Table of Contents

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni simelela esinye sezinqubo zokwahlulela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezihlelwe ngokucophelela emhlabeni. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezenza ngayo izinqumo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso somthetho waseMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi womthetho, uchwepheshe ongokomthetho, umnini webhizinisi, noma umane nje uyisazi sezakhamuzi esithembisene. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zihlaziya khona amacala, zisebenzisa izimiso zomthetho, futhi zinikeza izinqumo ezibumba umphakathi wethu.

Ukuqonda Inkantolo Yezesinqumo: Isisekelo Segunya Lesinqumo

Ngaphambi kokuba inkantolo kahulumeni yenze noma isiphi isinqumo, kumelwe kuqala kuqinisekise ukuthi inegunya elingokomthetho ukulisingatha icala. Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziyizinkantolo ezilawula imingcele elinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi zingalalela amacala agunyaziwe kuphela nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States noma imithetho kahulumeni. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sihlukanisa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni futhi sisebenza njengesinyathelo sokuqala esibucayi enqubweni yokwenza kwesinqumo.

Izimfuneko Zokusola Indaba

Izindaba azinakususwa yizindawo zokulawula izihloko futhi zingaphakanyiswa nganoma yiliphi iqophelo enqubweni yokuziphendulela. Eqinisweni, inkantolo ingalilahla icala i-supnonte (ngayo ngokwayo) ngenxa yokungabi nagunya lokulawula izihloko. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma bobabili befuna inkantolo kahulumeni ukuba izwe icala labo, inkantolo kumelwe iqinisekise ngokwayo ukuthi inegunya lomthetho-mthetho nemithetho ukuba iqhubeke.

Imithombo emibili eyinhloko yokulawula kwezindaba zezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukubusa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene nokulawula kwemibuzo kahulumeni. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi amacala angena kanjani esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Ukulahlwa Okuhlukahlukene

Ukubusa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo ngokuvamile kuvumela abantu ukuba balethe iziphakamiso enkantolo kahulumeni lapho ukumangalela kungaphezu kuka $75 000 (R150 000) futhi amaqembu eyizakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene. Loluhlobo lwezikhundla luvumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenze njengezingathathi hlangothi lapho kuphakama izingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukahlukene, zivimbele ubandlululo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ukuletha icala lomthetho enkantolo kahulumeni, wonke ama-palitiff kumelwe abekwe ezindaweni ezihlukene kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, futhi isilinganiso sempikiswano kumelwe sibe ngaphezu kuka-R35 000.

Isinqumo Semibuzo KaFederal

Ukulawula kwemibuzo kuvumela umuntu ngamunye, ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwalokhu kumangalelwa, ngokuletha icala enkantolo kahulumeni uma kuvela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Loluhlobo lokulawula lubanzi futhi luhlanganisa amacala ahilela izindaba zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano.

Ukuze kube ne-guvernement, isikhalo se-paltiff kumelwe sibe sesihoxisiwe, okusho ukuthi isikhalo sokuqala somphathi-mthetho kumelwe sibe nezikhombo zombuzo kahulumeni nempikiswano kahulumeni evuswayo, futhi umbuzo kahulumeni awunakuvela ngesivikelo esilindelekile." Lesisikhalo esiphambili" siqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa kukahulumeni kusungulwe ngokucacile ekuqaleni kwe-ligia.

Ukulahlwa Okunezelwayo Nokulahlwa

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zingasebenzisa futhi igunya lokunezela ekufuneni iziphakamiso ezihlobene. Ukulawula okungaphezulu kuvumela inkantolo kahulumeni ukuba izwe icala layo elingenakho ukubusa kwezikhulu ezizimele uma ukuzisholo kuhlobene nokuzimela inkantolo kahulumeni enegunya layo. Lemfundiso ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokwahlulela ngokuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zixazulule zonke izimpikiswano ezihlobene nenqubo eyodwa.

Inqubo Yokuqala Yokuzikhohlisa Nokubukeza Okuyindida

Inqubo yokwenza isinqumo senkantolo kahulumeni iqala isikhashana idluliswa. Le sigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa ukuhlolisisa kokubili ukuthobela imithetho kanye nezimfuneko zokulawula.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Uma isikhulu secala senkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni, isikhalo kumelwe sigcwalise izimfuneko eziqondile. Inkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni iyisisekelo sanoma iliphi icala elivela ngaphansi kwezimiso zikahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, noma izivumelwano. Ukukhononda kumelwe kusicacise ngokucacile isisekelo sokulawula kwezwe, sisho ukuthi amaqiniso aveza ukumangalela, futhi achaze isikhululo esifunwayo.

I-paltiff ingenza ukukhetha kokuqala ukuletha icala enkantolo kahulumeni, kodwa uma ummangalelwa ekhetha inkantolo kahulumeni, ummangalelwa ngezinye izikhathi angase akhethe ukususa adlulise amacala enkantolo kahulumeni. Lokhu kususwa kuvumela abamangalelwa ukuba badlulisele amacala enkantolo kahulumeni uma kuvela igunya likahulumeni, banikeze enye indlela yokungena esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Ukubukeza Kokuqala Kokwahlulela

Lapho ikhonjiwe, inkantolo yenza ukubukeza kokuqala ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi lelicala lihlangabezana nazo zonke izimfuneko ezingokwemininingwane. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhalo sihlelwe kahle, ukuthi imali yokukhokha ikhokhiwe noma iqediwe, futhi inkonzo yenqubo izokhishwa ngokufanelekile. Okubaluleke kakhulu, inkantolo ihlola ukuthi inegunya elingokomthetho yini elikuyo ngokuphathelene nempikiswano.

