Ukuqonda Izinqumo Zemithetho Nendima Yazo Ekuziphatheni

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho ziwushintsho olungokomthetho oluhlongozwayo ebhukwini noma ewumthetho okhona. Zimelela elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu enqubweni yokwenza umthetho, asiza abenzi bomthetho ukuba bacwengisise, bacacise, noma baphinde balungise injongo yomthetho. Ngaphandle kokulungisa, imithetho ingahlala iqinile, ingekwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokushintsha indlela yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, noma izinto zezobuchwepheshe. Ikhono lokulungisa umthetho livumela izimemezelo ukuba zilungise amaphutha, izikhala ezivale, ukusabela ezinqumweni zokwahlulela, futhi ukudlulisela izijeziso ezigwebeni zomthetho. Ezindaweni eziningi, inqubo yokulungisa inqubo yenqubo yemithetho yezentengiselwano iyenzeka, ngokuvamile lapho izimpikiswano zezehluleko ziyo, uma kunqunywa ukuthi umsebenzi womthetho uzoba ngokuphumelelayo noma uhluleka. Ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi ubaluleke kanjani kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlaziya imiphumela yomthetho ngenxa yomthetho kabanzi ngenxa yemininingwane yomthetho womthetho womthetho kunqunyiwe.

Ukuhlobaniswa KweSichibiyelo Somthetho

Ukulungisa kungahluka kakhulu ngokwezingalo nenjongo. Ezinye izinguquko zingamaphutha amancane, zilungisa amaphutha omshini wokubhala noma ukushintshwa kweminye imithetho. Ezinye ziwukuguqula ngokuphelele, ziphinde zibhalwe zonke izingxenye zemali futhi zishintshe ngokuphelele indlela yayo yokuqondisa. Ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukuthi ukulungisa kuthinta kanjani isimiso somphakathi, kusiza ekuzilinganiseleni ngohlobo oluthile.

Izinhlobo Zeziphendu

  • Ukuphelela izinguquko[: Olulimi olucacisayo, ukuxazulula izinto ezizinzileyo, noma ukwenza ukulungisa kobuchwepheshe. Abashintsha indlela yokusebenza kodwa baqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyavumelana.
  • Izinguquko: Lezi zithathela indawo izingxenye zonke noma izihloko zomthetho ngolimi olusha, ngokuvamile lubonisa ukwehlisa umehluko phakathi kwezithakazelo ezincintisanayo.
  • Izinguquko ze-immuner: Lokhu kunezela amalungiselelo angahlangeneyo emalini. Abagibeli bamabhayisekili bavame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa izinyathelo eziphikiswayo ezithathelwe umthetho ophoqelelwe, ukuthonya umthetho ngemiphumela engaqondile.
  • Izinguquko ezishintshayo: Lokhu kulinganisela izinga lomthetho, ngokwesibonelo, ngokwenezela izigaba zokushona kwelanga, ukusekela imali ephaketheni, noma ukulinganiselwa kwendawo.
  • Izimpawu ezisemfanekisweni wesithakazeli : Ukubhalwa futhi okubanzi kwemali yonke, ngokuvamile okusetshenziswa lapho ikomiti inquma ukuqala ekuhhabhuleni kuyilapho igcina inombolo yokuqala yemali iphila.

Uhlobo ngalunye lunemiphumela engafani yesimiso somphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulungisa kungaletha ushintsho lwenqubo olungase ludlule njengomthetho wokunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda ukumiswa kwemithetho emisha.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Ukubukeza Okulandelanayo

Inqubo yokulungisa inqubo ehlelwe ngendlela ehleliwe.

