, kungenza uMthetho-sisekelo ungabi yilutho ekubusekeleni ukubusa kwamanje.
Okwesithathu, abagxeki bayakungabaza ukuthi kungani kufanele siboshwe imibono yabantu abaphila emakhulwini eminyaka adlule futhi ababengabameleli bezakhamuzi ezigcwele (njengabesifazane, abantu abagqilaziwe, nabanye abakhishwa enqubweni yezombangazwe).
Izinhloso Zobumthetho Obuphilayo
Ukuphila ngomthetho-sisekelo kubhekene nokugxeka kwakho. Okuphikisa kakhulu ukuthi kunika amajaji ukwahlulela ukuqonda okukhulu futhi kubavumela ukuba baphoqelele izindinganiso zabo siqu nge-python chaza. Uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ingaguquka isekelwe ezindinganisweni zezenhlalo ezishintshayo, abahluleli banamandla okulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokulungisa inqubo engokomthetho.
Abagxeki baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukuphila ngomthetho - sisekelo kululaza umthetho ngokwenza incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ingaqondakali futhi ishintshe. Uma uMthetho-sisekelo usho noma yimuphi amajaji acabanga ukuthi kufanele usho lokho uma kucatshangelwa izindinganiso zanamuhla, khona - ke awuwanyathisi ngempela amandla kahulumeni noma uvikele amalungelo ngendlela eqinile nengenakuguqulwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abagxeki bayakungabaza ukuthi izindinganiso zobani okufanele zibe "zihlanganisa izindinganiso zomphakathi." Emphakathini ohlukene onemibono encintisanayo, abahluleli banquma kanjani ukuthi yiziphi izindinganiso zamanje?
Inselele Yokuba Icala Lokwahlulela
Kunezimpikiswano eziningi eziphathelene nokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuyinto ekhathazayo ngomthetho wokwahlulela. Emphakathini wentando yeningi, kungani amajaji angohulumeni angenamthetho anegunya lokugumbuqela izinqumo zabameleli abakhethiwe?
Izindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza zinikeza izimpendulo ezihlukene kulombuzo ongokomthetho. Abaqondisi bezomthetho baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji angokomthetho lapho emisa uMthetho-sisekelo njengoba wawuqondwa ekuqaleni, hhayi ukuphoqa imibono yawo siqu kodwa kunalokho ukusebenzisa umthetho njengowedemokrasi. Abaphili bemithetho elawulayo bangase baphikise ngokuthi ukufaneleka komthetho-sisekelo kuvela ekucupheni okucatshangelwayo kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngokucabangela izimo zanamuhla, ukuqinisekisa uMthetho-sisekelo kuhlala kufanelekile futhi kusebenza.
Umbuzo ongokomthetho uba mkhulu kakhulu uma iNkantolo Ephakeme yenza izinqumo eziphikisanayo ezichitha imithetho ethandwayo noma zimise amalungelo amasha. Ukuthi izinqumo ezinjalo zibhekwa njengezifanelekile ngokuvamile zixhomeke emibonweni yomuntu ngencazelo efanelekile yomthetho-sisekelo kanye nendima efanele yezinkantolo zentando yeningi yaseMelika.
Ikusasa Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo
Incazelo yomthetho iyaqhubeka iguquka njengoba amajaji amasha ejoyina iNkantolo, kuphakama izimpikiswano ezintsha, futhi kuphakama ukucabanga okungokomthetho.
Ukwenaba Kwemfundiso Yenkolo Yakuqala
ISiphakamiso sesiye saba nethonya eNkantolo Ephakeme emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. INkantolo yamanje ihlanganisa abahluleli abaningana abathi abakholelwa ukuthi abakhona ekuqaleni noma abavame ukusebenzisa ukucabanga kokuqala. Lokhu kushintsha sekuyithinte kakade imfundiso yomthetho - sisekelo ezindaweni ezisukela emalungelweni ezibhamu kuya emthethweni wokuphatha kuya ekukhipheni isisu.
Nokho, ukwakheka kwakuqala ngokwako kuyaqhubeka kuvela. Izazi zanamuhla ziye zahlela izindlela zazo, zahlukanisa phakathi kwenhloso yokuqala nencazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni, futhi zasungula izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlola umlando. Kukhona futhi ukuphikisana phakathi kokwazi kwasekuqaleni mayelana nendlela yokusingatha izimo lapho incazelo yokuqala ingacacile noma lapho ukuyisebenzisa kungaholela khona emiphumeleni enzima.
Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo
Ushintsho olusheshayo lwezobuchwepheshe luyinselele eqhubekayo yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezibhalwe ngekhulu le-18 nele-19 zisebenza kanjani ekuxhumaneni ngemishini, ekuklameni kwezakhi zofuzo, nakwezinye izinqubo zobuchwepheshe banamuhla? Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi izimiso zomthetho sisekelo zihlanganisa kanjani nezimo abaFramers abangazicabangi.
Ingabe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sisebenza kanjani eziteshini zezokuxhumana zezokuxhumana? Uhulumeni ungalawula ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo ngezindlela ezingase zifake amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo?
Ukwenelisa kanye nendima yeNkantolo
Umphakathi waseMelika uye wahlukana kakhulu, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ayizange igonyelwe yilokhu kuhlukana. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa eziNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaba yizinqindi ezinkulu, abasekeli namaqembu anesithakazelo abagxile kakhulu ekutheni abameleli cishe bangawuchaza kanjani uMthetho - sisekelo ezindabeni eziphikisanayo.
Lokhu kuphambanisa kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokufaneleka kwenhlangano yeNkantolo kanye nekhono layo lokusebenza njengomxhasi ongathathi-hlangothi wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ezinye izingqapheli zikhathazekile ngokuthi uma iNkantolo ibhekwa njengenye nje inhlangano yezombangazwe, izinqumo zayo ziyolahlekelwa igunya layo lokuziphatha futhi zinciphe. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo engokomthetho-sisekelo ngokungenakugwenywa ihilela izahlulelo ezibalulekile nokuthi ukuqaphela leliqiniso kuthembekile kakhulu kunokuchaza ngezindlela zobuphili noma zezombangazwe.
Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi Nezabeli - mthetho
Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo kuphela, kodwa kunemiphumela ewusizo ezakhamuzini, kubameli, nakwabasunguli bezimiso.
Izakhamuzi
Izakhamuzi ziyazuza ngokuqonda indlela izinkantolo eziwuchaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo ngoba zisiza ziqonde amalungelo azo nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Uma izinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuqonda izindlela zokuchaza ezisetshenziswayo kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi ziyavumelana yini nokucabanga nokuthi isinqumo sibonakala sigxile kahle emthethweni noma sibonakala sinezimiphumela.
Ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo nakho kuhilela ukuhlanganyela komphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zivotela amongameli nabameli, zithonya ngokungaqondile incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokuthinta omiswe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ukuqonda amafilosofi ahlukahlukene okuchaza kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xandukile mayelana nokwahlulela kanye nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ezizimisayo futhi eziziqinisekisa.
Kubo Abameli Nabanye Ochwepheshe Bezomthetho
Kubameli, ukuqondwa komthetho - sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukunqanda ukuqamba icala. Lapho bephikisana ngomthetho - sisekelo, abameli kumelwe baqonde ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zokuchaza okungenzeka zizwakale kumajaji athile nokuthi bangahlela kanjani izimpikiswano ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza. Ummeli ophikisana nomahluleli wokuqala uyogcizelela amaphuzu ahlukene kunalowo ophikisana phambi komahluleli onikeza incazelo ebaluleke kakhulu noma imiphumela ewusizo.
Ochwepheshe bezomthetho futhi kumelwe baqhubeke behambisana nentuthuko echazwe ngomthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba ukwakheka kweNkantolo Ephakeme nezinqubo zokuchaza ushintsho, imfundiso yomthetho-sisekelo iyashintsha. Abaqondisi-mthetho kudingeka baqonde lokhu kushintshana ukuze banikeze amakhasimende iseluleko esinembile futhi balindele ukuthi izinkantolo zingazilawula kanjani ngemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo.
Kubenzi Bomthetho
Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kungasiza abakhi bemithetho elawulayo ukuba bamelane nenselele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ingazisa futhi nezinqumo zokuvikela imithetho ephikiswayo nalapho izinkathazo zomthetho-sisekelo zingadinga ukucatshangelwa kwenqubo.
Abenzi bomthetho futhi banendima ekulolongeni ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ngenqubo yokumiswa nokuqinisekiswa kwamajaji kahulumeni. Indima yomthetho-mthetho weSigele ekuqinisekiseni omahluleli inikeza izishayamthetho ithonya elikhulu ekuqondiseni komthetho-mthetho esikhathini esizayo.
Isihluthulelo Sokuthatha Incazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo
Kuvela izimiso eziningana ezibalulekile lapho kuhlolisiswa indlela izinkantolo eziwuchaza ngayo uMthetho - sisekelo:
- Ukuguqula akugwemeki: Umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo wodwa awuphenduli yonke imibuzo, okwenza ukuchaza kube okudingekile nokungenakugwenywa.
- Izinqubo ze-Multiple zikhona:[ izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza, kuhlanganise nokuchaza imibhalo, uqobo, isiqalo, ukuhlolwa kokwakha, i-pragmatism, nokucabanga ngokokuziphatha.
