Indima Engokwezinhlangano Zezinkantolo Emphakathini Obusa Ngentando Yeningi

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengendawo eyinhloko yokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho. Umsebenzi wazo udlulela ngalé nje kokumemezela abawini nabahlulwa emincintiswaneni engokomthetho. Ijaji liyigatsha elilinganayo likahulumeni elisebenza ngokuchaza imithetho, imithetho, namalungiselelo omthetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubulungisa bulawulwa ngokufanelekile, ngokungaguquguquki, futhi ngokubikezelwa. Lenqubo yokuchaza nokusebenzisa iyikhothamo okusekelwe kulo umthetho.

Emphakathini wentando yeningi, izinkantolo zinikeza indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, phakathi kombango nombuso, naphakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni. Ngaphandle kwelungelo elizimele nelinekhono lejaji, elingokomthetho lingatholakala kuphela ephepheni, futhi abanamandla bangasebenza ngaphandle kokucindezelwa. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo umsebenzi wazo kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umfundi womthetho, izakhamuzi, noma uhulumeni.

Umklamo Ongahleliwe Wesimiso Sokwahlulela

Ukuze kuqondwe indlela izinkantolo ezisebenzisa ngayo umthetho, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde izakhiwo zawo. Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zihlelwe ngesigaba sabefundisi. Lesi sakhiwo esinezinhloshana sifeza izinjongo ezimbili ezibucayi: ukulungiswa kwamaphutha nokuhlanganiswa ngokomthetho. Iqembu elikholelwa ukuthi inkantolo ephansi lenza iphutha lingadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme ukuze libukeze, futhi inkantolo ephakeme ingakhipha isiqinisekiso esibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho owodwa, ovumelanayo uchazwa ngokuvumelanayo kuyo yonke indawo.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala: I - Arenative - product

Izinkantolo zecala ziyikhosha phambili kwesimiso sokwahlulela. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukunquma amaqiniso ecala. Zizwa ubufakazi, zihlola ofakazi, futhi zihlola ukuthembeka kobufakazi. Ezindimeni eziningi, ijaji lisebenza njenge-comment, kuyilapho ijaji liqondisa izigijimi futhi lifundisa abasizi ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, umahluleli wenza zombili izindima.

Inqubo enkantolo equlwayo ilawulwa imithetho eqinile nemithetho yobufakazi. Lemithetho, njengemithetho engokomthetho elandelwa yi- ye-Ubufakazi e-United States, iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi obunikezwayo buthembekile futhi ukuthi icala lilungile kumalungu womabili. Inkantolo kumelwe inqume ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela ngaphambi kokuba inqume ukuthi yimiphi imiphumela engokomthetho okufanele ilandelwe. Ukuthola iqiniso elenziwe yinkantolo ekhankambini kunikezwa ukuvala izicelo ezinkulu futhi akuvamile ukugumbuqelwa.

Izinkantolo Eziqulwa Amacala: Indawo Yokubukezwa Kwezomthetho

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala aziqhubeli ukuqulwa kwecala okusha noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha. Kunalokho, zibukeza umlando wecala enkantolo eqululweni ukuze zinqume ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho awenziwa yini. Indinganiso evamile yokubukezwa kwemibuzo yomthetho ingu de no nov[, okusho inkantolo ephethe amacala ayinikezi mingcele eziphethweni ezingokomthetho zenkantolo. Izinqumo ezingokomthetho, indinganiso ivame ukuba isebenzise imvume yecala [.

Uma inkantolo ethatha icala ithola iphutha elibalulekile elingokomthetho, ingasiguqula isahlulelo senkantolo equlwayo noma ilungise icala lokuqulwa kwecala ngokuqhubekayo okuvumelana nesinqumo sayo esingokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nezinkantolo eziphethe inkantolo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza komthetho akuguquguquki futhi amaphutha angokomthetho awaholeli emiphumeleni engalungile.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme: Ukubeka Inhlekelele Yokugcina

Izinkantolo eziphakeme, ezaziwa futhi njengezinkantolo zokugcina ezithatha isinyathelo, ziphethe izikhulu zokwahlulela. Lezinkantolo zivame ukuphatha iziqu, zikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe ziwazwe. Azikhathazeki ngokuyinhloko ngokulungisa amaphutha abantu ngabanye kodwa ngokuxazulula izingxabano ezijulile ekuchazeni umthetho phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Uma inkantolo ephakeme inquma indaba, ukugcinwa kwayo kubophekile kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ezisebusweni bayo.