  1. Isivumelwano [: Inguquko inikezwa ngokomthetho ummisi-mthetho, ngokuvamile isihlalo sekomiti noma umxhasi wemali. Ephalamendeni amaningi, izimemezelo kumelwe zithunyelwe ngokubhala ngenkathi ethile emisiwe.
  2. Ukubukeza iCommittee[[FL:1]: Ukulungisa kubhekiswe ekomitini ehlobene. Amakomiti afeza indima yokugcina isango, agcina ukuzwa nokubhaka lapho kuphikiswana khona, kubukezwe, futhi kuvotelwe khona. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyisigaba esibucayi kakhulu sethonya lenqubo ngoba amalungu amakomiti anolwazi olukhethekile futhi angalungisa izimo ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele ekamelweni eligcwele.
  3. [ Ingxoxo yezentengiselwano nokuvota: Ukubuyiselwa kuya phansi kwendlu ukuze kuxoxiswe futhi kuvotelwe. Ezimisweni ze-bidamaral, izimo kumelwe zidlule zombili amagumbi ngendlela efanayo. Lesigaba sivame ukubona ukuphikisana komphakathi, njengeqembu eliyalwayo neqela lamandla ashukumisayo lihlangana.
  4. Conference component [: Uma lamakamu amabili edlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zemali, ikomiti yengqungquthela ithatha ukuhlehla. Umbiko womhlangano owenziweyo ungahlanganisa ezinye izinguquko. Yilapho izintambo ezinkulu zokuhweba ngezimiso zivame ukuvalwa ngemuva kweminyango evulekileyo.
  5. Imvume esebenzayo: Ezimisweni zobumongameli, umphathi angathola amandla. Iveto ingangagculiswa yi-major, kodwa lokho akuvamile ukwenzeka. Izinguquko eziningi zifa esigabeni sokubusa uma umongameli noma umbusi enikeza izimpawu zokuphikisa.

Lenqubo iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuqashelwa, kodwa futhi yenza kube namaphuzu amaningi lapho ukulungisa kungavinjelwa khona, kuphucuzwe, noma kuthweswe amalungiselelo engeziwe.

Indlela Izichibiyelo Ezithonya Ngayo Imiphumela Yomphakathi

Izinqumiso zithinta isimiso somphakathi ngezindlela eziningi eziqaphelekayo. Zingaguqula injongo eyisisekelo yomthetho, ukushintsha izindleko zawo nokungaguquguquki kwawo, zisusa ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwezinhlangano, noma zakhe amalungelo amasha nezibopho zezakhamuzi. Ngezansi kunezinqubo eziyinhloko okushintshwa ngazo isimiso sokuqondisa.

Imithetho Ecacile Ezimisele

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokulungisa iwukucacisa lokho okwakuhloswe yisishaya-mthetho. Ulimi oluphoqelelayo emalini lungaholela ekukhishweni okuguquguqukayo kwezinhlangano noma imithetho ephikisanayo yezinkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulungisa kungafaka incazelo yegama eliyinhloko `njengesithi “amanzi eUnited States" emthethweni wendawo ezungezile". Uma imithetho isuka kulokho abenzi bomthetho abakufunayo, ukulungisa isebenza njengamathuluzi okulungisa. Lokhu kuvame ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuba umthetho omusha uthathe ukusebenza futhi uchaze izinkantolo ngezindlela ezingabonwanga.

Ukusabela Ebufakazini Obuningi

Isimiso somphakathi asivamile ukusebenza ngokuphelele ekuzameni kokuqala. Izinqubo zokulungisa zisebenzisa izinqubo ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukwaziswa okusha, izifundo ezithathwe kuzinhlelo zabashayeli, noma ukuhlolwa kwezimiso ezikhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuqala kokukhishwa kwe-Affordble Care Act, izinguquko eziningana zadluliselwa ukuze kulungiswe umnyango womqashi ogunyaziwe, ukulungisa izilinganiso ezicuphi, nokwandisa ama-Medicaid edigigrific. Lezinguquko zabonisa ukuvuselelwa kwangempela kwezwe ku-inficers, ohulumeni bombuso, no-obhalisile. Ngaleyondlela izigwebo zisebenza njengenguquko enikeza impendulo phakathi kwenqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemithetho kanye nezenzo zomthetho.

