Ithonya Elihlala Njalo Lamasheke Nokulinganisela Ezinqumweni Zezimiso

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela simi njengensika eyisisekelo yokubusa komthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, eklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekuqoqeni igunya elinganqanyulwanga. Loluhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi, olufakwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S., luhlela ngokuqhubekayo izinqumo zezimiso kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwesikhulu, i-projectal, negatsha lokwahlulela, ngokuhlola nokulinganisela, kudala indawo lapho izimiso kumelwe zihlale zihlolwe khona ngokunemba okukhulu, ngokuhlehla, nangokubukeza komthetho-siseko. Ukuqonda lesimiso kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo, ephoqelelwe, nechazwayo, futhi kungani imiphumela ethile ivela kwabanye.

Izimiso Zomthetho Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Amasheke nama-aspect woluvo; ayizindlela ezisebenzayo eziqinisekisa ukulandisa nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Abasunguli beSizalo, bedweba kubantu abahlakaniphile abakhanyiselwe njengoMontesquieu, baklama uhulumeni lapho igatsha ngalinye lingamelana khona nokungezwa ezinye. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, kuhlangene nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, ukubambisana kwamandla nengxabano, ekugcineni kuveza izinqumo zezimiso ezihlukene.

Amagatsha Amathathu Namandla Awo Okungenela

Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso ehlukile yomthetho - sisekelo esebenza njengethuluzi phezu kwamanye:

  • Igatsha eliphethe: eliholwa nguMongameli, elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni, ukuqhuba umthetho wangaphandle, nokuyala ibutho lezempi. UMongameli angamisa umthetho, amise amajaji kahulumeni (kuhlanganise amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme), futhi akhiphe iziyalo zezikhulu.
  • Igatsha elinomthetho: Congress, ehlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigele, iphethe amandla okwenza imithetho, ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni (amandla esikhwama semali), ukumemezela impi, nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMkhandlu ungadlula umongameli u-veto kanye no-362 abantu kuwo womagumbi.
  • Igatsha eliphethe i-Judicial: Iholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi, ijaji lichaza imithetho, libukeza izenzo zezikhulu, futhi lihlola ukumiswa kwemithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Abahluleli bamazwe bakhonza ukumiswa kokuphila konke, beyivikela ekucinezelweni kwezombangazwe.

Lamandla ahlangene akha isimiso lapho izinqumo zezimiso zithukela zivele emthonjeni owodwa. Kunalokho, kudinga ukuxoxisana, ukuvumelana, futhi ngokuvamile ukuvumelana, imiphumela eveza ukuvumelana okukhulu, noma okungenani indawo okuxoxwe ngayo.

Indlela Okuvivinyeka Ngayo Nokulinganisela Okulawula Ngayo Izimiso

Ithonya lokuhlola nokulinganisela kwenqubo libonakala kakhulu phakathi nezimpi ezinkulu zemithetho, izenzo zezikhulu, nemithetho yokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye lingavimbela, lilungise, noma lisheshisa izinyathelo zokuthatha izinyathelo, liqinisekise ukuthi akukho uhlelo olulodwa olulawulayo olungalawulwa.

Izimemezelo Ezingokomthetho Eziphethe

UKhongolo-khampani lusebenzisa amathuluzi amaningana anamandla okumisa isimiso sokuqondisa: Amandla esikhwama semali avumela iSishaya - mthetho ukuba sifake imali noma sisuse izintambo eziphambili, kusukela ezimisweni zokuvikela kuya ezinkonzweni zomphakathi. Ukuzwa kwezehlakalo kuyahlola ukuziphatha okubi komphakathi noma ukwehluleka kwezimiso, ngokuvamile kuphoqelela ushintsho endleleni yokuqondisa. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa oonobhala beKhabhinethi, izinkampani, namajaji asemthethweni kahulumeni inikeza iSigebengu isisho esiqondile ukuthi ubani osebenzisa inqubo ethile. Ekugcineni, ukungagunyazi kusebenza njengendlela yokuxhaphaza ngokwenyukliya, njengoba kubonakala phakathi nehlazo leWatergate.