Abahluleli bayithatha ngokungathi sína imibuzo elawulayo ngoba ukunquma amacala angenagunya elifanele kungadlula amandla abo omthetho-sisekelo. Ukulahlwa kungaqondwa kangcono kakhulu ngokuthi amandla − noma iyiphi inkantolo inegunya ezindabeni kuphela ngokwezinga elinikezwa yilo uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho.

Ukuxoshwa Ngenxa Yokuntuleka Kwecala

Uma inkantolo inquma ukuthi ayinagunya, kumelwe ilisuse icala. Enkantolo kahulumeni, ngaphansi kwe-Federal Rules of Civil Procediture, isenzo sokuxoshwa ngenxa yokungabi nagunyaza kwesihloko sibhekwa njengesivikelo esingcono. Lokhu kuxoshwa kungavela kunoma isiphi isigaba sezehlakalo, ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eminingi yokubekwa icala, uma amaphutha ezwe etholakala.

Izinhlelo Zokuqala: Ukutholakala Nokuhamba Kwangaphambi Komthetho

Uma nje igunya lisungulwe futhi udaba luqhubeka, amalungu angena enkathini yokuqala, ehlanganisa ukuthola nokuthatha izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zangaphambi kwezomthetho. Leliqophelo ngokuvamile liyindawo ethatha isikhathi eside futhi lingahlela kakhulu umphumela wokugcina wendaba.

Inqubo Yokuthola

Ukuvubukulwa kuyinqubo engokomthetho ehlobana ngayo nokwaziswa okuhlobene nendaba. Ngokwe-Federal Miles of Civil Procediture, i-palff kumelwe iqale ingqungquthela phakathi kwamaqembu ngemva kokuba sekuye kwasetshenziswa ukuhlela inqubo yokuthola, futhi amaqembu kufanele azame ukuvumelana ngesimiso esihlongozwayo sokuthola futhi athumele i-Discovery Plan enkantolo ezinsukwini ezingu - 14 ngemva kwengqungquthela.

Izinhlobo Zamathuluzi Okuthola

Inqubo eyinhloko yokuthola ihlanganisa ukuthululwa kokuqala, ukugcinwa, ukuphenywa kwemibuzo, isicelo sokungeniswa (RFA) nesicelo sokukhiqiza izincwadi (RFP). Ngalinye lalamathuluzi lifeza injongo ehlukile ekutholeni amaqiniso nokwakha icala.

[ Izimo[ zihilela ubufakazi bomlomo obunikezwa ngaphansi kwesifungo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ama-Attorney abuza ofakazi kanye namaqembu ukuze afunde ukuthi bazini ngecala, ahlole ukwethenjelwa kwawo, futhi agcine ubufakazi becala.

Imibuzo ebhaliwe ethunyelwa omunye omunye komunye, idinga izimpendulo ezibhaliwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. IFederal Rules ilinganisela ukuthi inxenye ikhonza ingekho ingxenye engu 25 yemibuzo kuhlanganise nesigaba esingaphansi kwesinye seqembu. Lokhu kukhuthaza amalungu ukuba agxile ekwazisweni okubaluleke kakhulu.

Izicelo ze production zidinga izithako zokunikeza amabhukwana, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki, kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo ezivumelana nalokhu. Kulokhu kwanamuhla, lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane yezobuchwepheshe.

Izicelo ze-Acts zicela ababambene ukuba bavume noma baphike amaqiniso akhethekile, basize ekufakeni izimpikiswano zecala. Kubalulekile ukuphendula izicelo zeMiyalo ngoba ukuhluleka ukuphendula imiphumela yezicelo ezithathwa njengezamukelekayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhamba.

Indawo Yokuthola

Isilinganiso sokuthola, ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo ilinganiselwe, sivumela abahilelekile ukuba bathole ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nendaba engekho ngokomthetho evumelana nokusho noma ukuzivikela komphakathi, futhi ulwazi olufanele akumelwe lungagwegwesi uma lokhu kutholakala kubonakala kufanelekile ukuholela ekutholweni kobufakazi obungaqondakali. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu angahlola ngokucophelela amacala awo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Izingxabano Ezitholakele Nezinyathelo Zokubambisana

Ukuzama ukuphoqelela ukutholwa kuyisicelo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esicela inkantolo kahulumeni ukuba icele abashushisi ukuba banikeze ubufakazi obuqondile noma ukwaziswa okuceliwe kodwa okunganikezwanga ngokwanele phakathi nenqubo yokuthola.

I-parimes ingafaka i-partum ukuze iphoqelele ukutholwa uma ukusabela kungamukelwa phakathi nesikhathi esilinganiselwe se-FRCP, futhi amaphathi angafaka indlela yokuvikela uma izicelo ezitholakele ziba umthwalo ongafanele noma ngenjongo yokuhlukumeza. Izinkantolo zilinganisela ngokucophelela isidingo sokwaziswa mayelana nezindaba zomuntu siqu, umthwalo, nokuhlukunyezwa.

Izinyathelo Zokuqulwa Kwecala: Ukulilungisa Ngaphambi Kokuqulwa Kwecala

Izenzo zamacala zingamathuluzi abucayi angathinta ngokuphawulekayo inkambo yokuqulwa kwecala. Ukunyakaza kuyincwadi egcinwe nenkantolo icela ukuba umahluleli abukeze indaba futhi enze isinqumo, futhi umkhuba wokuhamba uyinqubo yokukhipha izigwebo phambi kwenkantolo ukuze anqume izindaba ezibalulekile eziholela ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu.

