Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele: Isivikelo Esiyisisekelo Esingokomthetho

Inqubo ingenye yezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu kunoma isiphi isimiso somthetho. Enqubeni yayo, iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uphathwa ngokufanele ngesimiso sokwahlulela futhi uvikela abantu ekuthatheni izinyathelo zikahulumeni ezizimele. Lesimiso sisebenza njengesivikelo ekuncishweni kokuphila okungenabulungisa, inkululeko, noma impahla. Ukuqonda inqubo efaneleyo izindaba zawo wonke umuntu, hhayi abameli nabahluleli nje kuphela, ngoba kuthinta indlela esisebenzelana ngayo nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, indlela esiphathwa ngayo ezikoleni nasemisebenzini, nendlela esivikelwa ngayo ekuphathweni yiziphathimandla.

Umqondo wenqubo efanele wakha uhlelo olulinganisela amandla ezwe kumalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, ohulumeni bangabamba izakhamuzi ngaphandle kwesizathu, bathathe impahla ngaphandle kwembuyiselo, futhi babeke izijeziso ngaphandle kokuzwa kahle. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe okuthile okungokwakho i̬ kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkululeko yakho, impahla yakho, noma amalungelo akho ̬ kumelwe ilandele imithetho emisiwe futhi ikunike ithuba elinengqondo lokuzwakala.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yenqubo Efanele

Izimpande zenqubo efanele zifinyelela emuva eminyakeni ecishe ibe yinkulungwane. Ukubonakaliswa kwalesi simiso okudumile kuvela kuyiMagna Carta ka-1215, iNkosi uJohn yaseNgilandi eyasayina ngaphansi kokucindezela kwemifantu evukelayo. Isahluko 39 seMagna Carta sathi akukho muntu okhululekile ongazibopha, aphucwe, avinjelwe noma athunjwe "ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe." Lolulimi lwamisa umqondo oyisisekelo wokuthi inkosi ayinakuthatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nezikhonzi zayo.

Inkulumo "ukuqhubekela phambili kwenqubo yomthetho" ngokwayo yavela okokuqala eMthethweni wesiNgisi wekhulu lama-354 phakathi nokubusa kweNkosi u-Edward III, eyathi akekho umuntu okufanele athathiwe ngempahla yakhe noma amalungelo ngaphandle "ukulethwa ngenqubo efanelekile yomthetho" lolulimi luhlobanisa ngokuqondile umqondo wokulunga ezimisweni zomthetho ohulumeni okumelwe bazilandele.

Abathathi-zincwadi bamaNgisi baletha lamasiko angokomthetho eMelika, futhi inqubo efanele yafakwa emthethweni waseMelika wakuqala. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu kumthetho-mthetho we-United States, sagunyazwa ngo-1791, sisho ngokucacile ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "uthathelwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Ngemva kweMpi Yomphakathi, iSichibiyelo seSiphendu seshumi Nane sandisa lesisivikelo esifanayo emithethweni yohulumeni, ifuna wonke umbuso ukuba unikeze inqubo efanele ngaphambi kokuba unciphe noma ubani wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla.

Lamalungiselelo omthetho ngokomthetho akha isimiso sokuvikela esibili. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sisebenza kuhulumeni bendawo. Bonke, baqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinga likahulumeni e-United States kumelwe ziwahloniphe amalungelo afunekayo. Ukuze kufundwe negunya ezisekelweni zomthetho-sisekelo, i-Constitution Anotection eMtatsheni Wezishayamthetho inikeza ukuhlaziywa kweSiphetho seNyakatho sesihlanu [iSiphetho se-Classiasc].