Ngokwesibonelo, umzamo womphathi weTrump wokuqondisa izimali zempi zokwakha udonga lwasemngceleni wabekelwa inselele enkantolo futhi ekugcineni wabhekana nokumelana nenhlangano, ekugcineni wanciphisa izinga lesimiso. Ngokufanayo, iSimiso Samandla Ahlanzekile sama - Obama savinjelwa ukuphikiswa yinhlangano futhi kamuva sakhishwa isikhulu seTrump ngokusebenzisa i - Congraional Review Act, ebonisa indlela ukuhlola kwemithetho okungaguqula ngayo izenzo zezikhulu.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengesefo Esisetshenziswayo

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa i-exakelo elinamandla ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle kwemithetho. Lobu mbuso, obusungulwe ku- Marbury v. Madison [183], uye waguqula isimiso ezindaweni njengamalungelo ahlukene angokwesizwe, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nomthetho wendawo ezungezile. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme se-Intection of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT:] (202) yasekela kakhulu i-Afford Carect kodwa yahlasela ukwanda kwayo kwesilinganiso seMidica, ngokuphawulekayo esishintsha umthetho.

Ngaphandle kokubukeza komthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, ngokuvamile zimisa izibonelo ezicindezela ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho-mthetho noma sokuphatha esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954]) yamemezela izikole ezingagunyaziwe, eziphoqelela ushintsho lwemithetho ezweni. Muva nje, izinqumo zeNkantolo yezezimali, Citizens United. FFEC [20]], yamemezela kabusha indawo yemali esetshenziswa kwezombangazwe, ibonisa indlela izahlulelo ezingenza ngayo inqubo yezehlulelo ibe nemiphumela ebanzi.

Amandla Aphethe I - Veto Nemingcele Yawo

Ikhono likaMongameli lokulawula umthetho liyi-secondal congress. I-veto iphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba uyinqobe ngezenzakalo ezimbili ezinamandla kakhulu − isenzakalo esingavamile (noma) ukubukeza incwadi yokukhuluma ngezinkinga zikamongameli. La mandla anika uMongameli ithonya elikhulu ekuqukethe imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Franklin D. Rooseveltvetotower izikwele ezingaphezulu kuka-600 phakathi nenkathi yokubusa kwakhe, ukulungisa nokwenza inguquko. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, uMongameli uFranklin Pierce waveza izindleko zokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zangaphakathi, ulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zikahulumeni.

Nokho, i-veto ayiyona into ephelele. UMkhandlu ungahlanganisa amalungiselelo aphikisanayo omthetho ophoqelele ukuba uMongameli avume ukuba uvimbe ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni. Usongo lwe-veto lungasetshenziswa futhi njenge-chip exoxisanayo ezingxoxweni zezimiso, ilololonga uhlobo lokugcina lwemithetho njenge-Cheaxs ne-Jobs Act ka-2017, eyayihloselwe ukuzuza ukusekela komongameli.

Izibonelo Eziyandisiwe Zezwe Langempela Ezinamasheke Nokulinganisela

Izibonelo ezingokomlando nezanamuhla zibonisa indlela ukuhlaziya nokulinganisela okuqhubekayo okuhlela ngayo izinqumo zezimiso ezihlangene phakathi kwemithetho nezindaba ezihlukahlukene.

Inkinga Yamanzi: Isimiso Esingaphansi Komjikelezo

Ihlazo lamaWatergate ka-1970 lisalokhu liyisibonelo sencwadi yezincwadi zokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenzayo. Ukusebenzisa kabi amandla kukaMongameli uRichard Nixon, kuhlanganise nokuphuka endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee nesembozo se-sembozo, kwabangela uchungechunge lwe-check:

  • [ Uphenyo lomthetho: IKomiti yeSigele yamanzi iphethe izindlebe ezicushiwe ezidalula izinga lobubi.
  • Isenzo sobuJudicial: INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngazwi linye ku-United States v. Nixon (1974]) okumelwe uMongameli avumelane ne-poen yetetho yama-Oval metape, enqaba iziphakamiso zelungelo lesikhulu esiphethe.
  • [ Ukudla kweNguquko: Ikomiti yeJavary yeNdlu evunyelwe ukuvimbela ukwahlulela ngokulunga, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokudelela iSishayamthetho, okuholela ekuyekeni kukaNixon.

Lesi senzakalo sabonisa ukuthi alikho igatsha, ikakhulukazi umphathi-amandla ongenakulandisa. Izinguquko ezaba umphumela, kuhlanganise ne-Ethics in Government Act nokuqinisa ukuqondisa kwengqungquthela, ukuguqula isimiso sokubonana kwezikhulu kanye nezimali zomkhankaso.