Izidingo Zomuntu Ohlala Emakhaya

Amaqembu anezithakazelo, izinhlangano zezempatho, nabaxhasi bezimboni bafuna ukuhlelwa njalo ukuze kubekwe umthetho kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Umkhankaso ohlelwe kahle ungafaka amalungiselelo azuzisa ingxenye ethile . Njengezikweleti zentela zamandla avuselelwayo (noma ukususa ulimi oluthwebula imithwalo. Nakuba lokhu kungathuthukisa isimiso ngokufaka ulwazi lochwepheshe, futhi kudala izingozi zokuthumba. Ngokwesibonelo, imboni yezezimali inciphisa ngokuphumelelayo imithetho yokugcinwa kwemali yokwengamela izimfuneko zokwengamela ngemva kwenhlekelele ka-200890. Umphumela ungaba yinqubo engcono kakhulu engenziwa ngezemboni kunokuba ihloselwe ngaphambili.

Ukulungisa Ithonya Lezinto Eziphilayo

Izinqumo zivame ukulungisa izingxenye zemali yemali. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukwenezela noma ukususa izimvume zokusebenzisa imali, ukushintsha amazinga entela, noma izimo ezikhubazayo ezimalini ezifanele. Ngenxa yokuthi izindleko ziwumsebenzi oyinhloko kubamisi mthetho abaningi, izinguquko ezinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngethuba eliphakeme lokudlula. Ngokuphambene, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko ezingase zihlanganiswe namalungiselelo akhokhelwayo. Imiphumela yokulungisa izindleko inganquma ukuthi inqubo isekelwe ngokufanele noma ishiywe ngaphansi kwemithombo, ithinta imiphumela enhlabathini ngokuqondile.

Ukulinganisela Izindinganiso Eziyindinganiso

Isimiso somphakathi sihlanganisa ukunqanda ukuphumelela, ukuhleleka, inkululeko, nokulondeka. Izigwebo zivumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zilungise lezi zilinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumiswa komthetho wokuhlola kungase kwenezele izimfuneko zokwahlulela zokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi kuyilapho isanikeza ukugcinwa komthetho ukwaziswa. Okunye ukulungisa kungase kudinge ukubukezwa kohlelo ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze luhlale lusesilinganisweni. Lokhu kulunga kuvame ukubangelwa yizingxoxo ezinde phakathi kwamaqembu enkululeko yomphakathi nezinhlangano zezokuphepha.

Ukuhlola Icala Ekushintsheni Kwesimiso Sokuchithwa

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakulinganiswa (2010)

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) yathola amakhulu enguquko phakathi nokudlula kwayo neminyaka elandelayo. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa i-“ Cornushuker Kickcket” inguquko (kamuva isusiwe) eyanikeza iMedicaid imali ekhethekile ye-Nebraska, kanye nokulungisa ukuvumela amazwe ukuba andise iMedica ekhetheni yawo ngemva kweNkanto ephakeme yalawula icebo lokuqala lokulawula i-counce. Kamuva, [[FLT:] Ukunakekela ne-Relation Actal Act of 2010 [FLT] [3] ukuguqula i-A ukuze i-Medica engxenyeni" ilungise i-Ddicid, futhi ilungise i-Ddicid. Kamuva, i-FLTPrometicsting i-ecedk ebekwe eduze kwesimiso se-ogcinyo. kodwa iveza inguquko yezimiso:[FLtic:[FL:]]]'inst:[FLct

Iziphetho Zomthetho Womoya Ohlanzekile (1990)

IZichibiyelo ze-1990 Ezicocekile zasemoyeni Ziyisibonelo esiphawulekayo sendlela izinguquko ezingaqinisa ngayo isimiso sendawo ezungezile. Ekuqaleni zadlula ngo-1970 zabuye zalungiswa ngo- 1977, inguquko yonyaka ka-1990 yaqala ukufakwa kwe-cap-trade yemvula ene-asidi, isilinganiso esiqinile sokukhishwa kwezimoto, kanye nokulawulwa okukhudlwana kwezingcolisi zomoya ezinobuthi. Lezi zinguquko zaqhutshwa ngobufakazi obungokwesayensi bomonakalo wemvula ye-acid kanye nokukhishwa kwentengo ekhoneni. Uhlelo lwe-pap-trade wanciphisa igesi esikhubamu esinesisi esishisiwe ngenani elingaphezu kwenani elingu-50% lezindleko ezibikezelwe kusengaphambili, okubonisa indlela ukuphumelela kahle kwemigomo engokwesayensi.