Isinqumo senkantolo ephakeme sisesokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho. Simisa umthetho ofanayo okumelwe ulandelwe kuzo zonke izindaba ezifanayo. Lo mbuso wokumisa isibonelo esibophayo unikeza izinkantolo eziphakeme ithonya elinamandla ekuthuthukiseni umthetho. Ukuze kucaciswe ngokunokwethenjelwa kwesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni e-United States, imithombo yezemfundo evela kuwebhusayithi ye-U.S. enikeza izinto eziyisisekelo ezinhle kakhulu.

Izindlela Zokuchaza Okungokomthetho: Umbhalo, Inhloso, Nemiphumela

Ingqikithi yomsebenzi wokwahlulela ixhomeke ekuchazeni umthetho. Iziyalezo, izimiso, namalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile kubhalwa ngokwezimo ezivamile, futhi kuwela ezinkantolo ukuze kuchazwe ngokuqondile empindabeni ethile. Abahluleli basebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokuchaza, futhi ukukhetha phakathi kwabo kunganquma umphumela.

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo: Umbhalo Oyinhloko WeZwi Elilotshiwe

I-textualism iyindlela yokuchaza imithetho egxile encazelweni evamile yamagama ebhalweni elingokomthetho. Umahluleli ofunda imibhalo ufuna ukusebenzisa umthetho ngokufana ncamashí nanjengokulotshiwe, ngaphandle kokucabangela injongo ebanzi yabenzi bomthetho. Isimiso esiqondisayo siwukuthi umbhalo ngokwawo uwukuphela kokubonakaliswa okunokwethenjelwa komthetho.

Izazi mibhalo zincike kakhulu ezincazelweni zezichazamazwi futhi zamisa uhlu lwemithetho yokwakha. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlu lwezincwadi lusho ukuthi igama elithile laziwa yinkampani, lisho ukuthi amagama adidayo kufanele achazwe kumongo wamagama azungezile. [[FLT:] [FLT] ukucindezela okungenayo kuguqula u-iiiuscluous[[[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [ikhuza la mathuluzi achaza ukuthi kumele ukususwa kolunye uhlobo.]

Abasekeli be - Trascope bathi inqanda ukuhluzeka komthetho futhi ihlonipha indima yesishaya - mthetho njengomenzi womthetho oyinhloko.

Ukuzibopha Nokuqala: Ukufuna Incazelo Yomlando

Inhloso, ehlobene kakhulu nobuqalo, ifuna ukuthola injongo yokuqala yabenzi bomthetho abafaka umthetho futhi bamisa umthetho. Umahluleli osuhlosile ubheka ngalé kombhalo emlandweni wemithetho, njengemibiko yamakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, nobufakazi, ukuze athole lokho abakhi bomthetho ababezama ukukufeza.

Kumthetho sisekelo, ubuSulumane buvame ukuthatha izindlela ezimbili: inhloso yokuqala nencazelo yomphakathi. Inhloso yokuqala ibheka ezizinzisweni ze-Framers. Incazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni, inguquko ethonya kakhulu namuhla, ibheka kulokho umbhalo okushoyo kumuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi uthathwa. Lendlela ivame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa okujulile okungokomlando ukuze kuvuselelwe kabusha indlela yolimi neyomphakathi. ISikhungo somthetho-Mthethwe-sisekelo somphakathi somthetho-mthetho wezwelonke [ inikeza izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zalendlela yokusebenza.

Lendlela inikeza ukuzinza komlando futhi ivimbela amajaji ukuba angajobi izindinganiso zawo siqu embhalweni. Nokho, ibhekene nenselele yokuthola inhloso eyodwa evumelanayo enqubweni yemithetho ehlangene neqembu lemithetho elihlukahlukene noma isizukulwane esingokomlando.

