Indlela Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Ezenza Ngayo Izinqumo: Incazelo Elula

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zakha umgogodla wesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, ukusingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho eziphakama ngaphansi komthetho. Kusukela ekuphukeni kwezimoto nasekuxazululeni izingxabano ezingathi sína zecala lezemvume nempi yokuwinwa kwezingane zomkhaya, ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezifika ngayo ezinqumweni zazo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ogwebayo noma ofuna nje ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Inqubo yokwenza isinqumo ihlelwe ngendlela ehleliwe, isekelwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka emasikweni angokomthetho, futhi iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulunga, ukungaguquguquki, nokunamathela eqenjini lomthetho.

Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihluka ngokwezimo, uhlaka oluyisisekelo luhlala lungaguquguquki. Lesi sihloko siphula isigaba ngasinye sohambo, kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kuya esinqumweni sokugcina, futhi sihlola izici eziyinhloko ezithonya ijaji noma i-’ isinqumo sokugcina. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi womthetho, umnini-bhizinisi omncane, noma othile obhekene nendaba engokomthetho, lencazelo izonikeza ukuqonda okucacile, okuthatha isinyathelo ngendlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezicabanga nenza ngayo.

Ukuqubuka Kwecala Nokubukeza Kokuqala

Inkantolo ngayinye iqala lapho iqembu (isikhulu noma umnxusi) lifaka incwadi engokomthetho eyaziwa njengesikhalo noma isicelo enkantolo efanelekile yombuso. Lencwadi inikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho secala, amaqiniso njengoba umthungi wefayile ewabona, futhi impumuzo efunwa (njengemali ewohlokile, umyalo, noma umthetho welungelo lokunakekela). Inkantolo i’ unobhala uhlola ifastelemu lokuphatha i-— ihlola izakhiwo ezilungile, izintela, nokwaziswa kwenkonzo kuhlanganisiwe.

Nokho, ukubukeza kokuqala kudlulela ngalé kwamaphepha nje. Inkantolo, ngokuvamile ngomahluleli u’ ukuhlola kokuqala, izonquma ukuthi isikhalo i- “ ichaza ukuthi isiphi isikhalazo esinganikezwa sosizo. ” lona umsebenzi onzima wokugcina isango. Uma ukukhononda kuhluleka ukuveza ukwephulwa okungokomthetho okuqanjiwe noma ukuntula imininingwane eqondile, uma ijaji lingase lixoshe lelicala noma linike umfaki-hele ithuba lokuqeda. Ngokwesibonelo, isitolo esithi i “unfair &quordo; ngaphandle kokusho ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano noma umthetho wokuvikela osobala cishe uyolahlwa kulelizinga.

Uma ukukhononda kudlulisa ukuhlangana, inkantolo ikhipha izimemezelo futhi icala liqhubeke. Ummangalelwa (noma umphenduleli) ube esethola isaziso futhi abese ethola inkathi emisiwe i-— ngokulandelana izinsuku ezingu 20 kuya kwezingu-30 i-—to aphendule. Lempendulo, ebizwa ngokuthi impendulo, ingavuma noma iphikelele, iphakamise ukuzivikela kokuvuma, noma ngisho nokufaka i-accameim. Kuleliqophelo, i-&lquo; Battle lirline ” iyadwetshwa, futhi inkantolo iqala ukulawula isikhathi.

2. Izindlela zokwelapha zangaphambi: Ukuqeda inkundla yempi

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe noma iliphi icala, kuqalwa inqubo ehlelwe kahle ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Le ngxenye ilapho iningi lamacala lixazululwa khona ngokususwa noma ngokuxoshwa, ngoba liphoqelela ukuba zombili izinhlangothi zembule ubufakazi bazo nezimfundiso ezingokomthetho. Izakhi ezimbili eziyinhloko zitholakele futhi zihamba.

Ukutholakala: Ukwaziswa Okukhishwayo

Ukuthola ukuthi inqubo engokomthetho ethola ngayo ubufakazi kwenye ingxenye. Iklanyelwe ukuvimbela i “ inkundla ngokuqasha i-” futhi iqinisekise ukuthi amaqiniso abekwe ngokugcwele phambi kwenkantolo. Amathuluzi okuthola ahlanganisa:

  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izinqumo [[[FL:1] – imibuzo ebhaliwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izimo – ubufakazi bomlomo obuthathwe ngaphansi kwesifungo ngaphandle kwenkantolo, buqoshwe ukuze busetshenziswe kamuva.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izicelo zokuveza – imfuno yamabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, noma obunye ubufakazi obungokoqobo.
  • Iziqu ze Actives – izisho ezithi omunye acele omunye ukuba avume noma aphike, zinciphisa izimpikiswano zokulingwa.