Akukho Mntanakhe Oshiyelwe Wonke Umfundi Uphumelelayo (2001 - 2015)

I-No Child Lend Behind Act (NCLB) yaguqulwa kakhulu ekuphileni kwayo. Nokho, ngo-2015, yayisilokhu iphikisana kakhulu kangangokuba yathathelwa indawo ngokuphelele yi-All Students Foundations Act (ESSA), engabhekwa njengendinganiso enkulu yokubuyisela. Umphumela walokhu wasuswa ekubekeni iziqondiso ezingokomthetho, wabuyiselwa ukulawula okuphawulekayo ezizweni, futhi wanciphisa ukugcizelelwa kokuhlola okuvamile. Lokhu kushintsha kwabonisa ubufakazi obunqwabeleneyo bokuthi izifiso zeNCLB zinemiphumela engalindelekile, njengokufundisa ukuvivinya nokunciphisa izifundo. Umphumela walokhu kwasuswa ekuqondiseni uhulumeni ophezulu ukuya ekulawuleni uhulumeni ekuzibekeni umthetho ngokuvumelana nomthetho, ukubonisa indlela ukuhlanganisa okungaholela ngayo ekulungiseni isimiso.

Izinselele Nezici Ezihilelekile Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo

Nakuba ukulungisa kungamathuluzi abalulekile, kuletha nobunkimbinkimbi nezingozi ezingase zinciphise ukuphumelela kwesimiso.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Obuyisisekelo

Iphepha eliye lalungiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe libekwa ngezindawo eziphambaniswayo, izigaba, nezingakhokhwa. Ukuchazwa komthetho onjalo kuba nzima ezinhlanganweni, ezinkantolo, nasezakhamuzini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-International Revolution Code yase-U.S. iye yaguqulwa kazinkulungwane, okuphumela esimisweni sentela esiyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuba ukukhokha kufinyelela amakhulu ezibhilidi zezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka. Ukuzisusa kungaholela ekuphikisaneni okudinga ukuxazulula, ukuthatha inqubo yezimiso.

Impi Yezombangazwe

Izinqumo zingaba izimoto zempi ehlukanisayo. Endaweni ehlukene kakhulu, izishaya-mthetho zisebenzisa izinguquko ukuze zingathuthukisi indlela yokusebenza kodwa zikhiphe amaphuzu ezombangazwe, ziphoqelele amavoti adumazayo, noma zithathe isinyathelo sokuhlehlisa. Icebo lokunikeza amakhulu ephilisi lepoison” lingasusa ngokuphelele umthetho. ESigeqeni sase-U.S., i-Reatriabuster ifaka ukuncitshiswa ngokufuna amavoti angu-60 okuvulela itha. Le nkinga ye-procedtura ngokuvamile ivimbela ngisho nokubuyiselwa komthetho othandwayo ekuvoti, iholela ekutholeni umthetho owe-injini yokuvota.

Imiphumela Engahlosiwe

Ngisho nokulungisa okungahloselwe kahle kungaveza imiphumela ehluke kakhulu kulokho okwakuhlosiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuncitshiswa kokuvimbela ukuhweba ngamabhange ngebhange − iVolcker Rule − kwakuhloselwe ukunciphisa izingozi. Kodwa ukuqina kwamabhange aphoqelelwe ukuba ayeke imisebenzi yokwakha imakethe, ukunciphisa ukunciphiswa kwezibopho zenkampani nokukwehlisa izindleko ezikhutshelwa izinkampani. Ngokufanayo, ukuncishiswa kokulinganisela intengo yemali emafemu angaphansi kwe-TaRP kwaholela izinhlangano eziningi ekukhokheleni izimali ngokushesha, okungase kunqandwe uhulumeni ukubuya okungcono. Ukuhlola ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokubuyiselwa kwenza umntwana kubaluleke kakhulu kodwa kungabikho ngaphansi kokucindezela kwesikhathi.

