Isingeniso: Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samathuba Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, njengoba wagunyazwa ekuqaleni, walinganisela amagunya kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni futhi, nge-Bill of Rights, waqinisekisa inkululeko ethile eyisisekelo. Kodwa emlandweni wonke waseMelika, lezo ziqinisekiso azizange zimane ziphoqelele uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo. Isakhamuzi saseVirginia singaphoqelelwa ekufuneni okungenangqondo kwamaphoyisa amaphoyisa angenazo iziphakamiso zeSijikelezo sesine, ngoba iBhill of Rights yaqondwa ukuba ibophe uhulumeni wesizwe kuphela. Okwashintshwe ngenqubo ethatha i-kancane, inqubo yecala-byte eyayaziwa ngokuthi ifuna ukufakwa [[FLT:]] [ii] imfundiso engasebenzisi noma isiphi isici esikhona esisebenzisa iziNkaniso zeGenethiwe-Clauska ngokomthetho eziseGenethiwe ukusebenzisa cishe zonke isivikelo se-Bill yamaLungelo. Ezikhathini ezilandelanayo, inqulution ezinqumayo, inqunyule izinqumo ezintsha, inqumo ezinqunyule izinqumo ezingokomthetho zokuthi, noma ingazi ukuthi i

Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela ekhetha ngayo ukuhlangana okukhethekile namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu emishinini yanamuhla. Iqala ngokubukeza lemfundiso ngokwayo, bese ihlola izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziye zahlela izimfihlo zemishini, futhi iphethe ngokucabangela izinselele zesikhathi esizayo eziphakanyiswa ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo. Ngokuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezingokoqobo zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezingokobuchwepheshe, abafundi bangaqonda kangcono ukuthi umthetho waseMelika uyaqhubeka kanjani uzama ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kokubili kuhulumeni nakuzobuchwepheshe.

Ukuqonda Ukukhetha Okubalulekile

Umlando

IBill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo - 1791, yaklanyelwa ukuvimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni osanda kusungulwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa lelizinga elilinganiselwe ku- Barron v. Baltimore (1833]), iphethe ukuthi iBill of Rights ayizange isebenze ezizweni. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, amazwe ayekhululekile kumalungelo ebhuloho enkululeko enjengamazwini akhululekile, ukuhlinza kwenkolo, noma ukuvikela ekuhlolweni okungenamthetho [imithetho yawo siqu yesizwe] akuzange kuvimbele.

Ukuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngo-1868 kwasungula iMyelezelo yeSimo noMgangatho ka-Elinganise u-Claus njengesithiyo sokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Nokho, kwathatha cishe elinye ikhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba iNkantolo iqale ukuchaza i-Univement Claus njengehlanganisa amalungiselelo akhethekile eSivumelwaneni samaLungelo. [[FNT] [e-FUN], iNkanto ekhethekile i-Mouse (evilect: [FL]]]] v[5]] [FOL]], lapho iNkathi i-FFOLD [ephathiswe isiqinisekiso (FFFOL]).[4], [evoct.[4], [evoct.5], ngokuqina: [Fog.N],[5], ngokulandela i-ebonke, i-equase , i-evoluvG], [eve], ngokulandela i-evene , [F]: [eve], [F],

Ukukhetha akusona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa inqubo yokwahlulela eqhubekayo. INkantolo ihlola ilungelo ngalinye ukuze inqume ukuthi "lisekelwe eqhingani lokwahlulela lase-Melika" futhi libalulekile enqubweni efanele. Uma nje ilungelo selibhekwa njengelibalulekile, lisebenza ngokufanayo kuhulumeni wezwe nakuhulumeni. Lendlela yecala ngekhanda iyahluka ku-konke ukuhlanganisa, okungasebenzisa lonke iBill of Rights kanye kanye neNkantolo.

Indima Yesichibiyelo Sesine

Amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu e-United States athola kakhulu eSichibiyelweni sesine, esivikela "ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokumelene nokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka. Ukushendezelwa kwafakwa ngokumelene nezifundazwe . Colorado, kodwa umthetho wokususa [i-full:1], kodwa ikhambi elikhiphela ngaphandle kobufakazi obungekho emthethweni, [nendlela] engasetshenziswangasenkantolo kuze kube . . [kusukela [FLT:]] [FLD]] [FLT] [F:] [FLD], i-Regimentivelse ilungiselele isivikelo se-line ezinkantolo zonke, nakuba isebenza ngokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo.