Ukuzimisela Ukuxoshwa

Isenzo sokulahla ukuphikisa ukungeneliseki okungokomthetho kwesikhalo. Abalweli bangaphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma zonke iziphakamiso zommangaleli ziyiqiniso, abasho lutho olusemthethweni. Izinkantolo zibheka lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo ngokwamukela izinkulumo eziyiqiniso zommangaleli ukuthi ziyiqiniso futhi zinqume ukuthi lawomaqiniso angasekela yini ukukhululeka okungokomthetho.

Ukuzama ukuxosha kungasekelwe ezisekelweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokungalawuli ngokomthetho, indawo engafanelekile, ukungasetshenziswa kwenqubo engafanele, noma ukwehluleka ukusho ukuthi ikuphi ukukhululeka okunganikezwa.

Ukuhamba Kwesinqumo Esifingqiwe

Ukuthatha isahlulelo esifingqiwe kucela inkantolo ukuba inqume ngaphandle kwecala ngoba akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela ngamaqiniso angokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Iqembu elishukumisayo liphikisa ngokuthi ngokusekelwe emaqinisweni angenakuphikiswa, banelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Lokhu kuthatha kungaxazulula wonke amacala noma izindaba ezithile ezisecaleni, kungagcina isikhathi esiphawulekayo nengcebo.

Izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela inqubo yokwahlulela ngokufingqiwe, zibheka bonke ubufakazi obuvumelana kakhulu neqembu elingahambi. Uma isigaba sabahluleli esinengqondo singathola iqembu elingahambi elisekelwe ebufakazini, isahlulelo esifingqiwe kumelwe sinqatshwe futhi icala liqhubekele ecaleni.

Izinyathelo ELimine

Ukunyakaza kwe - limine kuwukunxusa kwangaphambi kwenkantolo ukuba kutholakale ubufakazi obungakholeki futhi bungabhekiselwa noma bunikezwe lapho kuqulwa icala ngokusekelwe emithethweni yobufakazi, njengasezisekelweni zokuthi ubufakazi abunamsebenzi, abubonakali, abuthembekile, bubonisa ukucwasa okungafanele, noma ukuthi ukubaluleka kokubuthola kudlula ubandlululo oluwumphumela wommangalelwa.

Le mithetho ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zenze izinqumo ezisobala ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqulwa kwecala, ivimbela abahluleli ekutholeni ukwaziswa okucwasayo futhi bakhiphe inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala. Zibaluleke kakhulu emacaleni ahilela ubufakazi obunamandla noma obungavuvukala.

Izisusa Zokuqeda Ubufakazi

Ezimweni zobugebengu, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kobufakazi obutholakalayo ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Le mithetho ihilela ukuphenywa kweSichibiyelo sesine kanye nezindaba zokuthatheka, ukukhathazeka ngokuncintisana kweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu, noma ilungelo lesi - 6 lokukhipha isijeziso sokuphula umthetho.

Izenzo zokucinanisa zingaba zokucasha icala. Uma ubufakazi obuyinhloko bucishiwe, uhulumeni ungase untule ubufakazi obanele bokuqhubeka, obungaholela ekuxoshweni kwamacala noma izivumelwano zokunxusa okuhle.

Ukuphatha Icala Nokumiswa Kwalo

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilungisa amacala ngokuzikhandla ngokuhlela iziyalezo nangemihlangano yokuphatha amacala. Inkantolo ingena eMthethweni ovamile we-Case Management Order ecala ngalinye ngemva kwengqungquthela yokuqala ehlelayo, emisa lolu suku lokutholwa, futhi kumelwe kutholakale ngokwanele ngaphambi kokutholakala kwalokhu kuthuthwa ukuze kunikwe isigaba esiphikisayo isikhathi esanele sokusabela.

Lamathuluzi okuqondisa aqinisekisa intuthuko esheshayo emacaleni ngasese. Izinkantolo zihlela izikhathi ezimisiweyo zokuthola okufinyelelwe, ukudalulwa kochwepheshe, ukuthatha izinsuku zomthetho, nezinsuku zokuqulwa kwecala. Amadili kumelwe avumelane nale mithetho emisiwe noma afune ukunwetshwa kwezizathu ezinhle.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwecala: Ukunikeza Ubufakazi Nezimpikiswano

Lapho amacala engenakuxazululwa ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, baqhubeka bequliswa icala lapho amacala enikeza khona ubufakazi bawo nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho kumajaji noma abahluleli bezokhipha isinqumo.

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Ezimweni lapho amaqembu eye acela ukuqulwa kwecala lejaji, lenqubo iqala ngokukhethwa kwamajaji, futhi okubizwa ngokuthi amavoir dash. Atttorney namajaji babuza ukuthi bangathola noma yikuphi ubandlululo noma izingxabano ezingase zithinte ikhono lawo lokunquma kahle icala. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungabekela inselele abangaba khona abahluleli ababangela (ukubonisa ukucwasana kwangempela) noma ngenani elilinganiselwe lezinselele zokuzikhulula (ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, ngenxa yemingcele engokomthetho).

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Uma ijaji selikhethiwe futhi lifungela, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza izinkulumo zokuqala, lezi akuzona izimpikiswano kodwa kunalokho amabalazwe alokho umuntu ngamunye alindele ukuba kuboniswe ubufakazi. Izinkulumo zokuvula zisiza abahluleli ukuba baqonde isimo secala nokuthi yini okufanele bayilalele phakathi nentshumayelo yobufakazi.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi futhi wazisa izincwadi kanye nobufakazi obunye. Izinkantolo zesigodi zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokunquma amaqiniso nangokusebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso. Lo msebenzi wokuthola iqiniso ubalulekile endima yenkantolo equlwayo.