Uma iqembu lenqaba ukwenza ngokuvumelana, inkantolo ingabeka izijeziso, kuhlanganise nokuncenga okuhlabayo noma ngisho nokuthatha isahlulelo esiphelele.

Umkhuba Wokuhamba: Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Ngokushesha

Phakathi nenkathi yangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, bobabili bangase bathumele amafaktha ngezindlela ezicela inkantolo ukuba inqume izindaba ezithile ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala eliphelele. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha – iphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma wonke amaqiniso e-placttiff ’ amaqiniso ayiqiniso, umthetho awunikezi ikhambi.
  • Motion for Comppe Justice Julut – igomela ngokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela ngamaqiniso aphathekayo, ngakho umahluleli angabusa njengendaba yomthetho. Uma evunyiwe, ukuqulwa kwecala kuyagwenywa ngokuphelele.
  • Motion ku-Limine – ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekulahlweni, njengehemuhemu noma izithombe zocalucalulo.

Lezi zinqumo zinquma ukuthi yini enqunywayo, zizwa izimpikiswano ezidluliselwa ngomlomo, futhi zibhalwe phansi.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwecala: Ukuveza Icala

Uma icala lisinda ngaphambi komthetho futhi amaphathi angaxazululi, liqhubekela phambili ecaleni. Icala liyisenzakalo esiyinhloko lapho ijaji noma abahluleli bezwa khona bonke ubufakazi futhi bakhiphe isinqumo. Ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni kulandela inqubo efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuqulwa kwebhentshi (isinqumo) noma ukuqulwa kwamajaji (isinqumo).

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ekuqulweni kwecala labahluleli, isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha ijaji. Amajaji namajaji babuza abahluleli abangase bavulwe ubandlululo noma izingxabano zesithakazelo. Izinga ngalinye lingagadla inani elithile lamajaji i- “ ukubangela i ” (ukungalungi) noma ukusebenzisa inselele i-&lquo; (ayikho isizathu esidingekayo, phakathi kwemingcele). Umgomo uyindawo elungile nengakhethi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ummeli ngamunye unikeza ukufushaniswa okufushane kwalokho ubufakazi obuzokubonisa. Lamazwi awawona ubufakazi ngokwawo kodwa asebenza njengebalazwe lejaji.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umsuka wecala ukuthululwa kobufakazi. Iqembu elinomthwalo wobufakazi (ngokusho i-paltiff) liveza indaba yalo kuqala. Ubufakazi bungahlanganisa:

  • Uvavanyo – ofakazi baphendula imibuzo ngaphansi kwesifungo. Ukuhlola okuqondile kobizwayo, bese kunqamule okuhlolwa umphikisi.
  • amabhukwana, izithombe, izinto ezingokoqobo, noma amarekhodi ezibalo. Lokhu kumelwe kuqinisekiswe futhi kuhlangane nemithetho yobufakazi (imithetho yokuzwa, ukusebenza, njll.).
  • Izibalo[ – amaqiniso womabili izinhlangothi avumelana, afundwe embhalweni.

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esephumile, ukuzivikela kungase kubize ofakazi bakho futhi kube nemifanekiso yamanje.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba bonke ubufakazi bukhona, uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa icala lalo futhi lunxuse ijaji noma abasizi ukuba baveze imibono elungile. Ama-athorney aqokomisa ubufakazi obuyinhloko, ahlasele umphikisi u-’ achaze ukuthembeka, futhi achaze ukuthi kungani umthetho usekela ikhasimende lawo. U-Flattiff uhamba kuqala, bese evikela, ngokuvamile evumela ukuveza i-paltiff kafushane.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Ecaleni lejaji, ijaji liyala abahluleli emthethweni ongekho emthethweni. Lemiyalo ichaza izindinganiso ezingokomthetho abasizi bejaji okumelwe bazisebenzise emaqinisweni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma benganaki, iziyalezo zizochaza umsebenzi wokunakekela, ukuphuka, ukulahlekelwa, nokulimaza. Khona - ke abaholi bathatha umhlala-mhlalaphansi bangene, ngokuvamile ngasese, kuze kube yilapho befinyelela isinqumo esihlangene (noma ukuthatha isilinganiso esikhulu kwezinye izikhulu zezezomthetho womphakathi).

Ecaleni lebhentshi, ijaji lithatha icala ngaphansi kweseluleko, libukeze ubufakazi, bese likhipha isinqumo esilotshiwe esiqukethe okutholwe emaqinisweni naseziphethweni zomthetho.

