Isingeniso: Ukwakheka Kwamandla Alinganiselayo

Kunoma yisiphi isigaba sentando yeningi esisebenzayo, ukusakaza igunya phakathi kwezinhlangano ezibusayo kunquma indlela izakhamuzi eziphila ngayo ngokukhululekile nendlela eziphathwa ngayo ngokufanele. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishayamthetho bukha isisekelo salesimiso. Ukuqonda indlela lamagatsha amabili ahlanganyela ngayo, ihlola, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ancintisana namandla akuyona indlela engabonakali kubafundi bomthetho u-— kubalulekile ulwazi nganoma isiphi isakhamuzi esivota, esikhokha izintela, noma esifuna ubulungisa. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda izindima nemingcele yegatsha ngalinye, zingabheka kangcono izenzo zikahulumeni, zigcine izikhulu zinecala, futhi zivikele amalungelo azo siqu.

Lesi sihloko sichaza amandla ayisisekelo phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho, silandelela imisebenzi yazo ehlukile, amaphuzu azo okucindezeleka, nomthetho - sisekelo owagcina besesilinganisweni. Ekugcineni, ngeke uqonde lokho igatsha ngalinye elikwenzayo kuphela kodwa isizathu sokuba ubuhlobo balo bube balulekile ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke nangempilo yokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Igatsha Elisemthethweni: Izwi Lezwi Lesizwe ekubekeni imithetho

Legislatures — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-United States Congress, imihlangano kahulumeni, noma imikhandlu yendawo i-— iyizindikimba eziyinhloko zomthetho ezisebuthweni obuzimele obumele idemocracy. Isibopho sazo esiyinhloko siwukuguqula izidingo zomphakathi, izindinganiso, nezinto eziza kuqala emthethweni obhaliwe. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo, ezisabela ezimpikiswaneni ngemva kokuvela kwazo, izishaya - mthetho ziyashesha: ziveza izinkinga, izixazululo zenkulumo mpikiswano, futhi zimisa izimiso ezihlela yonke into kusukela kumazinga entela kuya ezindinganisweni zendawo ezungezile.

Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho: Kusukela KuBill Kuya Eqophelweni Lemithetho

Imali iqala ukuphila kwayo njengomqondo, ngokuvamile osungulwe ummeleli okhethiwe. Khona - ke ihamba phakathi kwamakomiti, lapho efundwa khona, elungiswa, futhi kuphikiswana. Ukuzwa kwekomiti kuvumela ochwepheshe, abameleli, nezakhamuzi ezithintekayo ukuba banikeze ukufakwa. Ngemva kokudlula womabili amagumbi (izimiso ze-bimeral) nokuthola imvume (noma ukumiswa kwe-veto), umthetho. Lenqubo yesiteji ebanzi ihamba ngamabomu futhi iqondene, iklanyelwe ukukhipha iziphakamiso ezicatshangelwe noma ezihlongozwa kabi.

Ngenxa yokuthi izishaya-mthetho zakhiwa yizikhulu ezikhethiwe, zinecala eliqondile kubavoti. Lokhu kugunyaza kwentando yeningi kubanika igunya lokwenza izinqumo ezibanzi mayelana nezindawo ezikhokhwayo, inhlalakahle yomphakathi, nemithetho engokomnotho. Izakhamuzi eziyiqondayo inqubo yomthetho zingasekela isithakazelo sazo ngokuphumelelayo ngokuthintana nabameleli bazo, ngokufaka ubufakazi emacaleni, noma ngokusekela umthetho eziwukholelwayo.

Amandla Okusebenzisa Imali Nawokunakekela

Ukubekwa kwemithetho kuyingxenye eyodwa kuphela yomsebenzi we-avior. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo amandla esikhwama semali nomthwalo wemfanelo wobubonisi. Imithetho ivumela ukuhlelwa kwemali kahulumeni, inquma ukuthi ama-dollar entela asetshenziswa kanjani ezimisweni ezinjengemfundo, isisekelo sesisekelo, nesivikelo sombuso. Leligunya lemali linikeza izishaya-mthetho amandla abalulekile phezu kwegatsha eliphethe nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho.