Ukuzibamba Nokubanjwa

Inqubo yokulungisa isengozini enkulu yokuthonywa amaqembu enzalo anezinzuzo ezinhle. I-Lobbytes ingahlela ulimi olusiza inkampani ethile noma imboni ethile, bese incengela ummisi-mthetho ukuba aluzise. Le nqubo ekhethekile yenguquko” ingasusa isithakazelo somphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iMedicare Modernization Act ka 2003 yamiswa ekomitini yengqungquthela ebhabhene nenkampani yemithi ukuze inqabe uhulumeni ekuthengiseni intengo yezidakamizwa. Le nqubo eyodwa ingasindisa imboni yezena nezindleko zabakhulile. Umphumela owenzekayo umphumela wesimiso sokusebenza kwezentengiselwano emisha yezentengiselwano.

Imiqondo Eqhathaniswayo: ISichibiyelo Sinezinhlelo Ezinqamula Imithetho

Izimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene zisingatha izinguquko ngezindlela ezithinta imiphumela yesimiso.

Iziphakamende zeWestmister (UK, Canada, Australia) zivame ukulawula izikhulu ezinamandla. Uhulumeni umisa uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho futhi ungalinganisela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ngemisebenzi enikwa isikhathi. Iziphendu zokuphikisa zivame ukunqotshwa, kodwa uhulumeni uyakwazi ukukhipha izimvume ezivumelekile eqenjini. Umthetho uthambekele ekubekeni imingcele eqondene kakhulu futhi ubekelwe phambili.

U.S. Congress isebenza ngesiyalo esibuthakathaka seqembu namaphuzu amaningi eveto. Izigwegwe zivamile futhi zivame ukuphazamisa. Isimiso sekomiti sinika amalungu amandla okulungisa, futhi inqubo yengqungquthela ivumela izinguquko zokugcina ngokubona okulinganiselwe. Lokhu kwenza imiphumela eguquguqukayo, lapho ukunqanda okuncane kungaba nemiphumela engcono.

Inqubo ye-European Union yemithetho ihlanganisa umthetho we-Europe Commission ofaka umthetho, obe udlula ekulungiseni kwePhalamende laseYurophu naseMkhandlwini we-EU. Inqubo yokunquma ifuna ukuba zombili izindikimba zivumelane ngemibhalo efanayo, kuholele ezingxoxweni ezithatha isikhathi eside. Iziphetho lapha zibonisa ukuhlehla phakathi kwezifunda ezingamalungu namaqembu ezombangazwe, ngokuvamile kuphumela ekuhleleni izimiso ezilinganiselwe ngokucophelela kodwa eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kwezinhlangano kubalulekile ekubikezeleni kusengaphambili indlela ukulungisa okuyoyilawula ngayo inqubo ezweni elinikeziwe.

Isiphetho

Izinguquko ezingokwemithetho akuyona nje inqubo eyinhloko imithetho ecwengisiwe, elungiswe ngayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibuye ilungiswe. Zivumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zilungise amaphutha, zihlanganise ubufakazi obusha, ziphendule kubagcini-mathikithi, kanye nezinzuzo eziphikisanayo. Nokho, inqubo efanayo ingaveza ukuyinkimbinkimbi, i-proglock, nemiphumela engahleliwe. Kubenzi bemithetho, izazi, nezakhamuzi ezibopheleneyo, ukuhlaziya ukulungisa kudingekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izimiso ziveza imiphumela enziwayo. Isikhathi esilandelayo ubona isimemezelo siphikisana, ukuvala eduze i-andmentmentments, ukuthi kulapho kubhalwe khona indaba yangempela.

[[FLT: 0] ifunda ngokuphindaphindeneyo[: Inqubo ye-palment ye-control.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngendlela i-metation ephathwa ngayo e-U.S. Congress. [[FLT:] i-Euples] i-Eupartum [[FLT:] i-Epartum] i-Epalglation's project system project [[ inikeza ukuqonda ngezindlela zokulungisa i-EUPARS]. [[FLT] i-BBGratectivetiontiontionstionstions's provicements [[Foct7] i-menumentmentmentment.[9]