Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Seziphendu

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ubulokhu ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe kusukela ekuqedweni kwawo ngo-1788. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baqonda ukuthi lencwadi kuyodingeka ishintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze ibhekane nezimo ezishintshayo, izinselele ezingalindelekile, nokwembuka kwezinto eziza kuqala zesizwe. Kunokuba kube namalungiselelo aqinile angaphelelwa yisikhathi, bamisa inqubo engokomthetho yokulungisa. Lenqubo ivela esiqeshini V soMthetho-sisekelo.

ISiphakamiso V sibonakalisa ukuyekethisa okucophelelayo. Abahleli be-flamers babefuna ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo uhlale isikhathi esiqinile ukuze unikeze ukubusa okungaguquguquki kodwa okuvumelanayo ngokwaneleyo ukuba kuvumelane nokudingeka. Baqaphela ukuthi imithetho-mthetho yesizwe ilungiswe kalula kwezinye izimo, okuholela ekuntengantengisweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqaphela ukuthi incwadi engasoze yashintshwa yayingeke ikwazi ukuthatha indawo noma ibangele ukuguquguquka okukhulu. Inqubo yokulungisa iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yisigxobo esiphezulu kakhulu, yenza kube nzima ngamabomu kodwa ingabi nokwenzeka.

Kusukela uMthetho-sisekelo waqala ukusebenza, ukubuyiselwa kwamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuphela kuye kwagunyazwa. Ishumi lokuqala, elaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights, lanezelwa ngo-1791, eminyakeni emithathu nje ngemva kokuhlanzwa. Ukubuyiselwa kwamuva kakhulu, imashumi amabili nasikhombisa, kwagunyazwa ngo-1992. Leyo nguquko, evimbela ukukhokhwa kwemibuthano yesivumelwano inyuka isuka ekusebenzeni kuze kube ngemva kokhetho olulandelayo, kwahlongolwa okokuqala ngo-1789. Kwathatha amakhulu amabili eminyaka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo i-ratiation, kubonisa indlela efuna ukuba iqedwe ngayo.

Ukuqonda indlela ukulungiswa okuhlongozwa ngayo futhi kwagunyazwa kuhlomisa izakhamuzi ngokwazisa okujulile ngomklamo woMthetho-sisekelo. Kucacisa futhi ukuthi kungani ukulungisa okuthile okuhlongozwayo kungaphumeleli nokuthi kungani uMthetho-sisekelo uye wahlala uqinile ngokuphawulekayo kuyilapho ezinye izizwe ziye zamukela izincwadi ezintsha zokubusa.

Izindlela Ezimbili Zokuphoqelela ISichibiyelo

Inqubo yokulungisa iqala ngokusikisela okusemthethweni. ISiphakamiso V sinikeza izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zokulungisa. Inye kuphela yalezi zindlela eyake yasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa zombili zisekhona namuhla.

Isicelo Senhlangano

Indlela yokuqala, nevame kakhulu, ihlanganisa i-Congress. Ukusikisela ukulungisa ngakulendlela, kokubili iNdlu yabameleli neSigele kumelwe bavumele ulimi olufanayo oluhlotshaniswa ngevoti enkulu yama-tatu amabili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amalungu angama-290 endlu nama-senetary angu-67 kumelwe avote ngokuvuna.

Lemfuneko enkulu isithiyo sangamabomu. Abakhi be-flameter babefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isilungiso esihlongozwayo sinezisekelo ezibanzi, i-bipartisan esisemkhandlwini wesizwe. Inguquko engakwazi ukusekela ama-3-3 emagumbini womabili cishe ayikwazi ukubonisa ukuvumelana kwesizwe okudingekayo ukuze kushintshwe uMthetho-sisekelo. Umnyango owesithathu uvimbela futhi iningi ukuba lesikhashana lenze izinguquko ezisheshayo ezingase zizisole kamuva.

Uma nje iKhongolo selivumele ukumiswa kwe-congress okuhlongozwayo yinqubo efunwayo ye-majornal, ayithunyelwa kumongameli ukuze asayine. Umongameli akathathi ndima engokomthetho enqubweni yokulungisa. Kunalokho, ukubuyiselwa okuhlongozwayo kuthunyelwa ngokuqondile ezizweni ukuze kuthathwe i-ratiation. Lomehluko ngezinye izikhathi udidaniswa izakhamuzi ezijwayelene nenqubo evamile yemithetho, lapho izikweletu ziba khona kuphela ngemva kokuvunyelwa ngumongameli. Izigwebo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukile ngokuphelele.