Ukugadwa kwezindlebe, ukuhlola, nokuhlola kuvumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zihlole ukuthi imithetho ingenziwa kanjani. Uma amanxusa ephambuka ezinhloso zomthetho noma echitha izimali zomphakathi, abamisi-mthetho bangafuna ukulandisa, izinhlelo ezintsha zokuhlela, noma ukubeka izimfuneko ezintsha. Lendima yokuqapha igcina i-palmyray isabela futhi iqinisa isimiso esikhethwa izikhulu u-— hhayi abaphathi abakhethwe aba-— bamisa isiqondiso sikahulumeni.

Izinkonzo Zokumelela Nezokuvikela

Ngaphandle kwemibuso ehleliwe, izishaya-mthetho zisebenzisa umsebenzi obalulekile ohlanganisa izakhamuzi nombuso. Abameleli abaneziphakamiso balondoloza amahhovisi, baphendule izinkonzo zikahulumeni, futhi basize abantu ukuba baqondise izinkonzo zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuthembisana kotshani kunikeza izakhamuzi umzila oqondile wokuthonya inqubo nokuxazulula izinkinga nezinhlangano zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni. Isazi esinolwazi olunengxenye kulobubuhlobo siqinisa sonke isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukugadwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba izishaya-mthetho zikha imithetho, izinkantolo ziyichaza. Indima eyinhloko i-jaji ’ indima eyinhloko iwukuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokusebenzisa imithetho engokomthetho emaqinisweni athile. Kodwa ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zifeza umsebenzi obaluleke ngisho nangokwengeziwe: zinquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini nomthetho wezwe oyisisekelo. Lombuso, owaziwa njengokuhlola kokwahlulela, wenza izinkantolo zihlole ngokuphelele isiphisi somthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Kuyaqhutshwa

Imfundiso yokuhlola kokwahlulela yasungulwa enkantolo evelele yase-U.S. icala leNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu . Madison. Kulesosinqumo, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wagomela ukuthi i- &lquo; i-Syript igcizelela isifundazwe nomnyango wokwahlulela ukuba usho ukuthi umthetho uyini. &” lapho umthetho uphikisana noMthetho-Constitution, izinkantolo zinesibopho sokusekela uMthetho-mthetho futhi zilulaza umthetho. Lamandla awasebenzi nje kuphela emithethweni kahulumeni kodwa nasemithethweni yezenzweni yezikhulu.

Izibalo azibukezwa kalula. Izinkantolo zisebenza ngokucabangela ukuthi imithetho iwumthetho-mthetho, futhi ziyoshaya umthetho kuphela lapho ingxabano icacile. Icala kumelwe linikeze impikiswano yangempela i-— i-courts ayiyikhankanyi imibono ephikisayo. Futhi abahluleli baboshelwe ngesibonelo, beqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso ezingokomthetho zishintsha kancane futhi zibikezela.

Incazelo Eyisisekelo: Ukunikeza Incazelo Emazwini Angokomthetho

Akuwona wonke amacala ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho. Ngokuvamile, izinkantolo zicelwa ukuba zichaze incazelo yemithetho edidayo, ephelelwe isikhathi, noma engasho lutho endabeni ethile. Kulezi zimo, abahluleli basebenzisa amaqoqo amisiwe okwakha: babheka incazelo ecacile yombhalo, umlando wemithetho, nenjongo yomthetho. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza umthetho ubalulekile ngoba akukho sishayamthetho wemithetho ongabheka kusengaphambili yonke into ezakwenzeka ngaphansi kwemithetho yayo.

Lapho izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, aziwenzi umthetho omusha ngomqondo wemithetho, kodwa zinikeza incazelo eqinile yenhloso yomthetho. Yingakho izinga lokuhlela izindaba kakhulu: imithetho ebhalwe kahle inciphisa ukungaqiniseki futhi ilinganisela izinga lokungaqondi kokwahlulela. Izakhamuzi ezilandela izinqumo zenkantolo zingabona indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo ezimweni zangempela futhi ziqonde imiphumela esebenzayo yokukhetha imithetho.