Ubufakazi

OFakazi bafakaza ngaphansi kwesifungo, bafanelwe izijeziso zokujezisa. Iqembu elibiza ufakazi lihlola uphenyo oluqondile, libuza imibuzo ukuze lithole ubufakazi obufanele. Iqembu eliphikisayo libe lihlola isiphambano, lihlola ukuthembeka kofakazi futhi liphikise ubufakazi babo. Iqembu elibizayo lingase liphinde lihlole ukuze licacise amaphuzu akhanyiswe ekuhloleni okuphambanisa.

Abahluleli bayisebenzisa ngenkuthalo lenqubo yokuhlola, bekhipha izimpikiswano zemibuzo futhi beqinisekisa ukuthi lobobufakazi buvumelana nemithetho yobufakazi. Lezi zinqumo ezisobala ziyizinqumo zokwahlulela ezibalulekile ezilawula lokho ukwaziswa abahluleli abakutholayo.

Ubufakazi Obulotshiwe Nobungokoqobo

Imicimbi futhi yethula imibhalo, izithombe, amavidiyo, nezinto ezingokoqobo njengobufakazi. Ubufakazi ngabunye kumelwe buqinisekiswe (buboniswe njengento okuthiwa iyiyo) futhi kumelwe yanelise izimfuneko ezisebenzayo nezinye ezisobala. Umahluleli unquma ukuthi ubufakazi abunakwethuki, kuyilapho ijaji linquma ukuthi bungakanani ubunzima bokunikeza ubufakazi obuvunyiweyo.

Ubufakazi Obuqaphile

Ezimweni ezihilela izindaba zobuchwepheshe noma ezikhethekile, amaqembu avame ukunikeza ofakazi abangochwepheshe abanikeza imibono esekelwe olwazini lwabo olukhethekile.

Izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela ubufakazi obungochwepheshe ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi busekelwe ezimisweni nasezindleleni ezinokwethenjelwa.

Izinyathelo Zokwahlulela Njengendaba Yomthetho

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esesocini noma emangalelwe, angase athathe isinyathelo ukuze ahlulele njengendaba yomthetho (eyayibizwa ngokuthi isinqumo esiqondisiwe), ephikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi abwalonele ukusekela isinqumo somphathi oyisigebengu. Inkantolo ihlola ukuthi iliphi ijaji elinengqondo elingathola yini uma lisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo. Uma kungenjalo, inkantolo ingaliqeda icala ngaphandle kokulithumela kubahluleli.

Lokhu kungavuselelwa nangemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, kunikeze izinkantolo elinye ithuba lokuvimbela izinqumo ezingasekelwa ubufakazi obanele.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sebunikezeke bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye luveza izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Ngokungafani nezinkulumo zokuqala, izinkulumo zokuphetha ziyizigijimi ezikholisayo lapho abameli bephikisana khona ngendlela ubufakazi obusekela ngayo isikhundla sekhasimende labo. Athorney bahlanganisa ubufakazi nezindinganiso zomthetho ijaji okumelwe lizisebenzise, likhuthaze ukuchaza kwabo amaqiniso nomthetho.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe izingxoxo, ijaji liyala abasizi ngomthetho osebenzayo. Lezi ziyalezo zichaza izindinganiso zomthetho abahluleli okumelwe bazisebenzise, zichaze amagama ayinhloko, futhi zichaze izici okumelwe zivunywe. Iziqondiso zika Jury ziyagxeka ngoba zinikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lokwenza izinqumo kwabahluleli.

Omajaji bahlongoza iziyalezo zamajaji futhi baphikisane ngamazwi abo aqondile. Izinqumo zamajaji ukuthi iziphi iziyalezo zokunikeza zingawuthinta kakhulu umphumela, njengoba bechaza izindinganiso ezingokomthetho abasizi bejaji abazozisebenzisa.

Ukudalulwa Nokulahlwa Kwezigigaba

Emacala omphakathi, isinqumo angokomthetho akumelwe sihlangane ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu asho okuhlukile, nakuba ngokuvamile abahluleli abayisithupha kumelwe bavumelane.

Lapho ijaji selifike esinqumweni, liphindela enkantolo likhiphe isinqumo salo, bese inkantolo ikhipha isinqumo esisekelwe esinqumweni.

Ukuvivinywa Kwebhentshi

Uma amaqembu ethatha ilungelo lawo lokuya enkantolo noma emacaleni angenalungelo lokuba abahluleli, umahluleli usebenza kokubili njengomthumeli othola iqiniso nomenzi wesinqumo somthetho. Ezinkantolo zasebhentshini, umahluleli uhlola ukuthembeka kofakazi, uhlola ubufakazi, futhi asebenzise umthetho ukuze afinyelele isinqumo. Umahluleli ubhala njalo izinto ezitholakele eziyiqiniso neziphetho zomthetho ezichaza isinqumo.

Ukubhala Umbono Wokwahlulela Nokucabanga Okungokomthetho

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala noma lapho kunqunywa ukuthatha izinqumo zangaphambi kwecala, amajaji kahulumeni abhala imibono echaza izinqumo zawo. Le mibono ibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo futhi yenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile.

Injongo Yemibono Elotshiwe

Imibono ebhaliwe ifeza izinjongo eziningana. Bachazela amaqembu indlela umahluleli acabanga ngayo, benikeza incazelo ecacile ngendlela isinqumo esifinyelelwe ngayo. Badala irekhodi lokubukeza, bavumela izinkantolo eziphakeme ukuba zihlole ukuthi inkantolo equluna inkantolo isebenzisa umthetho ngokufanele yini. Bafaka futhi iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni inqubo engokomthetho, iqondise izindaba zesikhathi esizayo ngezindaba ezifanayo.