I-Congress ihlongoze zonke izinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa eziye zagunyazwa ngokusebenzisa lendlela. Ibuye yahlongoza nezinguquko eziningana ezihlulekile ukufinyelela ukuhlaziywa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Uncimence Rights Amement Reformation yadlulisela iSivumelwano samalungelo abantu ngo-1971 ngevoti efunekayo yama-35 kodwa yahluleka ukufinyelela umnyango wesifunda sesifunda esithathu esine esibekwe isikhathi.

Ukumiswa Komhlangano

Indlela yesibili yokulungisa ihilela umhlangano. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V, uma ama-pasworte angu-3 esizwe i — izifundazwe ezingamashumi amathathu kuya kwezine ze-— ngokuphandle kuMkhandlu ocela umhlangano womthetho-mthetho, uKhongolo-khampani kumelwe lubize kanye. Kulowomhlangano, izihambeli zingahlongoza iziphetho zokulungisa i-ratiation.

Lo mzila womhlangano awuzange usetshenziselwe ukuveza ushintsho. Naphezu kwemizamo eminingi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, akukho mpikiswano eye yaveza izicelo ezivela ezindaweni ezanele ukuze kuqaliswe umhlangano. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, kuye kwaba nemikhankaso yomhlangano ukuba kuhlolwe ukuhlelwa kwemali elinganiselwe noma ukubekwa kwemingcele yeminyaka emalungwini eSishaya-Mkhandlu, kodwa ayikho efinyelele emnyango osuhlalweni olungamashumi amathathu anesine.

Esinye isizathu esenza ukuba indlela yomhlangano ingasetshenziswa kakhulu ukuntengantengiswa okuhlobene nendlela ewuzosebenza ngayo. UMthetho-sisekelo awunikezi mininingwane ngendlela umhlangano onjalo ozohlelwa ngayo, indlela izihambeli ezazingakhethwa ngayo, noma imithetho engayilawula ukuqashwa kwawo. Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho nabenzi bezimiso bakhathazekile ngokuthi umhlangano ungase ube umhlangano oweqayo, okusho ukuthi ungadlula injongo yawo yokuqala futhi uhlongoze ukulungiswa kwezindaba ezingavumelani nezindaba eziwubangelayo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-Congress Congress angabeka imingcele engokwemithetho ukuze avimbele lo mphumela.

Ngenxa yalemibuzo engaxazululiwe nezingozi zezombangazwe ezihilelekile, kokubili iziKhongolose nezifundazwe kuye kwakhetha indlela yokuhlongoza yenhlangano emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Lo mhlangano ulokhu uyithuluzi elicatshangelwayo izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ezibhekisela ngezikhathi ezithile ekucindezeleni iSishaya - mthetho ukuba sithathe isinyathelo ezindabeni ezithile.

Izindlela Ezimbili Zokunyakazisa Imali

Ukusikisela ukulungisa kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Ngemva kokuba iSishaya-mthetho noma umhlangano uvumele ukumiswa kwenguquko okuhlongozwayo, kumelwe kugunyazwe yizifundazwe ngaphambi kokuba zibe ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. ISiphakamiso V sinikeza izishayamthetho igunya lokukhetha ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa ezizosetshenziswa yilezi zizwe.

Ukuhlanzwa Imithetho KaHulumeni

Indlela evame kakhulu yokulungisa i-rathio ivunyelwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Ngalendlela, isishaya-mthetho ngasinye i-’ isishaya-mthetho sivotela ukuthi ukuguqula okuhlongozwayo kungenziwa yini. Uma kunezingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezifundazwe i-— amashumi amathathu anesishiyagalombili u-— uku-ravith, ukubuyiselwa kuyamukelwa.

Amavoti okuvota agunyaziwe ezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni asebenza njengamavoti avamile. Iningi elivamile egumbini ngalinye livame ukwanele, nakuba amanye amazwe enemithetho yawo yangaphakathi efuna ukuba kube nemithetho emikhulu yezenzo ezithile zomthetho. Uma isishaya-mthetho senza kube nokulungisa, ngeke kamuva kubuye kulungiswe leso sinqumo. INkantolo Ephakeme iseke ikholelwa ukuthi ukuqoshwa kungokokugcina lapho isibalo esidingekayo sesifunda sezwe sesifinyelelwe.