Izinhlobo Ezimbili Eziyinhloko Zenqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile ayiwona umqondo owodwa kodwa ihlanganisa izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene: inqubo efanele nenqubo efanelekile. Ngasinye sifeza umsebenzi ohlukile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu, futhi ukuqonda umehluko kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi inqubo efanele isebenza kanjani.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo yokuhlela efanelekile igxila ezindleleni nasezimisweni uhulumeni okumelwe azilandele lapho ethatha isinyathelo kumuntu. Loluhlobo lwenqubo efanelekile lubuza umbuzo olulula: Ingabe uhulumeni walandela izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla? Izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngesimo, kodwa izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Inothi: Umuntu kumelwe athole isaziso esicacile nesifike ngesikhathi sokumangalelwa, izikhalo, noma izenzo ezihlongozwayo ngokumelene nabo. Awunakuzivikela entweni ongaziyo.
  • Ithuba lokuzwiwa: Ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni enze isinqumo sokugcina, kumelwe ube nethuba elibalulekile lokuveza uhlangothi lwakho lwendaba. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqulwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi: Kumelwe uvunyelwe ukuletha ubufakazi obuphambili futhi ubize ofakazi abasekela isikhundla sakho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokubhekana nobufakazi: Kumelwe ube nekhono lokuhlola nokubekela ubufakazi obunikezwayo ngawe inselele.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Umenzi-Isinqumo Ongakhethi: Umuntu noma indawo ethatha isinqumo ayinakuba nesiphambano somuntu siqu kuwe ngomphumela noma ubandlululo.
  • A Isinqumo esisekelwe eQulweni: Isinqumo sokugcina kumelwe sisekelwe ebufakazini nasemiqondweni enikezwayo, hhayi emathonyeni angaphandle noma ezici ezizekelele.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakwenza kwacaca ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa inqubo ivumelanayo kunendlela eqinile. Ecaleni eliyingqophamlando Mathews v. Eldiridge [19976], iNkantolo yamisa ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela okuyingxenye emithathu kokuthola ukuthi iziphi izinqubo ezidingekayo: isithakazelo somuntu siqu sithintekile, ingozi yokuncishwa okunganembile ngaphansi kwezinqubo zamanje, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithwalo yokuqondisa. Lendlela yokulinganisela isho ukuthi izinqubo ezidingekayo ekulahlweni kwezenhlalakahle zihlukile kulabo abadinga ukuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo idinga indlela ehlukile. Kunokuba igxile ezinqubweni, ihlola okuqukethwe imithetho ngokwayo. Inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwenqubo ibuza ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni siphula amalungelo ayisisekelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinqubo zingaba zinhle kangakanani. Umqondo oyinhloko ukuthi amanye amalungelo abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba uhulumeni akanakuwasusa, noma angenza kanjalo ngezizathu ezinamandla kakhulu.

Izici eziyinhloko zenqubo edingayo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo:[ Uhulumeni ngeke aphazamise amalungelo athile ayisisekelo, kuhlanganise nemfihlo, umshado, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, kanye nokuzibusa komzimba, ngaphandle kokuba nobulungisa obunamandla.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa uHulumeni: inqubo efanelekile ibeka imingcele yokuthi iziphi inqubo uhulumeni angazilawula ezinqumweni zomuntu siqu, njengokuthi uzoshada yini, ukuthi uzokhulisa kanjani izingane, futhi unqume mayelana nokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha.
  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho ehloniphekayo Ilungile nelungile: Ngisho noma umthetho uphelele ngokwemvelo, ungangephula inqubo efanele uma ungenamthetho oweqisayo, ocindezelayo, noma ophula amalungelo ayisisekelo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa inqubo eyisisekelo edinga ukuvikelwa ukuze ivikele amalungelo angasohlwini olucacile loMthetho-sisekelo kodwa asekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni nasesikweni saseMelika. Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana bakho, ilungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa, nelungelo lokwenza izinqumo mayelana nokuvimbela inzalo. iprojekthi eCornell Law School inikeza imininingwane efushanisiwe yezehlulelo lenqubo enkulu edinga ukugcinwa kanye nezokuphatha kwazo.

Okwenza Ukuhlela Okufanele Kube Yizindaba Ezibalulekile Emphakathini Okhululekile

Inqubo edingekayo ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile eyenza ibe balulekile esimisweni somthetho esilungile. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, umthetho uwela ekubeni ukubusa okungenazimiso kwalabo abanegunya. Amaphuzu alandelayo achaza ukuthi kungani inqubo efanele ibaluleke kangaka.

Kusekela Ukubusa KoMthetho

Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zilandela imithetho emisiwe kunemibono yezikhulu ezithile. Uma uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile futhi ahloniphe amalungelo ayisisekelo, abantu bangabikezela ukuthi bazophathwa kanjani futhi bahlele ukuphila kwabo ngokuhambelana. Lokhu kunqunywa kuwumsuka womthetho.

Ibangela Ukuthembela Esimisweni Sokwahlulela

Ngisho nokulahlekelwa amalungu kungawuhlonipha umphumela lapho ethola ithuba eligcwele lokunikeza icala lawo futhi ephathwa ngenhlonipho. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, umphakathi uyaphelelwa ithemba lokuthi isimiso somthetho siveza imiphumela efanelekile.

Ivimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla

Inqubo efanele isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola iziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Ngokufuna isaziso, ukuzwa, abenzi bezonqumo abangakhethi, nenhlonipho ngamalungelo ayisisekelo, inqubo efanele yenza kube nzima ngezikhulu ukuba zihlasele abantu ngokungafanele noma zithathe isinyathelo ngezisusa ezingafanele. Lokhu kuvikela kubaluleke kakhulu emaqenjini angenazisulu nasemaqenjini amancane ezombangazwe.

Kuqinisekisa Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele imithetho efanayo kubo bonke abantu. Umuntu ocebile nompofu, umuntu othandwayo nongathandwa, bonke bathola isivikelo esifanayo somthetho. Lokhu kulingana kuyisisekelo somqondo wokuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho.

Iveza Imiphumela Engcono

Uma nhlangothi zombili zinikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano, abenzi besinqumo bayakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa okuphelele. Lokhu kuholela emiphumeleni enembile nelungile. Inqubo elindelekile yenza futhi irekhodi elivumela ukubukezwa kwe-applette, ukuthola amaphutha angase angalungiswa.

Inqubo Efanele Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho afanele kungakusiza ukuba uzivikele lapho usebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, abaqashi, izikole nezinye izinhlangano.

Umsebenzi

Izisebenzi ezisebenza ezingxenyeni zomphakathi zinezivikelo ezifanele lapho uhulumeni efuna ukuzidubula noma ukuzinikeza isiyalo esingathi sína. Ngaphambi kokuba ziqedwe, isisebenzi sikahulumeni kumelwe sithole isaziso ngezizathu, ithuba lokusabela, nohlobo oluthile lokuzwa. Izisebenzi zasezingxenyeni zomphakathi ngokuvamile ziba nezindlela ezimbalwa zokuvikela ezifanele ngaphandle kokuba zinikezwe isivumelwano somsebenzi noma isivumelwano senyunyana. Nokho, zonke izisebenzi zihlala zivikelekile ekucwaseni okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, enkolweni, nakwezinye izici ezivikelweyo.

Imfundo

Abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi banamalungelo afanele lapho bebhekene nesenzo sokuyala esingaphumela ekuthuleni noma ekuxoshweni. INkantolo Ephakeme egcinwe Gos v. Lopez (1975) ukuthi abafundi ababhekene nemishini yokugwetshwa kumelwe bathole isaziso esishiwo ngomlomo noma esibhaliwe samacala kanye nethuba lokuchaza ingxenye yabo yendaba. Ezinzweni ezingathi sína, izinqubo eziningi ezingokomthetho ziyadingeka. Lezi zivikelekile zisebenza ezikoleni zomphakathi ngenxa yokuthi ziyizinhlangano zikahulumeni, kodwa izikole ezizimele ngokuvamile aziboshelwanga izimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

Indlu

Uma uhulumeni efuna ukuxosha othile ezindlini zomphakathi noma ukuqeda usizo lwezindlu zomphakathi, inqubo efanele idinga isaziso nokuzwa. Kumelwe babe nethuba lokubekela inselele izizathu zokuxoshwa nokunikezwa kobufakazi ekuvikeleni kwabo. Ukuze kuvikelwe izindlu zangasese, imithetho yezindawo zombuso inikeza isivikelo esithile sezindawo zokuhlala, nakuba lezi zivela ewumthetho endaweni yenqubo efanelekile yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu sinikeza isivikelo esizifanele kakhulu. Abalweli banelungelo lokumelela umthetho, ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelibanzi, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi nelungelo lokuthola ukuthi uhulumeni unecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abangenacala abanacala abanacala futhi abamangalelwa baphathwa kahle kuyo yonke inqubo.

Umthetho Womkhaya

Inqubo efanelekile ifeza indima enkulu enkantolo yomkhaya. Ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uqede amalungelo abazali, uyise umntwana ekunakekeleni izingane, noma ubeke izibopho zokusekela izingane, abazali kumelwe bathole isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi abazali banelungelo eliyisisekelo lokunakekela nokunakekela izingane zabo, futhi inqubo efanele ivikela lelilungelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.

Ukulondeka Komphakathi Nezinzuzo Zokungalondeki

Lapho uhulumeni enqaba, enciphisa, noma eqeda ukukhokha inzuzo yeNhlala - kahle noma ukukhubazeka, abamukela inqubo banelungelo elifanele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isaziso sesenzo esihlongozwayo, incazelo yezizathu, nethuba lokudlulisa icala futhi bathole ukuqulwa phambi komahluleli womthetho ophethe.