Ukuthenga Nokuphanga: Indima Yomongo Nemiphumela

IPupposivism iphikisa ngokuthi inkantolo kufanele ichaze umthetho ngokucabangela injongo ebanzi owawuklanyelwe ukufinyelela. Lendlela, edume kakhulu esekelwa uMahluleli uStephen Breyer, iqaphela ukuthi abenzi bomthetho abanakukwazi ukulindela zonke izimo nokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zithathe isinyathelo ukuze zifeze imigomo yomthetho eyisisekelo.

I-Pragmatism iyifilosofi ehlobene nayo egcizelela imiphumela esebenzayo yesinqumo esingokomthetho. Umahluleli osebenza ngokusemthethweni ucabangela imiphumela yangempela yezwe yesinqumo, ebuza ukuthi imuphi umphumela oholela ekusebenziseni okunengqondo noma okulungile. Lendlela ivumelana kalula futhi izwelane nomongo, igxila kulokho okusebenza kangcono. Nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi i-purpositiveism ne-pragmatism zinikeza amajaji amandla amakhulu kakhulu okuthatha indawo yezimiso zabo siqu kulabo abakhetha izishaya-mthetho.

Ubuciko Bokulahla: Ukusebenzisa Umthetho Emaqinisweni

Uma inkantolo isinqume incazelo yomthetho ohlobene nomthetho futhi yamisa amaqiniso ecala, kumelwe isebenzise umthetho kulawo qiniso ukuze ifinyelele isinqumo. Le nqubo ilandela uhlelo olunengqondo oluvame ukufingqwa nge-acronym IRAC[: Impikiswano, Ukubusa, Isiphetho.

Ukucabanga Okungokomthetho Nomthetho

Isisekelo sokusebenza okungokomthetho yi-syllogism yokwahlulela. Iphuzu elikhulu liwumthetho ngokwawo. Iphuzu elincane liyisibonelo esiqondile secala. Isiphetho siwumphumela ongokomthetho olandela ngokusebenzisa lomthetho emaqinisweni.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthetho (isivumelwano) usho ukuthi isivumelwano sidinga ukunikezwa, ukwamukelwa, nokucatshangelwa, futhi amaqiniso (incazelo engcingo) abonisa ukuthi iQembu A lenziwa isithembiso, iQela B lasamukela, futhi iQela B lakhokha iSakhiwo A isamba semali, isiphetho siwukuthi isivumelwano esisemthethweni sakhiwe. Yebo, izenzakalo zangempela ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, zihlanganisa imithetho edidanayo futhi zihlanganisa amaqiniso aphikisanayo. Amandla okucabanga okungokomthetho asekelwe ekhonweni lomahluleli lokusungula, ukuhlukanisa, nokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho.

IKhomishane Yesiphazamiso se Predegence: State Decissis

Imfundiso ye stare decis iyitshe eliyisisekelo lezimiso zomthetho ezivamile. Isho "ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe" lesi simiso sidinga ukuba izinkantolo zilandele izibambiso zezinqumo zangaphambili uma amaqiniso nezindaba ezingokomthetho zifana kakhulu. I-precent inikeza ukubikezelwa, ukuzinza, nokufana emthethweni.

Kunomehluko phakathi kokubuka okuqonde ngqo nokuqonde phezulu. Ukugqolozela okuqondile kudinga izinkantolo eziphansi ukulandela izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme eziphethe isigaba esifanayo. Ukunaka okuthe tyaba kudinga inkantolo ukuba ilandele izinqumo zayo siqu. Inkantolo ingaziguqula ngokwayo, kodwa ngokuvamile idinga isizathu esishukumisayo, njengoshintsho oluphawulekayo ezimweni noma ukuqaphela ukuthi isinqumo sangaphambili sasingalungile kakhulu. Ukuqonda ubukhulu nobukhulu bezehlakalo kusemzileni wemfundo engokomthetho. [FLT] Cnell transpource decis [FLT:]