Izingxenye Zombono Wokwahlulela

Umbono wokwahlulela ovamile uhlanganisa izakhi eziningana eziyinhloko. Umbono uqala ngamazwi aphathelene necala, ufingqa amaqiniso ahlobene nawo kanye nomlando ongokwesiko, bese uveza izindaba ezingokomthetho ezinikezwayo nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezisebenzayo.

Ingxenye yokuhlaziya yakha umsuka wombono, lapho umahluleli esebenzisa khona izimiso zomthetho emaqinisweni alelicala. Lengxenye ibonisa ukuchaza komahluleli ngokomthetho, ichaza ukuthi kungani imithetho ethile isebenza, indlela izandulela eziqondisa ngayo isinqumo, nokuthi kungani izincazelo ezithile zilungile.

Ekugcineni, umbono uphetha ngesinqumo senkantolo, sisho ngokucacile ukuthi iluphi ukukhululeka okunikezwayo noma okunqatshwayo nokuthi yiziphi izenzo okufanele zithathwe yilaba bantu.

Indima Yezandulela

Amajaji awenzi izinqumo angenalutho. Kumelwe alandele isibonelo esisilandelayo esivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme kahulumeni sibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, zombili izinkantolo zesifunda zamacala amacala esigodi, futhi isinqumo sesifunda sikahulumeni sibopha zonke izinkantolo zesifunda zesifunda ezingaphakathi, kodwa hhayi izinkantolo zikahulumeni kwezinye izifunda.

Lesimiso sezikhulu zezomlando siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokubikezelwa komthetho kahulumeni. Abahluleli besifunda kumelwe balandele izinqumo zenkantolo yesifunda yesikhalo nasenkantolweni ePhakeme. Uma kungekho sibonelo esisibophayo, abahluleli bangabheka emagunyeni athonyayo avela kwezinye izifunda, izinkantolo zikahulumeni, noma umfundaze wezomthetho.

Ukuhlukanisa Nokusebenzisa Isiqalo

Abahluleli bahlaziya ngokucophelela ukuthi izandulela zisebenza yini ecaleni phambi kwabo, bangase bahlukanise izibonelo ngokubonisa ukuthi ukungafani okuyiqiniso noma okungokomthetho kwenza icala langaphambili lingamukeleki.

Le nqubo yokucabanga okungaqondakali ibalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zomthetho. Abahluleli baveza izimiso eziyinhloko eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo ezisezinqumweni zangaphambi kwesinqumo futhi banqume ukuthi lezozimiso zingabusa yini icala lamanje.

Izinyathelo Zangemva Kokwahlulela Nokungena

Ngemva kwesinqumo noma isinqumo, lowo olahlekelwayo angase afake inselele ngemva kwecala ngaphambi kokuba icala lidluliselwe.

Ukuthuthwa Kokwahlulela Njengendaba Yomthetho (Ivusiwe)

Enkantolo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase livuselele ukuthatha isinyathelo sesahlulelo njengendaba yomthetho, liphikise ngokuthi lesi sinqumo asisekelwa ubufakazi obanele.

Isenzo Sokuqulwa Kwecala Okusha

Iqembu lingase lithathe icala elisha elisekelwe ezisekelweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namaphutha eziyalweni zamajaji, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaqembu noma abahluleli, ubufakazi obusanda kutholakala, noma isinqumo esimelene nobufakazi. Izinkantolo zinikeza amacala amasha ngokuphawulekayo, ziqaphela ukusetshenziswa kwemali enkulu ekuqulweni kokuqala.

Ukungena Ekwahlulelweni

Uma ukuthatha isinyathelo ngemva kwecala sekunqunyiwe noma isikhathi sokuzikhipha, inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni kokugcina. Lencwadi engokomthetho iphawula isiphetho secala lenkantolo futhi iqala iwashi lokufaka isikhalo.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa: Ibukezwa Izinkantolo Eziphakeme

Ingxenye enganelisekile ngesinqumo senkantolo equlwayo ingadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Inqubo yokudlulisa inikeza i-examente ebalulekile ekwenzeni isinqumo senkantolo futhi isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukufakwa komthetho kahulumeni okufanayo.

Ukuthola Ukudluliswa Kwezicelo Nokuzisola

Noma iliphi icala lingase lidluliselwe enkantolo yesifunda lapho inkantolo yesifunda isiqede isinqumo, nakuba ezinye izindaba zingadluliswa phambi kwesinqumo sokugcina ngokwenza isikhalo sokudlulisa icala. U-Ampellant kumelwe afake isaziso sokudlulisa icala phakathi nesikhathi esiqinile, cishe izinsuku ezingu - 30 emacaleni omphakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 14 emacaleni obugebengu.

Isakhiwo Senkantolo Esihlongozwayo

Kunezinkantolo ze-appelte eziyi-13 ezihlala ngaphansi kweNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zecala, futhi umsebenzi wenkantolo ethatha isigwebo ukunquma ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini enkantolo equlweni noma enkampanini yokuqondisa kahulumeni. Isifunda ngasinye sihlanganisa izindawo ezithile zendawo, iFederal Treverl ephethe izindaba ezikhethekile njengezemvume.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza

Izinkantolo zokuhlola zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zokubukeza kuye ngohlobo lwendaba enikezwayo. Imibuzo engokomthetho ithola ukubukezwa okungabhekisi phambili, okusho ukuthi inkantolo ihlola kabusha ngaphandle kokuzindela enkantolo equlweni. Okutholiwe kubuye kubukezwe ngokuhloniphekile ngaphansi "kwephutha elisobala" indinganiso, iqaphela ukuthi amajaji amacala namajaji abekwe kangcono ekuhloleni ubufakazi nokuthembeka kofakazi. Izinqumo zobuhlakani, njengezinqumo ezisobala, zibukezwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwekhono.