Izimpawu Eziwuphawu Eziye Zashintsha Inqubo Efanele

Incazelo yenqubo efanele iye yavela ngezinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Lamacala aye achaza izinga lesivikelo futhi asebenzisa izimiso ezifanelekile ezimweni ezintsha.

UGideon (1963)

UClarence Gideon wamangalelwa ngokugqekeza ehholo le-deku laseFlorida. Wayengenamali yokukhokhela ummeli futhi wacela inkantolo ukuba imkhethele elinye. Umthetho waseFlorida wamane wanikeza abameli abamangalelwa ababebhekene nesigwebo sentambo, ngakho inkantolo yaphika isicelo sakhe. UGideyoni wazibonakalisa futhi walahlwa icala. Wadlulisela icala eNkantolo Ephakeme, eyayithi iSichibiyelo SesiThathu sinelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko sokumangalela izigebengu ngomthetho ngeSiphendulo Sezelikhulu Secala Umthetho ka-Claus Claus. Namuhla, wonke ummangalelwa obhekene ngokomthetho ogunyazwe ukuba athole ilungelo lokuboshwa uma engenakuba nesodwa.

Miranda v. e - Arizona (1966)

U-Ernesto Miranda waboshwa ngenxa yokuthunjwa nokudlwengulwa. Ngemva kwamahora amabili ebuzwa amaphoyisa, wasayina isivumelo esibhaliwe. Akazange atshelwe ukuthi unelungelo lokuthula noma ilungelo lokutshela ummeli. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izinkulumo ezenziwa lapho kuphenywa isigwebo semvume zibonakala zingenakubonwa uma abasolwayo betshelwa amalungelo abo futhi bawahlukumeza ngokuzithandela.

URade (1973)

Lelicala lalikhuluma ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni enqabela ukukhishwa kwesisu yayiphula inqubo efanele. INkantolo Ephakeme yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seNkantolo ivikela ilungelo lowesifazane lokuba yedwa ekwenzeni izinqumo zezokwelapha, kuhlanganise nesinqumo sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. INkantolo yamisa uhlelo olusekelwe kuma-mesterster, ilinganisela amalungelo abesifazane ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikahulumeni. Lelicala lihlala lingesinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezifanele, nakuba ukwakheka okuqondile kwashintshwa yizehlulelo oluthi lwamuva futhi ekugcineni lwagumbuqelwa eDobs v.

Glucksberg (1997)

Lelicala ladingidwa ukuthi umthetho kazwelonke owenqabela ukuzibulala owenqabela inqubo efanelekile engokomthetho engokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ilungelo lokusiza ekuzibulaleni alisona isithakazelo esiyisisekelo senkululeko esivikelwe ngenqubo efanele. INkantolo yamisa uhlelo lokuhlukanisa amalungelo ayisisekelo: kumelwe "kusekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni nasesikweni sesizwe" kanye "nokuvumelana emqondweni wenkululeko emisiwe". Lesinqumo sacacisa indlela yokuhlola inqubo efanelekile yokuhlola inqubo eyisisekelo nemingcele yokuthi inkantolo ingadlulisela inqubo ephakeme kangakanani ezindaweni ezintsha.

Mathews v. Eldiridge (1976)

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, lelicala lasungula ukuhlola okunezingxenye ezintathu zokulinganisela ukuthi inqubo yokulinganisela ngokwezinga elingakanani edingayo ezimweni ezithile. UGeorge Eldridge wayeyisisebenzi esikhubazekile esizinzuzo ze-Social Security zaqedwa ngaphandle kokuzwa ngaphambi kokunqamuka kwecala. INkantolo Ephakeme yahlola isithakazelo somuntu siqu ezinzuzo eziqhubekayo, ingozi yokunqunywa okunephutha ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezikhona, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekufezekeni kokulawula. INkantolo yathi ukuzwa kwangaphambi kokumiswa kwesimiso sokusebenza akudingenzeki, kodwa ukubukezwa ngemva kwesikhashana kumelwe kutholakale. Lokhu kuhlola okulinganisela kuhlala kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokulungisa inqubo efanelekile.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Lelicala eliyingqophamlando lalithi imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ivikelwe yi-The Account Process Claus ne-Acimement Claus Protection of the 14neth Refection. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi umshado ungukulunga okuyisisekelo okusekelwe kakhulu esikweni laseMelika nokuthi imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obufanayo akumelwe ikhishwe kulelilungelo. Lesi sinqumo simelela enye yezindlela zanamuhla ezibaluleke kakhulu zenqubo efanelekile.