ISivumelwano simisa isilinganiso sesikhathi sokuvuselelwa. Izinguquko zanamuhla zihlanganise isikhathi esithatha iminyaka engu-7, njengoba sibonakala ngeSichibiyelo Samalungelo Omphakathi neSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nayisithupha. Inkathi yokwandiswa kwenkathi inganwetshwa yiSishaya-mthetho, kodwa uma inkathi yokugcinwa kwezinsuku ingadluliswanga imvume eyanele, i-Aumedial Rights Amement Reformation iyafa. ISiphendulo samaLungelo silokhu siyisibonelo esivelele sokulungisa iSishaya iSishaya-Hulumeni futhi sidluliselwe imvume eyanele ngesikhathi eside, kodwa hhayi phakathi kwefasitela elibekwe yi-pane.

Ukucwiywa Imihlangano YoMbuso

Indlela yesibili yokuhlanganisa ihlanganisa imihlangano yesifundazwe kunezindawo zombuso. Izingqungquthela zingaqondisa izifunda ukuba zenze imihlangano ekhethekile ehlobisayo, nezihambeli ezikhethwe abantu ngokukhethekile ukuba zivote ekulungisweni okuhlongozwayo. Lomnyango ofanayo wabathathu-ne uyasebenza.

Lendlela iye yasetshenziswa kanye, ngokufana neSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye. Lokho kulungisa, kwagunyazwa ngo-1933, kwabuye kwamiswa iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, esasisungule iProvition. IziKhongolo zakhetha indlela yomhlangano ngoba izishaya-mthetho ngaleso sikhathi zazithonywe kakhulu amaqembu ombuso alawula impatho. Ngokuya ngokuqondile emihlanganweni ekhethekile, ukulungisa kwadlula lezo zithakazelo ezigxilile futhi kwavumela umphakathi ukuba uchaze intando yayo ngokuqondile.

Inqubo yokulungisa umhlangano isatholakala kodwa ayikasetshenziswa kusukela kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ezinye izazi zomthetho - sisekelo ziphikisa ngokuthi kungaba yithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokulungisa izinguquko ezihleliwe ezibhekene nokuphikiswa ezindlu yombuso. Nokho, izinselele ezingokomthetho nezindleko zokukhetha okukhethekile kunoma isiphi isifundazwe zenza lendlela ibe ngcono kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwenqubo.

Iziphendu Ezingamashumi Ayisikhombisa Kumongo

Ukuhlola lezi zinguquko eziye zagunyazwa kunikeza umbono ngenqubo. I-Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo-1791, yakhuluma ngezinkathazo zezazi ze-Anti-Federalis ezazesaba ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe omusha uzophamba. Lezo zinguquko eziyishumi ziqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo, kuhlanganise ukukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali, kuyilapho zivikela futhi ekufuneni okungenangqondo nesijeziso sonya.

Iziphendu ezilandelayo zeshumi nesikhombisa zagunyazwa phakathi namakhulu amabili alandela, zidingidwa izindaba ezinjengokulandela umongameli, intela yeholo kahulumeni, amalungelo okuvota, neholo lombuso. ISichibiyelo seSiphakamiso se-13, 14 ne-15, sagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, saqeda ubugqila, samisa ubuhlanga obulinganayo nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi savimbela ukucwaswa kohlanga. ISichibiyelo seSichithi seshumi elinesishiyagamu sandisa amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane ngo-1920. ISiphendulo seSiphendulo seshumi Amashumi amabili nanhlanu se-6 sehlisa ukuvota kwafinyelela eminyakeni engu-18 ngo-197.

Inqubo yokulungisa yembula ukuthi le nqubo ibhekene nezinhlangano ezinkulu zesizwe nezinhlekelele. Izinguquko zeMpi Yombango zalandela inhlekelele enkulu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Inkathi eqhubekekayo yaveza ukuncishiswa kwentela yeholo, ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabahlaziyi, nokwenqatshelwa kotshwala. Umbutho wamalungelo esizwe wabangela iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane, esaqeda intela yokukhokha intela yokukhokha, kanye ne-Voting Rights Act ka-65, okuthi nakuba kungesona inguquko, isiqinisekiso se-14 ne-Deletencementation.

Akuzona zonke iziphetho ezihlongozwayo eziphumelelayo. Iziphakamiso zokulungisa ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi ziye zafakwa eSixukwini, kodwa kunezingamashumi amathathu nantathu kuphela ezidlule umnyango owedlulele futhi zithunyelwe ezifundeni. Kulezo, amashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuphela agunyaziwe. Izinga lempumelelo lingaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa.