Lezizindinganiso ezihlukahlukene zibonisa ukuncintisana okuhlukene kwezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukunxusa kugxile ekulungiseni amaphutha angokomthetho kunokuba kugxile ezinqumweni eziyiqiniso ezikhona.

Ukuphambana Okufushane Nempikiswano Edluliselwa Ngomlomo

Izikhalo ezinkantolo zesifunda ziqala ukuzwakala yiqembu elinamajaji amathathu enkantolo yesifunda, futhi amacala afaka iziphakamiso enkantolo ephikisa ngokuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo senkantolo kufanele siqinisekiswe noma sishintshwe, ngemva kwalokho inkantolo ihlela ukuphikisana komlomo lapho abameli besho khona izimpikiswano zabo futhi iphendule imibuzo yabahluleli.

Iziphakamiso ezimfushane zinezimpikiswano ezibhalwe kaningi ezichaza ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo yecala sasilungile noma sinephutha. Isinqumo esifushane somphathi siveza amaphutha ashiwoyo futhi siphikisa ukuthi kungani efuna ukuguqulwa. Isinqumo esifushane somphathi sivikela isinqumo senkantolo enkantolo futhi siphikisa ukuthi kungani kufanele siqinisekiswe.

Impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo inikeza abahluleli ithuba lokubuza abameli ngezimpikiswano zabo futhi bahlole izimpikiswano ezinzima. Nakuba izimpikiswano ezimfushane zibalulekile, umlomo uvumela amajaji ukuba ahlole izinkolelo-lwazi futhi ahlole ubuthakathaka ezikhundleni zamaqembu.

Izinqumo Zokuhloma

Uma nje i-cod isibusa kumagazini futhi yashicilela umbono, akukho ndawo yesikhathi esizayo engakwazi ukunqanda isinqumo sangaphambili, nakuba indawo yohlu ingasikisela ukuba isifunda sithathe icala ngokuvimbela ukuphinde sicabangele isinqumo sehlu lokuqala. Lomthetho uqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki esifundeni ngasinye.

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo zingasiqinisekisa isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo, sibuye siphendule, noma silungise icala lecala elibhekene nesinqumo senkantolo ethatha icala. Umbono wenkantolo uchaza ukucabanga kwenkantolo futhi unikeza isiqondiso enkantolo equlwayo.

Ukubukeza Okuthiywayo

Nakuba kungavamile, yonke inkantolo yesifunda ingase icabangele izikhalo ezithile enqubweni ebizwa ngokuthi inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala, futhi imibono ye - breac ivame ukuthwala isisindo esithé xaxa futhi ngokuvamile inqunywa ngemva kokuba ibhodi liqale ukuzwa lelicala. I - breac igcinelwa amacala ahilela imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinqumo zezindawo ezisemkhathini.

Ukubukeza KweNkantolo Ephakeme

Ngemva kwesinqumo senkantolo yesifunda, amaqembu angase acele iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ibukeze ngemvume ye-certiorari. INkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokunquma, okusho ukuthi iziphi izikhalo okufanele zitholwe. INkantolo inikeza i-certiorari uma izifunda zifinyelele izinqumo eziphikisanayo ngemibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho noma lapho kuqulwa izindaba eziveza izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu kwesizwe.

Ukubukeza kweNkantolo ePhakeme kuyivelakancane, kodwa inkantolo ithola izinkulungwane zezicelo minyaka yonke kodwa inikeza ukubukeza emacaleni angaphansi kwekhulu. Uma iNkantolo iphinda ibukeze, isinqumo sayo siba inqubo engenakunqunywa kuzo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezweni lonke.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Enkantolo YaseFederal Ukwenza Isinqumo

Indima Yemithetho Kahulumeni

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ebanzi ebusa zonke izici zempikiswano. Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Police Procedure ibusa amacala omphakathi, kuyilapho i-Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure ibusa amacala obugebengu. I-Federal Program of Evidence isebenza kuzo zombili izimo.

Lemithetho ikhuthaza ukufana phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni kuyilapho ivumela ukuhlukahluka okuthile kwendawo ngemithetho yendawo eqondene nesifunda. Ukuqonda lemithetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekuhlolweni, njengoba iziphambeko ze-procedrome zingaba nemiphumela engathi sína.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Komthetho Kazwelonke NoMbuso

Ngezinye izikhathi inkantolo kahulumeni kumelwe isebenzise umthetho kahulumeni, futhi kuleyondaba, ukuchaza kukahulumeni lowomthetho kubopha enkantolo kahulumeni, ngakho isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase California endabeni yomthetho waseCalifornia singabopha izinkantolo zikahulumeni kulendaba yomthetho kazwelonke.

Lokhu kuhlangana kubaluleke kakhulu emacaleni okulawula izinhlobonhlobo, lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa khona umthetho kahulumeni ongaphansi kodwa umthetho kahulumeni ogunyaza ukubusa. Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlukanise ngokucophelela phakathi kwento nenqubo ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yimuphi umthetho osebenzayo.