Indlela yeNkantolo Ephakeme yokufuna ukudluliswa kweSichibiyelo sesine yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Katz v. United States [1967], iNkantolo yathatha indawo yovivinyo oludala lwempahla olusekelwe "ukulindela okunengqondo kwemfihlo" indinganiso. Ngaphansi Katz, iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo, sivula umnyango wezindaba zobumfihlo eziyimfihlo ezisezindaweni zomphakathi nasezingxoxweni zomphakathi. Lendinganiso iye yaba isisekelo esinengqondo eyimfihlo ezicandulweni zolwazi.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yokusetshenziswa Kwamanani

Ubuchwepheshe Buwuqeda Umthetho

Ukushintsha kwemisebe ye-technology kuye kwadala izinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili zezindaba zomuntu siqu. Ulwazi lomuntu siqu − i-email, imiyalezo, izikhungo zezokuxhumana, ukwaziswa kwendawo, ukuhlola umlando, amarekhodi empilo(("ibutho, igcinwe, futhi ivame ukuhlanganyelwa izinkampani ezizimele nohulumeni ngokufanayo. Umqulu nozwela lwale mininingwane ludlula kude noma yini amaFramers ayengayilindele.

Emashumini eminyaka, izinkantolo zasebenzisa Katz ngokulinganiselayo ukuhlolwa kokwaziswa okuhambisana nemiphumela exubeneyo. Icala lakuqala lalithi abantu baphendulela ngokuzithandela imininingwane kumacala amathathu (njengezinkampani zocingo noma i-Internet) futhi ngenxa yalokho babengalindele lutho olunengqondo lwemfihlo kuleyo mininingwane [1] isimiso esaziwa njengemfundiso [[[FLT:] yengxenye yesithathu . Lemfundiso, yasungulwa [ngemitheli] ku-[FLT:]. [[FLT:]] i-smith v. [6] .6]

Imfundiso yesithathu yaba yinkinga kakhulu njengoba izinkonzo ze-minutes zanda. Abantu bavame ukufaka izilinganiso ezinkulu zokwaziswa okufiphele kubantu besithathu − funa izinjini, iziteshi zezokuxhumana, izigcini-mafu (ngokuvamile) ngaphandle kokwenza okungokoqobo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lemfundiso yahluleka ukuveza umehluko phakathi kwenombolo yocingo ebhalwe ephepheni kanye nento ebanzi yokuphila komuntu eyakhiwe yi-metameta.

Izinqumo Zezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

INkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukuphinde ibekezelele ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2010. United States v. Jones (202), iNkantolo yathi ukunamathisela umthumeli weGPS emotweni kwakuhlanganisa ukuphenyiswa kweSichibiyelo sesine ngenxa yokuthi saphambuka ngokomzimba entweni yomuntu siqu. Kodwa umbono owenzekayo kaJustice Sotomayotor, ohlangene noJaji Alito, wasikisela ukuthi ukugadla i-GPS okuqhubekayo kungaphazamisa ukulindela okunengqondo kwemfihlo ngisho noma kungekho siphambeko esingokoqobo, kusikisela indlela eguquguqukayo yokuhlola imininingwane yezelelwa.

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, California [2014, iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola izihloko zocingo lwamakhalekhukhwini olubambeke. IJaji uRoberts wabhala ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini banamuhla "baphethe izithakazelo zomuntu waseMelika'isiqalo sokuphila''' futhi abafani nezinto ezingokoqobo ezinjengesikhwama noma iphakethe kagwayi. RY uRimey [FLT] wayeyindawo ephawula izithakazelo ezikhethekile zezindaba zomuntu siqu ezisetshenziswa ezimishinini, nakuba umbhalo wesi-Gwesine wesimemezelo wawungashintshile.

Isinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu sokusebenza ngokweze-mini ye-athom kanye nokuhlangana ngokukhetha kwathola i-Carpeent v. i-United States (2017). Uhulumeni wathola izinyanga zokwaziswa okungenazintambo (CSLI) kubathwali be-pane ngaphandle kwemvume, bethembele kwimfundiso yesithathu yesigaba. INkantolo, ngombono kaMahluleli omkhulu uRobert, wakholelwa ukuthi ukufinyelela umlando weCSSLI kuhlanganisa ukuphenya kweSijikishini sesine futhi udinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekile. Inkantolo yahlukanisa [[FLT:] [FLT]. [FLT] i-FLT3] futhi ivikela kakhulu i-'untreast transs processionssssssss procerties propertiesties properties. Iming) i-ount yaphawula kakhulu ukuthi izinhlangano zezemiststrupt, izikhulu.

Iqophelo lezesayensi. Ngaleyondlela isinqumo sibonisa indlela inqubo elawulayo esebenzayo: ukuphenya okungacabangeleki nokuquleka okungaqondakali, okwase kufakwe emizweni kusetshenziswa kuhulumeni, manje kunwetshwa ezindaweni ezintsha zobufakazi bezesayensi yesimanje.

Indlela Ukukhetha Okungakushintsha Ngayo Ukuba Wedwa Kwamanani

Ukusuka Ekubeni Isigaba Esizimele Kuya Ezindinganisweni ZoMbuso

Ngenxa yokuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sifakwe ngokugcwele, noma isiphi isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esimisa isivikelo esisha sobuso bezemfihlo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine zenza wonke umbuso kanye nokugcinwa komthetho wendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva i-Carcenter[, amaphoyisa kahulumeni eCalifornia, eTexas, noma noma yisiphi esinye isifundazwe kumelwe sithole isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokungena emininingwane ye-odwa ye-cell lomlando, ngaphandle kokuba sisebenze. Leyunifomu ivimbela umsebenzi wezethulo zokwethusithetho zobuso ezweni lonke, iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ezakhamuzi ayisisekelo awaxhomekile esimweni sazohlala kulo.

Ukuhlanganiswa okukhethekile futhi kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zesifundazwe nezishaya-mthetho zikhululekile ukunikeza kakhulu izivikelo zobuso bomuntu siqu ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wezwe noma imithetho yabo, kodwa azikwazi ukunikeza okuncane. Ezinye izifunda-mazwe, njengeCalifornia ne-Electronic Communicationss Ancy Act (CPA), neWashington nemithetho yayo eyimfihlo, kakade isimise imithetho edlula iSiphendulo sesine. Lemikhakha yombuso ingathonya izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezingase zibheke ekuhloleni njengobufakazi bezimiso ze-evocalution ezithinta izindaba zomuntu siqu.

Indima Yenqubo KaClaus Obekuzokwenzeka

Ngalé kweSichibiyelo sesine, ukuhlanganiswa ngokukhetha kwamanye amalungiselelo eSiphakamiso samaLungelo kuthinta futhi ubuqu be-apply. Isichibiyeli sokuqala, esifakwe Gutlow[, sivikela inkulumo yolwembulelwano nenhlangano ye-intanethi. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela ekuphoqelweni ukuba ungazifaki isibopho sokuzilawula, esifakwe ekwahlukaneni [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [FLT] , siphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi umuntu angaphoqelelwa yini ukuba akhiphe ithuluzi noma anikeze igama lokungena. Inkantolo ayikaxazululi ngokugcwele lemibuzo, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi zilwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokuphambanisayo ubufakazi bezehlakalo lwezimiso zobuchwepheshe kanye nelungelo lokuziqunga.

I-Gue Procession Claus ngokwayo, eyimoto yokufaka, futhi inethonya elizimele. Iqinisekisa ubulungisa obuyisisekelo ezicatshazweni zomthetho, obungahlanganisa ilungelo lokubhekana nobufakazi bamanani noma ukubekela inselele ukunemba kwemithetho esetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwezelele. Ngokwesibonelo, Brady v. Maryland [1963] inqubo efanele idinga abashushisi ukuba badale ubufakazi bokuhlola, futhi manje leyosibopho sinwebela ebufakazi bemisebeni obufana nemibiko yendikimba yamaphoyisa ehamba ngezinyawo neyonombolo.