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakuyekelelwa: Ukulwa Okuthatha Isikhathi Eside

Indima nokusinda koMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakukhohlakala (ACA) ngaphansi kukaMongameli uBarack Obama kuqokomisa indlela inqubo eyinhloko yokuhlola nokulinganisela okuncishiswa ngayo:

  • [ Inqubo e-Legislative:[ I-ACA yaphikiswana kakhulu, inguquko, nezithiyo ze-procedtics eKhongolo, kuhlanganise nosongo oluphumelelayo lwe-monibbers kuSigele okwakudinga ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lokubuyisana ukuze kudlule.
  • Izimiso: Isimiso sakhipha amakhulu emithetho kanye neziphakamiso, siguqula ithonya lomthetho. AmaRepublicans asebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe i-Congregational Review Act ukubekela lemithetho inselele.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izinselele ze-JUdicial:[[FT:1] Umthetho wabhekana nezinkantolo eziningi eziPhakeme kakhulu. NFIB v. Sebelius, iNkantolo yasekela ukugunyazwa komuntu ngamunye njengentela kodwa iMedicaid elinganiselwe. [[FLT:] King v. [[FLT:] Burwell[[FLT]][FLT]] (2015], iNkantolo yeNkantolo igcinelwe i-paunicerst yothengwano engokwayo engokwasemthethweni.

Ukusinda kwe - ACA ngemizamo ephindaphindiwe yokumiswa kwemithetho, izikhungo eziphethe, nezinselele zenkantolo kugcizelela indlela ukuhlolwa nokulinganiswa okubangela ngayo ukuqina kwenkinga — kodwa kwancintisana — nezindawo ezizungezile.

Ukuyalwa Kweziphathimandla Nokuphatha Kwazo Ukwahlulela

Iziqondiso zesikhulu ziyithuluzi elinamandla lokulungisa isimiso ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwe-communion, kodwa bangaphansi kokuhlola kokwahlulela. Abameli babo bobabili abahlukene baye basebenzisa iziyalo zokuqondisa ukuze baqhubekisele phambili izisekelo eziphambili, njengoMongameli Harry Truman ukuhlelwa kwebutho lezempi (Exetive Order 9981) noma uMongameli uDonald Trump’s Trump’s areaucce (I-Old Organice 13769),. Ecawaywokugcina, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zavala uhlelo lwemithetho ye-mthetho-mthetho nezimiso zomthetho, ziphoqa ukuphathwa kwemithetho ukuba ilungiswe kaningi. Ekugcineni, iNkanto ephakeme yasekela inguquko enciphene ku-[FLTrimp. v[FLD] Hawaii Hawaii .[FLD: 1] [20]]

Izivumelwano Nezimvume Zokungenela Inqubo Yezomthetho Wakwamanye Amazwe

Izinqumo zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe nazo zehlela ngaphansi kokuhlola nokulinganisela. UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sivunyelwe yinani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu. Lemfuneko iye yaholela ekuhlulekeni okunjengoMongameli Woodrow Wilson’s Treaty of Versail (191919) noMongameli Bill Clinton’s Comprehensiven Nyuc-Ban Treast Treaty Trective (1999) isivumelwano se-Breast), kanti izivumelwano zesikhulu, eziphazamisa iSigeqe, ezingagunyaza imvume yeSigeqe, zingacindezelwa yimithetho yeSishaya-Canterlate Congress, ngemithetho yemithetho yezenteko yezenteko yezenteko yeze noma imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Iran Nyuccleal Decreal (JPOA) kwakuyisivumelwano sesikhulu) kwakuyisivumelwano sesikhulu, futhi uMongameli uTrump kamuva waxoxisa imiya izivumelwano ebekwa, nakuba izivumelwano ebekwa izivumelwano engeziwe, ibonisa indlela eminingi yemiphumele yamagatsha, indlela

Izinhlolo Zesilinganiso Sikahulumeni Nokulinganisela

Nakuba isimiso sikahulumeni sidume kakhulu, izifundazwe zisebenzisa futhi izinhlolo nezilinganiso. Wonke umthetho-mthetho wezwe uhlukanisa amagunya phakathi kombusi, isishaya-mthetho, ne-jadiary kazwelonke. Izizwe eziningi zinikeza umbusi i-fomethi (njengoMongameli), ezivumela ukuba ashaye iminikelo ethile yezimali evela ezikweletini zemithetho. Amanye amazwe futhi anezikhomishane ezizimele zokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwe-gerrymanning, ukuhlola amandla omthetho we-ogeneni. I-gamends phakathi kukahulumeni nohulumeni wombuso ne-chemederal, njengoba kusho ukuthi angabekela imithetho ye-sethi yombuso (umnyaka) noma ukuvinyanisa leyo ngokomthetho kazwelo.

Indima Yokuhlola Nokulinganisela Emfundweni Yesibalo

Ukuqonda amasheke nokulinganisela akuyona nje indlela yokufunda; kubalulekile ekulungiseleleni izakhamuzi ezithembisiwe. Othisha bangasebenzisa lesici ukuze bafundise abafundi indlela okwenziwa ngayo izinqumo zesimiso nokuthi kungani ngokuvamile zihilela ukuphikisana nokuhlehla okuthatha isikhathi eside.