- Abahluleli abavumelani ngezindlela: Akukho ukuvumelana okuthi ukuchaza kungcono kakhulu, futhi abahluleli abahlukene bagcizelela izindlela ezihlukene ezisekelwe kumafilosofi abo okwahlulela.
- Impikiswano yezindaba: indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo ezithinta ngayo amalungelo abantu ngabanye, isimo sikahulumeni, nesinqumo sezindaba ezinkulu zezenhlalo nezezombangazwe.
- umxholo ubalulekile: incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ivela ngokomongo wezindaba ezithile, ithonywe amaqiniso, izandulela, kanye nokucabangela okuwusizo.
- [[I-FT:0] Ukudluliswa kwecala kuyashintsha: kuyasondela ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo njengoba amajaji amasha ehlangana neNkantolo futhi kukhula ukucabanga okungokomthetho.
- Ukungafundi kuyaphikiswa: imibono ehlukene ngencazelo efanele ibonisa ukuqonda okuhlukene kokwahlulelwa kwamalungelo omthetho kanye nendima yezinkantolo edemokrasi.
Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, kunemithombo eminingi. I- Constitution Center yesizwe inikeza izinto zokufundisa, kuhlanganise nezincazelo eziningiliziwe zezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza nendlela ezisebenza ngayo emalungiselelweni akhethekile omthetho-sisekelo. I-Constitution yesikhungo inikeza imibono eminingi ngelungiselelo ngalinye lomthetho-sisekelo, ibonisa indlela izazi ezinezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza umbhalo ofanayo.
Izazi ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka ziphikisana futhi zilungisa imibono, futhi ngemva kwalezi zingxoxo zezazi, zinganikeza ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kwemibono engokomthetho - sisekelo. Izincwadi zezezindaba zezincwadi zomthetho nezifundo zomthetho - sisekelo nazo zinikeza izindlela ezihlelwe kahle zokuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho - sisekelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano kulo lonke umehluko wezombangazwe (kusukela ku- American Civil Liberties Union ku-Federalist Society[[]]]] nikeza imibono ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezici zayo zezindaba ezithile. Nakuba lezinhlangano zinemibono ethile, ukuhlola izimpikiswano ezisekelwe emibonweni ehlukene kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda okuphelele ngokwengeziwe kwempikiswano yokuchaza.
Isiphetho
Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo isici esiyinkimbinkimbi, esiphikiswayo, nesiyisisekelo somthetho waseMelika. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi usho ukuthini uMthetho-sisekelo nokuthi usebenza kanjani ezindabeni zanamuhla, zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ezibonisa amafilosofi okwahlulela ahlukene kanye nokuqonda indima yokwahlulela. Impikiswano phakathi kobuKhomanisi nomthetho sisekelo ophilayo imelela ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngokuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo imisiwe noma ixazululiwe, kanye nezici eziphawulekayo zendlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo izindaba.
Ayikho indlela yokuchaza eye yafinyelela ukwamukelwa emhlabeni wonke, futhi amajaji ayaqhubeka ephikisana ngokuthi iziphi izindlela ezifaneleke kakhulu neziphumelela kakhulu. Lokhu kungavumelani akuzona nje izifundiswa − ezithinta imiphumela yangempela ezimpikiswaneni ezisukela kumalungelo ohulumeni kuya kuhlelo lwezenhlalo. Njengoba ushintsho lweNkantolo ePhakeme luphakama nemibuzo emisha engokomthetho-mthetho-siseko iyaqhubeka ibumba umthetho nezenhlalo yaseMelika.
Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, kwenza abameli bakwazi ukusekela ngokukholisa ngokwengeziwe, futhi kuvumela abakhi bemithetho ukuba baqambe imithetho ehlonipha ukuvimbela komthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba izimpikiswano zingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi zibe nobuchwepheshe, imibuzo eyisisekelo ibalulekile: UMthetho-sisekelo usho ukuthini? Futhi kufanele kuvumelane kanjani ukwethembeka ezidingweni zamanje?
Lemibuzo ayinazimpendulo ezilula, kodwa ukuxabana nayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukubusa ngentando yeningi komthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. UMthetho-sisekelo uhlala uyisici esiphilayo sokubusa ngoba izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zichaza futhi zisebenzisana nezimo ezintsha, zisebenzisa izindlela ezibonisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngomthetho, idemokrasi, nobulungisa. Uma nje uMthetho-sisekelo usalokhu uwumthetho ophakeme wezwe, ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuhlala kuyisici esibalulekile nesiphikisayo sokuphila komthetho-mthetho nezombangazwe kwaseMelika.