Izakhiwo Zezinkantolo Ezizimele

Inkantolo yezenkantolo yesifunda e-United States inezinhlalo ezintathu: izinkantolo zesifunda (izinkantolo zenkantolo), izinkantolo zesifunda zecala (inkantolo edlulisa amacala), neNkantolo ePhakade yase-United States (inkantolo yokugcina). Izinkantolo zesigodi zizwa ubufakazi, zinqume amaqiniso, futhi zisebenzise umthetho. Izinkantolo zamacala aqulwayo zihlola amaphutha angokomthetho, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhetha inani elincane lamacala ahilela imibuzo kahulumeni ebalulekile noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Lesi sakhiwo sezikhulu siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokugcina. Izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zilandele izibonelo ezibekwe izinkantolo eziphakeme, zimise indikimba efanayo yomthetho kahulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimiso sivumela ukuba kube nemibono eminingi: izinkantolo zesifunda ezihlukene zingawuchaza ngendlela ehlukile umthetho ofanayo, zishukumisele iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ixazulule igebe. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lesi sakhiwo zingalihlaziya kangcono igunya lesinqumo esithile kanye nethuba laso lokuwelwa ekudlulisweni.

Umfutho Wamasheke Nokulinganisela: Isimiso Esiphilayo

Ikhono lokuklanywa komthetho-sisekelo alikho ekuhlukaneni okuqinile kodwa ekuziphenduleleni. Izinkantolo nezishaya-mthetho ziyahlolana, futhi akukho gatsha elinegama lokugcina kuzo zonke izimo. Lokhu kudala ukucindezeleka okunemiphumela okuvikela amalungelo abantu kuyilapho kulondoloza ukuzilawula kobudemokrasi.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezihlola Ngayo Imithetho

Izinkantolo ezihlola kakhulu zisebenzisa amandla okuqeda umthetho. Uma umthetho wephula amalungelo omthetho-mthetho — njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, isivikelo, noma inqubo efanele i — ikhonsathi ingawuhlasela, ngisho noma udluliswe ngezikhulu ezinkulu futhi usayinwe umphathi. Lamandla aphikisanayo aphikisanayo aphikisa ngokuqondile ngoba avumela abahluleli abangagunyaziwe ukuba banqobe intando yabantu i-’ abameleli.

Nokho lombuso ubalulekile ekuvikeleni amadlanzana futhi ulondoloze isimiso sikahulumeni. Ngaphandle kokubukezwa kokwahlulela, isishaya-mthetho singamisa imithetho ethula ukuphikiswa, simise inkolo kahulumeni, noma siphike ukuqulwa okulungile. Izinkantolo azihloli nje kuphela lokho okuqukethwe imithetho kodwa futhi nezinqubo ezimiswa ngazo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izishayamthetho zilandela imithetho engokomthetho ephathelene ne-badaralism, ukumiswa, kanye nenkwethu.

Indlela Amacala Asabela Ngayo Ezinkantolo

Imithetho ayinamandla ekubhekaneni nezinqumo zokwahlulela. Ingamisa imithetho emisha esingatha ukuswela komthetho-mthetho okuvezwa izinkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inkantolo ikhipha umthetho wobugebengu ngenxa yokungacaci, isishaya-mthetho singawubhala futhi ngolimi olucacile. Uma inkantolo ithi icebo lokulawula lephula inqubo efanelekile, isishaya-mthetho singaklama uhlelo olusha oluhlangabezana nezindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho.

Kwezinye izimo, izishaya-mthetho zingaphindisela indinganiso eqinile. Bangasikisela izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze bagumbuqele izimemezelo zokwahlulela, njengoba kwenzeka ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nanye (sihambisana ne Chajolm v. Georgia[) neSimemezelo se-Geneti ye-Geneti (esilawula Dred Scott v. Sandford). Umthetho ulawula futhi ukuxhaswa kwemali nemingcele yezinkantolo, uzinika ithonya elingaqondileyo phezu kwekhono lokwahlulela nenqubo. Futhi ngenqubo yokugunyaza abahluleli bombuso, izishaya umthetho ukwakheka kwezizukulwane ze-judiary.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zokucindezeleka Nezinqumo

Ukudlala phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho kuqondwa kangcono ngezibonelo ezicacile. Phakathi nenkathi ye-New Decret, iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko zikaMongameli Franklin Roosevelt ’ imisa umthetho wezezomnotho. Ekuphenduleni, uRoosevelt wahlongoza i- “ i-court-painting ” ihlela ukwandisa ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme. Nakuba lelo cebo ekugcineni lahluleka, iNkantolo yashintsha indlela yayo yokusebenzisa imithetho ye-Daluechara entsha &mdase; isibonakaliso sendlela ukucindezela kwezombangazwe okungathonya ngayo ukuziphatha ngaphandle kokushintsha komthetho.