Inqubo Efanele Enkathini Yezinombolo

Njengoba izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izimpawu zemithetho, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, nezimiso ezisebenza ngemishini ukuze zenze izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo abantu, kuphakama imibuzo mayelana nokuthi inqubo efanele isebenza kanjani kule ndaba.

Ukwenziwa kwesinqumo esizenzekelayo

Lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izimiso ezizisebenzelayo ukuze zinqume ukuthi zikulungele yini ukuthola izinzuzo, zihlole ingozi yokuthola ibheyili noma ukukhwabanisa, noma ukukhwabanisa okungase kwenzeke, abantu bangase bangatholi isaziso esinengqondo noma ithuba langempela lokubekela inselele isinqumo. Uma inqubo yemithetho iphika umuntu izinzuzo zokuswelakala komsebenzi noma yandisa isilinganiso semali yabo, yiziphi izinqubo uhulumeni okumelwe azinikeze? Izinkantolo zisasebenza kulemibuzo, kodwa izimiso ezifanelekile zifuna ukuba abantu babe nendlela ethile yokuqonda nokuncintisana nezinqumo ezithinta amalungelo abo.

Ubumfihlo Bezinombolo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka, kodwa inqubo efanele ifeza indima ekuthubeni imishini. Uma uhulumeni efuna ukuthola ama-imeyili, amarekhodi ocingo, ukwaziswa kwendawo, noma okunye ukwaziswa kobuchwepheshe, inqubo efanele idinga isixwayiso nethuba lokubekela isicelo inselele ezimweni eziningi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buveza amathemba amasha okungamelwe avinjelwe inqubo efanele.

Ukuqaphela Ubuhle Nemininingwane Yezakhi Zomzimba

Izinhlangano eziqapha imithetho zisebenzisa imishini yokuqapha izimpawu zobuso ukuze zibone abasolwayo. Lokhu kuphakamisa inqubo efanele ngokukholeka kobuchwepheshe, ukungabonakali ngendlela obusebenza ngayo, nobunzima bemiphumela eyinselele. Inqubo yenza abantu baphikise ubufakazi obusetshenziswayo, kuhlanganise nobufakazi obubangelwa yimithetho elawulayo nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa.

Izinzuzo Zemithombo Yezindaba Nohulumeni

Ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho efuna abafaki bezicelo zezinzuzo zokuntuleka komsebenzi noma olunye usizo lukahulumeni ukuze banikeze ukuxhumana kwabo nezokuxhumana. Lemithetho iphakamisa imibuzo efanelekile ngokuphathelene nobukhulu begunya likahulumeni nokuthi abantu banezivikelo ezanele zemvelo yini ngaphambi kokuba izinzuzo zabo zincishwe ngokusekelwe kwemithombo yezokuxhumana.

Indlela Yokuvikela Amalungelo Akho Okusebenza

Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo ongazithatha ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho

Uma usebenzelana nenxusa likahulumeni, hlola izinqubo okumelwe zilandelwe. Uma ubhekene neziphakamiso zobugebengu, qonda amalungelo akho okwelulekwa, ukuthuliswa, nokuquliswa. Ulwazi lunamandla ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho.

Bhala Yonke Into

Gcina ama-imeyili, izincwadi, izimpawu, nanoma imaphi amanye amaphepha ahlobene nawe. Bhala amanothi ezingcingo nasemihlanganweni. Umbhalo uveza amarekhodi abalulekile ezenzweni eziphikisayo.

Phendula Ngokushesha

Uma uthola isaziso sesenzo sikahulumeni noma senqubo engokomthetho, ungasishalazeli.

Buza Imibuzo

Uma ungaqondi ukuthi kwenzekani noma yini engamalungelo akho, buza imibuzo: Izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zinesibopho sokunikeza ukwaziswa. Ungacela ukucaciswa ngezinqubo, izinto ezifinyelelwe ngesikhathi, kanye nezinqumo ongazikhetha.