Okwenza Inqubo Yokuchithwa Idingeke Kangaka

Inqubo yokuzifunela ukuphoqelela ngamabomu ifeza izinjongo eziningi. Okokuqala, ivikela uMthetho-sisekelo ekushintsheni njalo noma ushintsho oluwubala. Ngokungafani nemithetho evamile, engadluliselwa noma ihlaziywe ngemithetho elula ebizwa ngokuthi izikhulu eziseSixukwini, uMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zesizwe. Ukuwushintsha kufanele udinge okungaphezu komfutho wesikhashana wezombangazwe.

Okwesibili, izimfuneko ezinkulu ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ziveza ukuvumelana okukhulu phakathi kwezindawo nemibono. Ukulungisa okudlula indlu ngevoti encane yama-3 amabili kodwa okulahlwa amazwe ngaseNingizimu nase Midwest ngeke kube umthetho. Lenqubo iphoqelela abaxhasi ukuba bakhe imifelandawonye ehlanganisa lonke izwe.

Okwesithathu, inqubo yokulungisa ivikela izithakazelo zedlanzana. Ngokufuna imvume kuhulumeni omkhulu ophethe amaBhunga nakumazwe amathathu anezine, lesi simiso sivimbela noma isiphi isifunda noma iqembu lenzalo ekubekeni intando yaso kuso sonke isizwe. Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu ezweni elihlukene lapho imibono yezombangazwe ihluka kakhulu khona ngokwezwe nangokwesifunda.

Izinkinga zenqubo zikhuthaza ukubekezela. Izinguquko eziningi ezaphumelela ekugcineni, njengeSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye esinikeza amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane, zaphikiswana amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kuhlongozwe iSishaya - mthetho. Inkathi ende yokumitha yanikeza umphakathi ithuba lokuveza izinkathazo zabo futhi yanika abaphikisi isikhathi sokuveza izinkathazo zabo.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo

Izakhamuzi zivame ukuzibuza ukuthi zingayithonya kanjani inqubo yokulungisa. Nakuba lemishini ilawulwa yizishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni, umbono womphakathi ufeza indima enamandla kuzo zonke izigaba. Izinguquko eziye zagunyazwa cishe zonke zasabela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi ezibanzi. Umzabalazweni wokunqanda ukubhikisha, abesifazane i-’ i-suffile, inhlangano yamalungelo abantu, kanye nomza wokunciphisa inkathi yokuvota, konke ukucindezela komphakathi okuye kwaqhubeka kwaveza ushintsho olungokomthetho.

Izakhamuzi zingathonya lenqubo ngokuthinta amalungu eSishaya - mthetho, zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi, zivotele abazosekela noma abaphikisayo abahlongozwa ukuncitshiswa, futhi zijoyine izinhlangano zokuphatha izigebengu. Izishaya umthetho zikahulumeni zizwela kakhulu kakhulu embonweni womphakathi ngokulungisa okuhlongozwayo ngoba zibhekene nokuvota okuphindiwe futhi ngenxa yokuthi amavoti avame ukuba aphezulu.

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinethuluzi eliqondile lokuqalisa inqubo yokulungisa. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingasebenza kuKhongolo-mkhandlu ukuze kwenziwe umhlangano womthetho-mthetho. Nakuba lendlela ingaphumelelanga, izicelo zesifundazwe ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuphawula ukunganeliseki ngeSishaya-mthetho nakukucindezela abenzi bemithetho kahulumeni ezindabeni ezithile. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukubona ukulungisa ukukhathalela okuthile zingakhuthaza izishayamthetho zazo ukuba zijoyine nomza wesicelo.

Ukuqonda le nqubo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye iziphakamiso zezibalo zezombangazwe. Uma umuntu ozofundela ukubhapathizwa ethembisa ukudlulisa inguquko yomthetho-mthetho ngesihloko esithile, kuyafaneleka ukubuza ukuthi izakhiwo ezinkulu ezidingekile eziseSishaya - mthetho nakuhulumeni zikhona yini. Uma zinganjalo, isithembiso asilona iqiniso ngokwezombangazwe. Inqubo yokuzilungisa iklanyelwe ukuvimbela izinguquko ezinkulu ezinjalo ngaphandle kokuvumelana kwesizwe.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngezinqumo

Ukungaqondi okuningi ngenqubo yokulungisa kuyaqhubeka. Okunye ukuthi umongameli angalungisa isici esihlongozwayo. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, umongameli akathathi ndima enqubweni yokulungisa. Ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kuthunyelwa ngokuqondile ezindaweni ngemva kokuba uMkhandlu uvume.