Muva nje, iNkantolo Ephakeme &squo; izinqumo ku National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) yasekela ingxenye enkulu ye-Affordal Care Act kodwa elinganiselwe ye-Congress ’ amandla ngaphansi kwe-Chwengection Claus. Umbuso awusiguqulanga isinqumo kodwa awuwuqedanga umthetho eminyakeni eyalandela ngezindlela ezisabelayo ezicini ezimayelana nenkantolo. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ubuhlobo abuwona u-zerom: igatsha ngalinye lifunda kwenye, futhi umthetho ufunda kwenye i-’ amandla ngaphansi kwe-Chambelo Clausle kunokuba ulawule.

Indima Yezinkantolo ZoMbuso Nemithetho

Nakuba ukunaka okukhulu kubhekiselwe ezingeni likahulumeni, ukulinganisela phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishaya-mthetho kubalulekile ngokufanayo ezifundazweni. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho - sisekelo wawo, indikimba yawo siqu yemithetho, nesimiso senkantolo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zichaza imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni nezimiso zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile zinikeza isivikelo esingaphezu kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni.

Abahluleli bamazwe bakhethwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene — ukukhethwa, ukumiswa, noma ukufanelekela ukukhethwa — okuthinta ubuhlobo babo nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Ezizweni lapho abahluleli bebhekene nokhetho ngezikhathi ezithile, ithonya lomthetho emiphumeleni yokwahlulela lingaba eliqondile ngokwengeziwe, liphakamise imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokuzimela kokwahlulela. Ngokuhlukile, abahluleli abamisiwe bangavikeleka kakhulu ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe kodwa bangabene necala kukhetho.

Izakhamuzi eziyiqondayo inqubo yazo yokwahlulela nesimiso sombuso wombuso zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwendawo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho e-United States, kuhlanganise nomthetho womkhaya, izingxabano zempahla, ukumangalelwa ngecala lezephulamthetho, namacala esivumelwano. Ukulingana kwamandla ezingeni likahulumeni kuthinta ngokuqondile amalungelo namakhambi atholakala kubantu abavamile nsuku zonke.

Isizathu Sokuba Izakhamuzi Zikuqonde Lokhu Kulinganisela

Ukwazi indlela izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho ezisebenzelana ngayo akuyona into yokunethezeka koprofesa bezomthetho nakuyimfucumfucu yezombangazwe. Liyithuluzi eliwusizo lokuqondisa ukuphila embusweni wentando yeningi womthetho-sisekelo. Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda izindima ezihlukile zegatsha ngalinye, zingaqondisa ukusekela kwazo esigungwini esifanele futhi zigcine izikhulu ezifanele zinecala.

Ukusakaza Imikhiqizo Eyingcweti

Kuzo zonke izinqumo zokuvota kunikeza abavoti ukukhetha ukuthi ubani ozokhonza ezindlini zomthetho futhi kwezinye izifundazwe, ozokhonza ebhentshini. Ukuqonda lokho abashaya imithetho namajaji abakwenzayo kusiza abavoti ukuba bahlole abavoti ngokusekelwe ezimfanelweni ezifanelekile nasezikhundleni ezifanelekile. Umavoti uyazi ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zihlela futhi zinikeze imithetho izandulela ngokufaka iziphakamiso ezicacile. Umvoti oqonda ukuthi amajaji achaza imithetho ngokungakhethi uyofuna abangenisi abazo ekwahlulele futhi bahloniphe inhlonipho ngezandulela.