4. Izici Ezishukumisa Izinqumo

Ukuqonda lezi zinqumo kuyasiza ekususeni le nqubo futhi kugcizelela ukuthi kungani izinkantolo ezihlukahlukene zingafinyelela imiphumela ehlukahlukene emaqinisweni afanayo.

Imithetho Nomthetho

Isiqalo njalo umthetho ofanelekile: imithetho yesifunda, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni, futhi, lapho kusebenza khona, umthetho kahulumeni. Inkantolo kumelwe ichaze ulimi lwe-statory, ngokuvamile ibheka inhloso yomthetho, incazelo ecacile, nemithetho engokomthetho yokwakhiwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho onayo izidakamizwa kahulumeni uzochaza ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezingekho emthethweni, ukuthi zinjani i- “ i-Cameloon, i-&rquo; futhi iziphi izijeziso ezisebenzayo. Inkantolo isebenzisa leyoncazelo emaqini.

Ukuqubuka Kwezenzakalo (Sawuli Ukuqothulwa)

Izinkantolo zoMbuso ziboshwe yimfundiso ye stare decis i-— i-Latin ye- “ ukuze ime ngezinto ezinqunyiwe. ” izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zilandele izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme esizweni esifanayo. Ngisho nabahluleli abahluleli kumelwe balandele isiqalo esimiswe yizwe labo i-’ iNkanto ePhakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nokubikezela. Nokho, izinkantolo zingahlukanisa isibonelo uma amaqiniso ehlukile ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, noma ezinkantolo ezingavamile, inqubo yokulahla izimo ezishintshiwe uma izimo zishintshile ngokwezingakho.

Ukukholeka KoFakazi Nobufakazi

Amaqiniso awazichazi ngokwawo; anikezwa ngobufakazi nangemibukiso. Abahluleli nabasizi bahlola indlela ababona ngayo, ukungaguquguquki, ubandlululo, nokuvumelana. Ufakazi onezinkumbulo ezintengantengayo noma onezisusa zokuqamba amanga ngeke akhulunyelwe kakhulu. Ubufakazi bemibhalo obunjengezivumelwano ezisayinwe, ukuqapha, noma imibhalo yezimali ngokuvamile ithwala ubufakazi obusembhalweni kuphela.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

Indinganiso yobufakazi iveza ukuthi umenzi wesinqumo kumelwe aqiniseke kanjani. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, umshushisi kumelwe abonise icala i- “ ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. ” ezicaleni zomphakathi, i-paltiff kumele ifakazele icala nge- “preprebiancer ye-ufakazi i-” (kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba angabutholi), noma kwezinye izimo, i- “ i-cloriptura futhi ikhombisa. i-” lezizindinganiso zithinta ngokuqondile ukuthi iqembu liyaphumelela noma liyalahlekelwa.

Ukuhlakanipha Kokwahlulela

Abahluleli banokuqondisisa okukhulu ezindaweni eziningi: ukubusa ngokuphikisa okusobala, ukuphatha izinqubo zokuqulwa kwecala, ukugweba emacaleni obugebengu, nokusebenzisa amakhambi alinganayo. Lokhu kuqonda akunakungabi namkhawulo; kumelwe kusetshenziswe phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho futhi ngaphandle kokuxhashazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli angase abheke umlando wobugebengu, ukuzisola, nokuvuselelwa lapho enikeza isigwebo.

5. Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwempi

Isinqumo sokuqulwa kwecala akuvamile ukuba kube yizwi lokugcina. Iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lithathe izinyathelo zangemva komthetho, njengokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela naphezu kwesinqumo, liphikisa ngokuthi isinqumo sasimelene nobukhulu bobufakazi noma ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka. Umahluleli angase avumele lezi zenzo zokuthatha isinyathelo, kodwa ngokuvamile ukwenza kanjalo ngenxa yokungabi nabulungisa okusobala kuphela.

Uma ukuthatha isinyathelo ngemva komthetho kuhluleka, isinyathelo esilandelayo sidluliswa enkantolo kahulumeni ephakathi (noma ngokuqondile enkantolo ephakeme yezwe ngokwezifunda ezincane). Izikhalo aziyona i- “do-overs ” inkantolo ehlola umlando wokuqulwa kwamaphutha angokomthetho, hhayi izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso. Iyogumbuqela isinqumo kuphela uma uma uma umahluleli wecala elulaza umthetho noma uma ubufakazi bunganele kangangokuba akukho jaji elinengqondo elifinyelele leso siphetho.