Iziyalezo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zokwenza Isinqumo Sokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela linegunya lokunquma ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ingokomthetho yini futhi lixazulule amanye amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, kodwa abahluleli bancike egatsheni eliphethe ukuze baphoqelele izinqumo zenkantolo.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusho ukuthi nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elibalulekile, azinakuphoqelela izinqumo zazo futhi kumelwe zithembele kwamanye amagatsha ukuze zifezeke. Lokhu kuncintisana kuyisici esiyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

Ukuzimela Nokwahlulela

Lokhu kuvikela inkululeko yokwahlulela, kuvumela abahluleli ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni kunokucindezela kwezombangazwe noma umbono othandwayo.

Nokho, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kulinganiswa ngezinqubo zokulandisa. Abahluleli bangahlolwa ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi, izinqumo zabo ziwukubukezwa okuncane, futhi uMkhandlu ungaguqula igunya lenkantolo kahulumeni phakathi nemingcele engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ezinye Izimpikiswano Ezicatshangelwe Enkantolo Yesizwe

Akuwona wonke amacala kahulumeni aqulwa ngokuphelele. izinkantolo zikaFederal zikhuthaza ngentshiseko ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezingaxazulula amacala ngendlela ephumelela ngokwengeziwe.

Imihlangano Yokuhlala Kulo Mhlalandawo

Ngokuvamile abahluleli bahlanganisa izingqungquthela lapho amaqembu exoxa ngesinqumo esingase sicatshangelwe ngokumangalelwa kokwahlulela. Umahluleli anganikeza ukuhlolwa kwamandla nobuthakathaka becala, asize abathwali ukuba bafinyelele izivumelwano ezingokoqobo. Le mihlangano ingaba khona kunoma iliphi izinga lokuqulwa.

Isiphazamiso

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zinezinhlelo zokuxhumana lapho amalungu esithathu angathathi hlangothi esiza khona ukuba kuxoxwe namaqembu ahlala khona. Ukuxhumana ngokuvamile kungamabomu futhi kuyimfihlo, kuvumela amaqembu ukuba athole amakhambi okusungula angase angatholakali ngokuwakhipha.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

Kwezinye izimo, amacala angase avume ukumiswa kwesivumelwano, lapho ummeli ongathathi hlangothi ezwa khona ubufakazi futhi enze isinqumo esibophayo. Nakuba ukuqulwa kwamacala ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngaphandle kwesimiso senkantolo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingaphoqelela izivumelwano zokuvala isigwebo futhi ziqinisekise imiklomelo yokuthola imvume.

Umphumela Wobuchwepheshe Ekwenzeni Isinqumo Senkantolo Yomphakathi

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye bathinta kakhulu indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo futhi zenze izinqumo. Izimiso ze-electronic collect zivumela amaqembu ukuba athumele izincwadi ngemishini, athuthukise ukuphumelela nokutholakala. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa i-video ngokuqhubekayo ukuze zikwazi ukuveza izindlebe nemihlangano, ikakhulukazi ngemva kobhadane lwe-COVID-19.

Izinkantolo ziye zashintsha indlela yokuthola ukwaziswa okunemininingwane ehlukahlukene, nama - computer ayinkimbinkimbi asiza abameli ukuba babukeze izincwadi eziningi nokwaziswa.

Ukucwaninga okungokomthetho kuye kwashintshwa ubuchwepheshe. Abahluleli nabameli manje sebekwazi ukuthola ngokushesha izinhlelo ezibanzi zamacala, imithetho, kanye nemfundo engokomthetho, okwenza ukuba kuhlolwe ngokucophelela ngokwengeziwe ngokomthetho.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Zokuhlela Nezinhlelo Zokwenza Isinqumo

Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezivamile zesifunda nezijikelezayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezikhethekile zisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ngezindlela eziyingqayizivele.

Izinkantolo Ezingalawuleki

Kunezinkantolo zamacala emali ezingu - 90 e - United States ezisiza abantu namabhizinisi angakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zabo baqala kabusha. Izinkantolo zezimali zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhethekile nezinqubo eziklanyelwe ukulinganisela izithakazelo zabakweletayo nabakweletayo kuyilapho zinikeza isinqumo esiphumelelayo sezikweletu.

INkantolo Yentela

ISishaya-mthetho salinganisela ukubusa kwezikhulu zeNkantolo yeTaxi yase-United States emacaleni ahlobene nentela, ukuze inkantolo ingabi negunya eliphethe isikhulu kunoma isiphi esinye isenzakalo. INkantolo yeTaxi inikeza isikhungo esikhethekile sokuxazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwabakhokhi bentela ne-IRS.

Izinkulumo Zeziqu Zama - Federal

INkantolo KaFederal Izwa iziphakamiso zemali ngokumelene nohulumeni waseUnited States, kuhlanganise nezingxabano zesivumelwano, ukuthatha iziphakamiso, kanye namafashini entela.

Ukucabangela Okungokwesayensi Ekwakheni Kwesinqumo Sezokwahlulela Kwesizwe

Amajaji angokohulumeni kumelwe anamathele ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha eziqinile ezilawula ukuziphatha kwawo kokubili ebhentshini nangaphandle. Imithetho yeQembu Lokuziphatha lwamajaji aseUnited States imisa izimiso nemithetho esingatha izindaba ezinjengokungakhethi, izingxabano zesithakazelo, nokuziphatha kokwahlulela okufanele.

Ukumangalela Nokudumaza

Abahluleli kumelwe bazisole emacaleni lapho ukungakhethi kwabo kungase kuphenyelwe khona ngokunengqondo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amacala ahilela izithakazelo zezimali, ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu, noma ukuhileleka kwangaphambi kokwenza indaba.