Ukufundisa Izifundo Ezifundisayo

  • Impikiswano yomthetho: Yabela abafundi indima njengamalungu oMkhandlu, uMongameli, neNkantolo Ephakeme ukuxoxa ngesimiso sokucatshangelwa, njengomthetho wendawo ezungezile noma inguquko yezempilo. Lendlela yezandla ethathwayo ibonisa amandla amaveto, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, nokuvota.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuhlolwa kokufunda okunenani eliphelele: Abafundi banezehlulelo zeNkantolo ePhakeme (umk., ] Marbury v. Madison[, [[FLT]]BN v. Ibhodi yemfundo[, ]Roe v. [[FLT]]][FLT]]
  • C Izehlo zamanje Ziyalandela: Ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba balandele umagazini wamanje, njengokuguqula ukufuduka noma ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, futhi bachaze indlela igatsha ngalinye elithonya ngayo isimiso ngokuqulwa kwecala, iziyalezo zezikhulu, noma izimemo zenkantolo.
  • Uhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo ohlukanisayo: ufaka izinhlolo nezilinganiso kwamanye amazwe, njengesimiso sephalamende leUnited Kingdom (engenakho ukuhlukanisa okuqinile kwemibuso) noma inkantolo kahulumeni waseJalimane engokomthetho, ukuqokomisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni.

Abafundi abaqonda indlela amasheke nezinga elisebenza ngayo elisebenza ngayo bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlaziya izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, baqaphele ukubaluleka kokuvikelwa kwezinhlangano futhi bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulandisa Nokubusa KoMthetho

Amasethi aqinisa umthetho, aqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zisebenza ngemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukufundisa lesimiso kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani izinqubo zidinga ukulawulwa kwe-"ne" kungumongameli weveto, kungani amajaji kahulumeni ephila kahle, nokuthi kungani iSishaya-mthetho singenakumane sishaye indiva imithetho yenkantolo. Lolulwazi luphikisana nokugxeka uhulumeni futhi lukhuthaza inhlonipho ngezinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokuziphendukela Kwezinhloli Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asimi ndawonye. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukushintsha kwezimiso zezombangazwe, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuncitshiswa kwe-travoltiki kuye kwavivinya ukusebenza kwaso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zezikhulu kanye nezenzo zobungangameli kuvuselele izimpikiswano ngokukhukhuleka kwegunya lomthetho. Ukwanda kwamasu e-gerrymanning ne-Prinester kuye kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu kuKhomishane ukuba i-Curse ukuba ivumelane, isunduze inqubo eyengeziwe ezindaweni eziphetheyo nasezindaweni zokwahlulela. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi lesimiso siyantetheleka, kuyilapho ezinye ziphikisa ngokuthi sihlala siqinile, njengoba izenzakalo ezifana nokuvivinywa kukaMongameli Bill Clinton noDonalculst st ne-Curm ne-Speast Courtment zibonisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkathi yezokuxhumana iye yasungula ukuhlola okusha nokulinganisela ngombono womphakathi, ukuhlola imithombo yezindaba, kanye nesithakazelo. Nakuba zingasetshenziswanga ngokusemthethweni, lamandla anethonya elinamandla ezinqubweni zemithetho, ngokuvamile aphoqelela amagatsha ukuba asabelele ekucindezeleni okungaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, indima yezokuxhumana ekugqugquzeleni ukuvukela kwamaphoyisa noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu iye yaholela ezinqubweni zezikhulu zezenyunyana, kubonisa ukuthi manje ukuhlolwa nezilinganiso ezisemthethweni zidlulele ngalé kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Amasethi anezilinganiso ahlala eyisisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi saseMelika, ukuqondisa izinqumo ngokuphikisana ngamabomu phakathi kwamagatsha. Kusukela ekuqondiseni amandla nokwe-communication kuya ekubukezeni nasekulinganiseni isivumelwano, lezi zinqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zibhalwe kahle futhi zibonise imibono eminingi. Nakuba lesimiso singapheleli.(ingaveza isisekelo noma ukukhungatheka), kungabangela ukukhungatheka nokukhungatheka okuthika futhi ekugcineni kuvikele ukubhekana nokushendeza. Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda okujulile kokuhlola nokulinganisa imingcele kudingekile nokugcina izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Ngokuhlola indlela lesi simiso esisebenza ngayo emfundini, abantu bangawazisa kangcono kokubili amandla nokukhuthaza ukulandisa kwesimiso sabo sezombangazwe, ukuwagunyaza ukusekela nokusekela imiphumela engokomthetho engokomthetho.