Le mibono iba yizibonelo eziqondisa amacala esikhathini esizayo. Inkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke embusweni, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme, isho okokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho kahulumeni (ngaphandle kokuba kuhileleke indaba yomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni kahulumeni, engase iye eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.).

Indima YamaJuries v.

Umehluko oyinhloko ezinqumweni zenkantolo yesifundazwe ukuthi ubani owenza isimemo sokugcina: ijaji lontanga noma umahluleli onguchwepheshe.

Imikhosi [ iletha izindinganiso zomphakathi enkantolo. Ivame ukubhekwa njengonembeza womphakathi, ikakhulukazi emacaleni obugebengu lapho ingaba khona i- &lquo;nullig ” umthetho uma ikholelwa ukuthi umthetho ongalungile uyasetshenziswa. AmaJurie angabafinyeleli-iqiniso; anquma ukuthi kwenzekani okusekelwe ebufakazini bese asebenzisa umthetho njengoba uyalwa ijaji.

Abahluleli, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bangochwepheshe abangochwepheshe bezomthetho. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, benza kokubili indima yokuthola iqiniso nokuhlaziya okungokomthetho. Abahluleli bavame ukujwayelana kakhulu nezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho, njengalezo ezihilela izivumelwano zebhizinisi noma imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi bangase bangathotyeki kakhulu ngokunxenxa okungokomzwelo. Izinhlu zingakhetha ukuqulwa kwebhentshi lapho bekholelwa ukuthi izindaba ezingokomthetho zibaluleke kakhulu kunamaqiniso, noma lapho ijaji lingaba nobandlululo.

Ngokwesibonelo, icala lodokotela elihilela abamangaleli abanozwela nesibhedlela esikhulu lingase lifanelekele kangcono abahluleli, kuyilapho ukuphikisana ngesivumelwano sezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwezinkampani ezimbili kungase kube ngcono umahluleli.

7. Ukuthatha Izakhamuzi Ngezindlela Ezingokoqobo

Uma uhilelekile ecaleni lenkantolo, ukwazi inqubo yokwenza izinqumo kungakusiza wena nommeli wakho ukulungiselela. Nakhu ukuqonda okungathatha isinyathelo:

  • Uxwebhu yonke into – ubufakazi yinkosi. Gcina ama-imeyili, ama-lish, izithombe, nenothi. Ubufakazi obusenemininingwane obukholekayo, kulapho unobungqabavu khona.
  • Ngaphansi kwe- – sebenza nommeli ukuchaza imithetho nezimiso eziqondile ezisebenzayo. Ummeli olungileyo uzohlela udaba lwakho phakathi kwesimiso esingokomthetho esifanelekile.
  • Lungela ukulibala [ – izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukusinda. Izinqubo zangaphambi komthetho zingathatha izinyanga. Ukubekezela nokulungiselela kahle kubalulekile.
  • [ Cwangcisa esinye isinqumo sempikiswano – izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zigunyaza ukunqatshelwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ukulungisa kusenesikhathi, imali, kanye nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo.

Isiphetho

Isinqumo senkantolo sisenqubweni ehlelwe kahle, ebekelwe izinto eziningi ezivumelana nomthetho ngokucabangela ngokucophelela amaqiniso. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala ngezindlela zangaphambi kwenqubo, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokunxenxa okungase kwenzeke, isinyathelo ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuveza umphumela olungile. Nakuba isimiso singaphelele i-—delay, izinqumo eziguquguqukayo, kanye nezindleko eziphakeme ziyizinkinga zangempela — isisekelo sangempela, ukuvela, ukubonakala, nokuhlola kwe-adversari kusenza sihlukane.

Kunoma ubani ofuna ukusebenzisa lesi simiso, ulwazi lunamandla. Ukuqonda indlela amajaji namajaji ahlola ngayo ubufakazi, asebenzisa imithetho, futhi alinganise inqubo kukuvumela ukuba uqonde icala lakho ngokubheka izinto ezingokoqobo nangendlela eqinile. Umthetho awuyona imfihlakalo; uyimithetho ehlelekile esetshenziswa ngendlela ehlelekile ezimpikiswaneni zabantu. futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilapho leyo nqubo iyenzeka khona nsuku zonke.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ezinqubweni zenkantolo, ungahlola LGALL Information Institute ’ ukucubungula izinkantolo zikahulumeni noma ukuhlola [ iU.S. ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezimiso zikahulumeni nombuso[. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokunxusa, i-American Bat Association inikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo[[].