Ukukhulumisana Okuphelele

Amajaji angokohulumeni ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuxoxa neqembu elilodwa ngecala ngaphandle kolwazi nokuhlanganyela komunye umuntu. Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kwezokuxhumana ngokwengxenye kuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki futhi kuvimbele ukubonakala kobandlululo.

Isinqumo Sokwahlulela Nesephula Icala

Kulindeleke ukuba abahluleli balondoloze isithunzi, inhlonipho nesineke lapho besebenzelana nabameli, amaqembu nofakazi.

Umphumela Obanzi Wezinqumo ZeNkantolo Yomphakathi

Izinqumo zenkantolo yama - computer zidlulela ngalé kwamacala ahlangene necala.

Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo ze-Federal, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni uMthetho-sisekelo. Lezincazelo zichaza izinga lamalungelo omuntu ngamunye, imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso. Izinqumo zoMthetho-sisekelo zingaba nemiphumela ejulile nehlala njalo emphakathini waseMelika.

Incazelo Eyisisekelo

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza njalo imithetho kahulumeni, zicacise ulimi oludidayo futhi zinqume indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo ezimweni ezithile.

Ukusungulwa Komthetho Ovamile

Ezindaweni ezingalawulwa umthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziveza umthetho ovamile ngezinqumo zazo. Lomthetho owenziwe ngamajaji ushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba izinkantolo zikhuluma ngezimo ezintsha futhi zicwenga izimiso zomthetho.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwesinqumo Senkantolo Kahulumeni

Nakuba ngokuvamile inkantolo kahulumeni ihlonishwa, ibhekana nezinselele nokugxekwa okuhlukahlukene okuthinta indlela izinkantolo ezenza ngayo izinqumo.

Izenzakalo Zecala Nezikhathi Zokulibala

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zibhekene nezindaba ezinkulu ezingaholela ekulibaziseni ekwenzeni izinqumo. Amaholide angalinda izinyanga noma iminyaka ukuze athole ukuqulwa kwecala noma izinqumo ezithatha isinyathelo, abangele ukukhathazeka ngobulungisa obufike ngesikhathi. Izinkantolo zifuna njalo izindlela zokuphatha izikhumulo zemikhumbi ngokushelelayo kuyilapho zilondoloza izinga lesinqumo.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi nezindleko zikahulumeni kungadala izithiyo zokungena, ikakhulukazi kubantu ngabanye nasemabhizinisini amancane.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Abagxeki bezenzo zokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziphulula igunya lazo ngokwenza izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezishiyelwe amagatsha akhethiwe kangcono. Abasekeli bendima yokwahlulela ekhuthele kakhulu baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zivikele amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kuphikisana.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Izinqumo Zenkantolo YaseFederal

Kulabo abafuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana nokwenza isinqumo senkantolo kahulumeni, kunemithombo eminingi. I-United States Courts inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngejaji likahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinto zokufundisa, izibalo zenkantolo, kanye nokuthola imibono yenkantolo.

I-[[QUT:0] Legetal Information Institute eCornell Law School inikeza inkululeko ngokukhululekile ezinqumweni zenkantolo, izimiso, nemithombo engokomthetho. Lelithuluzi eliyigugu livumela noma ubani ukuba acwaninge umthetho kahulumeni futhi aqonde ukuthi izinkantolo zikhulume kanjani ngezindaba ezihlukene ezingokomthetho.

Ukuya enkantolo nasemacaleni kunikeza ukuqonda komuntu siqu ngendlela abahluleli bahulumeni abasingatha ngayo izindaba futhi benze izinqumo.

I-FLT [[FULT:0] isebenza njengesikhungo sokucwaninga nesemfundo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni, iveza izifundo nezinto eziphathelene nemisebenzi yenkantolo kahulumeni kanye nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokwenziwa Kwesinqumo Senkantolo KaFederal

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezenza ngayo izinqumo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso somthetho waseMelika.

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni silinganisela izindinganiso eziningi ezincintisanayo: ukuphumelela nokucophelela, ukungaguquguquki nokuvumelana nezimo, ukuzimela kokwahlulela nokulandisa. Ngokusebenzisa ngokucophelela imithetho yemithetho engokomthetho, umthetho ongaphansi, nesibonelo, amajaji angokomthetho alawula izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho nokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezithinta abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nomphakathi uwonke.

Izinqumo zenkantolo ezizimele zivikela amalungelo omthetho, zichaza imithetho kahulumeni futhi zinikeza imvume yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula ngezinqubo ezingokomthetho kunokuba ziphoqelelwe.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyingxenye ye-ligigation kahulumeni, uchwepheshe wezomthetho, umfundi, noma nje isakhamuzi esithembisiwe, ukuqonda izinqubo zenkantolo kahulumeni zenza isinqumo kuthuthukisa ikhono lakho lokuhlanganyela futhi uzise isimiso somthetho waseMelika. Indlela yenkantolo eqaphile, ekhululekile yokwenza izinqumo ibonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi ubulungisa budinga ukuba bungafinyeleli nje kuphela emphumeleni ofanele, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo ngezinqubo ezilungile ezihlonipha amalungelo nesithunzi sabo bonke abahilelekile.

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha zomthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zizoqhubeka zivumelanisa izinqubo zazo zokwenza izinqumo kuyilapho zigcina izimiso eziyisisekelo zokungakhethi, ukungaguquguquki, nokunamathela ekwahluleleni umthetho. Ngokuqonda ukuthi lezinkantolo zisebenza kanjani, singaqonda kangcono indima yazo ebalulekile ekubuseni kwaseMelika futhi sihileleke ngokuphumelela kakhulu esimisweni somthetho lapho kuphakama isidingo.