Thola Usizo Olungokomthetho

Ngezindaba ezingathi sína ezihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko, impahla, noma amalungelo ayisisekelo, thintana nommeli. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho zinikeza usizo olukhululekile noma oluphansi kubantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli wangasese. Izikole eziningi zomthetho zisebenzisa imitholampilo emelela amakhasimende ezimotweni ezifanele. [ INhlangano Yezezimali inikeza imithombo yokuthola usizo olungokomthetho endaweni yakini.

Khuthaza Izinqumo Ezingafanele

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi inxusa likahulumeni noma inkantolo iphule amalungelo akho afanele enqubo, unelungelo lokudlulisa icala. Inqubo yokunxusa ivumela igunya eliphezulu ukuba libukeze isinqumo namaphutha. Kwezinye izimo, ungakwazi ukumangalela amacala ahlukene ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo akho enqubo ngaphansi kweSigaba so 1983 se-Civil Rights Act.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngenqubo Efanele

Ukungaqondi okuningi ngenqubo efanele kwandile.ukususa lemibono eyiphutha kusiza abantu ukuba bawaqonde kangcono amalungelo abo.

Ukufihla: Inqubo efanele isebenza kuphela ezicabeni zobugebengu. Eqinisweni, inqubo efanele isebenza noma nini lapho uhulumeni efuna ukuphuca othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amacala omphakathi, abaphathi, nohulumeni ozuzisa izinqumo.

Ukuhlelwa kwe-Misc: Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala kuzo zonke izimo. Izinqubo ezidingekayo ngenqubo efanele kuyehluka kuye ngomongo. Ukuqulwa ngokuphelele ngejaji akudingeki ngesenzo ngasinye sikahulumeni. Imfuneko eyinhloko iwukuthi izinqubo ezinikezwayo zinikezwa izimo ngokulunga.

Ukufakwa kwe-Misc: Inqubo efanele ivikela izakhamuzi kuphela. Inqubo efunekayo yezigqebhezana zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane ivikela "noma imuphi umuntu" phakathi kwe-asebusweni be-United States, hhayi izakhamuzi nje. Iziqithi ezingezona, kuhlanganise nezifiki ezingabhaliwe, zinelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokufanele.

Ukufakwa kwe-Misc: Izinkampani zangasese kumele zinikeze inqubo efanele. inqubo efunekayo yomthetho-sisekelo isebenza kuphela esenzweni sikahulumeni. Amabhizinisi azimele, izikole, nezinhlangano ezizimele ngokuvamile aziboshelwa izimfuneko zenqubo ezidingwa ngumthetho-sisekelo, nakuba zingaboshelwa izibopho zesivumelwano noma izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho.

Ukuhlela: Inqubo iwukulibala. Nakuba izinqubo ezifanele zithatha isikhathi, zifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukunemba nokulunga. Isikhathi esichithwa ekwazisweni, ezindlebeni, nasekunxuseni sivimbela ukuncishwa okungathandeki okungabangela umonakalo omkhulu.

Isiphetho

Inqubo iyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho esivikela wonke umuntu esinyatheloni sikahulumeni ozimele. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo eMagna Carta kuya ekutholweni kwayo kwanamuhla enkathini yezibalo, lesisimiso siye savela ukuze sibhekane nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho silondoloza isibopho saso esiyisisekelo sokungaguquguquki. Uma ubhekene neziphakamiso zobugebengu, usebenzisela izinzuzo zikahulumeni, usebenzise isenzo sokujezisa isikole, noma ulwe nenqubo ethile negunya likahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi uyothola isaziso, ithuba lokuzwakala, nesinqumo esisekelwe ezimisweni ezilungile.

Ukuqonda inqubo efanele kukunika amandla okuqaphela lapho amalungelo akho esengozini futhi uthatha isinyathelo sokuwavikela. Nakuba isimiso somthetho singaba yinkimbinkimbi, umqondo oyisisekelo wenqubo efanelekile ulula: wonke umuntu ufanelwe ukuphathwa ngokulunga kuhulumeni wakhe. Ngokwazi amalungelo akho, ukufakazela ukusebenzelana kwakho, ukusabela ekwambulweni, nokufuna usizo olungokomthetho lapho kudingekile, ungaqinisekisa ukuthi lesivikelo esiyisisekelo siyasebenza kuwe. Inqubo ayisona nje isimiso somthetho esigcinelwe izinkantolo nabameli. Isimiso esiphilayo esithinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke kwabo bonke abasebenzelana nohulumeni, futhi ukuqonda kubalulekile ukuze uvikele inkululeko yakho, impahla yakho, namalungelo akho.