Ukuvota okunolwazi futhi kusho ukuqonda ukuthi ukhetho olulodwa alukwazi ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga. Ukulinganisela kwamandla kuyisimiso: ngisho nendlu yomthetho yomthetho engcono kakhulu ingahlolwa yijaji elizimele, futhi ngisho nenkantolo enezimiso ezingcono kakhulu ixhomeke ekuxhaseni izimali zomthetho nokugcinwa komthetho. Izakhamuzi ezivota ngaleli cebo engqondweni zisekela ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo kunokuba zisekele inzuzo yesikhashana.

Ukuhileleka Eceleni Kwale Ndawo

Ukuqamba kubalulekile, kodwa akuyona indlela yodwa izakhamuzi ezithonya ngayo ukulinganisela kwegunya. Ukufaka imvume enkantolo, ukunikeza izinkulumo zomphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, ukuhlanganyela emakomitini omphakathi, nokuhlanganyela ekuvukeleni ngokuthula konke ukubopha komphakathi okuhlanganisa imiphumela emisa imithetho. Ngokufanayo, izakhamuzi zingafaka i-amicus curiae ezinkantolo, zisekela isithakazelo somphakathi, futhi zisekela izinguquko zokwahlulela.

Uma izakhamuzi zisebenza kuwo womabili amagatsha, ziqinisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze ukhonze abantu. Isishaya - mthetho esizwayo kubantu abazimele sisabela kangcono. Inkantolo ebona ithonya lomuntu ezinqumweni zayo ilungile. Ukulinganisela kwamandla kusebenza kangcono kakhulu uma izakhamuzi zisebenza, zitshelwe, futhi zizimisele ukuhlanganyela kuwo womabili amagatsha ohulumeni.

Ukubheka Izikhulu Ezimisiwe Nezingatshazwa

Icala yi-inchpin yesimiso sonke. Abameli abangayinaki imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo bangavotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla. Abahluleli abawedlulayo amandla abo bangakhishwa (icala) noma basuswe ngezinqubo zokwahlulela (isimo). Izakhamuzi eziqonda imingcele yegatsha ngalinye zingabona lapho leyomingcele iwela futhi ithatha isinyathelo sokulungisa.

Lokhu kudinga okungaphezu kokwethembeka okuhlukanisayo. Isakhamuzi esivikela ngokushesha yonke inqubo ye-partisan sisebenza noma inkantolo ehlangene nesigaba silulaza zona kanye iziphetho kanye nezilinganiso ezivikela inkululeko. Ukulandisa kweqiniso kudinga ukwahlulela igatsha ngalinye ngendima yalo yomthetho-sisekelo, hhayi ukuthi izinqumo zaso zivuna i-’ izinqumo ezithandwayo. Lo msebenzi unzima kodwa ubalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi onempilo.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Ohlala Njalo Wezakhamuzi

Isilinganiso phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho asiwona umshini ozinzile ozisebenzelayo. Yisimiso esiphilayo esisekelwa ulwazi, ukuqapha, nokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi. Imithetho yenza umthetho, izinkantolo, futhi igatsha ngalinye lihlola elinye. Kodwa alikho igatsha elingasebenza kahle ngaphandle komphakathi othembisiwe oqonda izigxobo.

Lapho izakhamuzi zikwazi lokho okwenziwa yizishaya-mthetho, zingafuna ukuba kwenziwe kangcono. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda lokho okwenziwa izinkantolo, zingahlonipha izinqumo zokwahlulela ezingokomthetho futhi zicubungulise. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukushuba okukhulu phakathi kwalezi ezimbili, zingamelana nokulandisa okulula kokuthi eqenjini lentando yeningi, amandla awawona umklomelo ofanele uphathwe kodwa awukho ukuphathiswa ukulinganisela. Futhi lokho kuthemba, ekugcineni, kungabantu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngesakhiwo nangamandla kahulumeni kahulumeni, vakashela i-website e-U. uhulumeni we-. Ukuhlola izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme nokucabanga kwazo, Suphreme Court’ iwebhthis inikeza ukufinyelela embonweni nasemqondweni wendaba. Ukunyukela kakhulu enqubeni yemithetho nasekwengameleni, [[FLT] i-Coffret]. [[FLT:] ikhonthi yemali inikeza izikwelebhusayithi, izindlebe, nemibiko. Izakhamuzi zithatha isikhathi sokufunda ngalezi zinhlangano zikulungele ukuzivikela futhi ziziphendule.