Enye inkolelo eyiphutha ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingasiphula isici. Inkantolo ingakuchaza ukulungisa, kodwa ayinakuziqeda. Izigwebo ziyingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, futhi zithatha indawo yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zokwahlulela zangaphambili. Isichibiyeli seshumi elinesishiyagalombili sokumisa iProphibition kamuva savusethwa yiSichibiyelo samashumi amabili okuqala, hhayi yizinkantolo.

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi ukuvota okuthandwa kakhulu kwesizwe kungadlulisa ushintsho. Akukho nqubo yokulungisa umthetho wezwe ekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo. Zonke izinguquko kumelwe zidlule ngenqubo yeSiphakamiso V ehilela i-Congress kanye nezifundazwe. ISwitzerland namanye amazwe asebenzisa izimemo zezwe ngenxa yezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho, kodwa i-United States ayiwusebenzisi.

Kukhona futhi ukudideka ngokuthi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingasilungisa yini isici esingazange sihlolwe. Azikwazi. Izwe alinakunezela izinguquko kumthetho-sisekelo ngokwalo. ISishaya-mthetho kuphela noma umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo ongahlongoza ukulungisa, futhi kungabe kulapho kuphela lapho lingaba khona isikhulu esizilungisayo.

Impikiswano Yanamuhla Nekusasa Lenqubo Yesichibiyelo

Inqubo yokulungisa ibangela impikiswano eqhubekayo. Ezinye izazi zomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi lenqubo isinzima kakhulu nokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo manje cishe awusakwazi ukuqedwa. Ukulungiswa kokugcina kokufinyelela ukudilizwa kwakuyiSichibiyelo seshumi nambili sesikhombisa ngo-1992, futhi ukuthi ukubuyiselwa ekuqaleni kwahlongozwa ngo-1789. Akukho kulungisa okuhlongozwayo enkathini yanamuhla okuye kwayenza inqubo nganoma yini eseduze nesilinganiso sesikhathi esifanelekile.

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ubunzima balenqubo buyisici, hhayi igciwane. UMthetho-sisekelo uye wazibonakalisa uqinile ngenxa yokuthi umelana nokushintsha okungadingekile. Amazwe amukela imithetho-mthetho emisha ngokuvamile abhekana nokuntengantenga futhi ashintsha umthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uqhubeke ukhona iminyaka engaphezu kwengu- 230 ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukushintsha.

Kunezingcingo zezikhathi ezithile zokulungisa inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo. Izilinganiso zihlanganisa ukuvumela i-apendium yesizwe, ukunciphisa imfuneko enkulu kakhulu, noma ukwenza kube lula ukuba imibuso imeme umhlangano. Akukho kusikisela okuye kwathola impumelelo eyanele ukuze kuqhubeke inqubo ekhona. Ukuhlikihlwa akulahlekele izingqapheli: ukuguqula inqubo yokulungisa inqubo kungadinga ukusebenzisa yona kanye inqubo abasekeli abakuthola kunzima kakhulu.

Okwamanje, inqubo yokulungisa isalokhu iyilokho okwaklanywa abakhi bomthetho. Ithatha kancane, iyafuna, futhi iyamelana nemijikelezo emifushane yezombangazwe. Iye yaveza kuphela izinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, kodwa lezo zinguquko ziye zakhuluma ngezindaba ezilandelayo emlandweni waseMelika. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi uma uMthetho-sisekelo ushintsha, ushintsha kuphela ngemva komzamo ongavamile futhi ngokusekela okukhulu ezweni lonke.

Ukuze ifundeke ngokwengeziwe, izinqolobane ze-National Archives zinikeza umbhalo ogcwele woMthetho-sisekelo nezinguquko. Senate ’ i-indawo esemthethweni ihlanganisa umongo ongokomlando weSiphakamiso V. [[FLT]] iSikhungo soMthetho-mthetho wesizwe sinikeza imithombo ehambisanayo yokuhlola inqubo yokuqeda inqubo [. Lemithombo inikeza ukujula okwengeziwe kwezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo yomthetho-mthetho-siseko.