Ukuhlakanipha Kokwahlulela Nemingcele Yakho Edingekayo

Asikho isimiso semithetho esiphelele kakhulu kangangokuba singanquma imiphumela yawo wonke amacala. Abahluleli kumelwe basebenzise ukuqonda. Lokhu kuqondisisa kusobala kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjengokugweba, lapho umahluleli kumelwe anqume isijeziso esifanelekile phakathi kohlu olubekwe ngemithetho, noma ekulinganiseleni ukuhlolwa, lapho umahluleli kumelwe alinganisele izithakazelo zokuncintisana njengesidingo sokuphepha komphakathi kanye nelungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Lokhu kukhetha akunamingcele. Kuboshelwa ngemithetho esemthethweni, umlando oyiqiniso, isibonelo esibophayo, nesibopho somahluleli sokubusa ngokungakhethi. Ukusebenzisa ukwahlulela okusemthethweni kusekelwe ekucabangeni, hhayi ekukhetheni komuntu siqu. Uma umahluleli ethatha amanyathelo ngaphandle kwalemingcele, isinqumo sawo simelwe ukuhlehliselwa ekusebenziseni kabi ukuqonda.

Ithonya Lomthetho Wezomthetho Nezisekelo Zomphakathi

Izinqumo zezinkantolo ziveza imiphumela ejulile yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, neyezombangazwe. Isinqumo esisodwa singaveza izimboni zokuhleleka, ukuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi, noma imithetho engenanjongo edluliswa iningi elikhulu. Lo mbuso omkhulu udala ukungezwani okuzuzwe njengefa nezimiso zentando yeningi, inkinga ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi ubunzima obungokokubala

Inqaba Yokushintsha Nokugadelwa Kwamalungelo

Izinkantolo ziye zaba yisisekelo sezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Ngokuchaza iziqinisekiso ezishiwo kabanzi zomthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo ziye zandisa isivikelo samalungelo abantu, zafaka imingcele efanayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi zachaza imingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Ngisho nalapho izinkantolo zingaqhubeki zishintsha, izinqumo zazo ziguqula indawo lapho izimpikiswano zesimiso zikhona. Usongo lokubekwa kwemithetho lungashukumisa ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho, futhi isinqumo sokwahlulela singaqinisekisa noma senqabe umthetho omusha.

Ukulondoloza Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi Ngokwahlulela Okunengqondo

Igunya lenkantolo ekugcineni lixhomeke ekuzimiseleni komphakathi ukwamukela ilungelo lalo. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi abahluleli bamane bayizifebe zezombangazwe ezigqoke izingubo, isisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela siyawohloka. Izinkantolo zithola futhi zilondoloze ukufaneleka kwazo ngemibono esobala, enengqondo ebonisa umzamo omuhle wokholo wokusebenzisa umthetho ngokungakhethi.

Ukuzimela ekwahluleleni kubalulekile kule nqubo. Ahluleli akumelwe bacindezeleke kwezombangazwe noma bahlulele. Izindinganiso zokwahlulela zidinga ukuqulwa lapho kunezimpikiswano. Izinga lokucabanga kokwahlulela, ukulunga kwenqubo, nobuqotho babahluleli ngokwabo yibo abasekela ukuqiniseka komphakathi ekubuseni umthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwencazelo Yokwahlulela

Inqubo izinkantolo ezichaza futhi zisebenzise ngayo umthetho iyi-injini yesimiso sokwahlulela. Ihilela ukuxubana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimiso, ifilosofi echazayo, ingqondo eqinile, nokuhlakanipha okunezimiso. Kusukela ekutholeni izinkantolo eziqulwayo kuya ezinqumweni ezihlanganisayo zezinkantolo eziphakeme, izinga ngalinye lejaji lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhumusheni umthetho kusukela embhalweni ongaqondakali ukuba ube yiqiniso eliqinisekile.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lenqubo kunikeza ifasitela elibalulekile lendlela umphakathi olawulwa umthetho osebenza ngayo. Kukhanyisa indima eyinkimbinkimbi yabahluleli okumelwe bayisebenzise ngokwethembeka imithetho lapho besebenzisa inqubo ecacile, bexazulula izingxabano, futhi besekela ukuthembana komphakathi. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwezinkantolo, izishayamthetho, nabantu iyaqhubeka ihlela incazelo ecacile yobulungisa. Ukuhlanganyela nomsebenzi wezinkantolo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo; kuyisici esibucayi solwazi nesabelo esinenkuthalo.