Izinselele Nemibuzo Engaxazululwanga

Naphezu kwentuthuko eyenziwa ku i-Carpeent kanye .Riley, izikhangiso eziningi zemishini yemfihlo azikapheli. Imfundiso yesithathu, nakuba inciphile, isasebenza ezinhlotsheni eziningi zemininingwane, njengemibhalo yebhange, imeya, nemininingwane yezezokuxhumana ehlanganyelwa nepulatifomu. Inkantolo igcine isahlulelo esicacile sokuthi abantu balindele imfihlo ekwazini noma imfihlo ephethwe yimisebenzi ye-inthane, amasheli, noma izinkampani zezembubhini.

Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye nomshini kuletha izinselele ezintsha. Ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso, i-algorithms zobupolisa, kanye nomfundi welayisense ozisebenzelayo kungaveza ukwaziswa okuningi ngaphandle "kokuhlola okungokwesiko" Isichibiyeli sesine singadinga isiqinisekiso noma okungenani ukusola okunengqondo ngalamathuluzi okuhlola, kodwa iNkantolo ayikawalawuli lendaba. Ngokufanayo, ukuqoqwa kweDNA kuthunjwa ababoshiwe, okwake kwalinganiselwa ekusebenziseni izintambo zobudlova, kuye kwanweba ukuhlanganisa namacala amancane kakhulu, ukuphakamisa izikhalo zeNguquko zesine ngaphansi kwesivikelo.

ISichibiyelo sesine sisebenza futhi ekuhloleni okwenziwa izikhulu zase-U.S. noma emngceleni. Imininingwane egcinwe phesheya ingaba ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene, njengoba kubonakala empikiswaneni ephakathi kukahulumeni wase-U.S. neMicrosoft kuma-email agcinwe e-Ireland (] United States v. Microsoft Corp., 2018]). Ingqungquthela ekugcineni yadlula i-CLOUD Act ukuxazulula izindaba zokungena komfakela komkhawulo we-onkethi ye-mende, kodwa imibuzo ephathelene nesivikelo se-Reformation Refectionation ewestereds enqamula imingcele esele.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukukhetha Nokusebenzisa Izindlela Zokuxhumana

I - Internet Nezindlu Ezihlakaniphile

Izisetshenziswa ezihlakaniphile − kusukela kuma-rmostats kuya emasangweni ukuya emaphingeni ukuqoqa ulwazi ngaphakathi kwemizi yabantu. Isichibiyeli sesine ngokuvamile sivikela ikhaya njenge "castle," kodwa uma lelokhaya ligcwele izinzwa ezidlulisela ukwaziswa ezinkampanini futhi ezinamandla kuhulumeni, i-samende ye-creat. Kyllo v. United States[FLT] [2001], iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-flueat ku-freat ukuzwa kwezibani ngaphakathi kwekhaya ngaphandle kogunyaziso yayiwukucwaninga, ngoba ezobuchwepheshe zazingasetshenziswa emphakathini" futhi zazikwazi ukuveza imininingwane eseduze. Njengoba imishini yokuhlakanipha yasekhaya iba yi-unictive, iyakudinga ukunquma noma i-data enzinzweni ngaphansi kwe-Gene.

Ukwaziswa Okuphathelene Nezinto Eziphilayo Nokuchazwa Kwazo

Iminwe, iminwe, iscans sobuso, imiklamo ye-iso, ngisho nokuqashelwa kwe-gait kuya kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekutholeni nokuqapha. ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu singasetshenziswa ekuvikeleni isayensi yomzimba ngokwawo ngoba sithathwa njenge "izimpawu zomzimba" kodwa, imfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesine sobuhlakani ingalinganisela ukuqoqwa nokuqhathaniswa kokwaziswa okungenazimo ze-ographic. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Marthand v. INkosi [[FLT:] (203]) isekela iqoqo le-DNA engenakugcinwa zinjongo yokuthola izinjongo zokubona ukuthi i-mfashoni, kodwa ukucabanga kwakuncane. Izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo ziyohlola ukuthi iqoqo le-DNA eqoqwe kubantu abangakaze bamacala, noma ezixhunyuselwe ekubhinisweni, noma ezibuthelweni ezimele amalungelo abantu.

Izinyathelo ZoMbuso Nomthetho Wendawo

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlanganisa okukhethayo kunikeza isakhiwo somthetho-sisekelo kuphela, izifundazwe zigcwalisa izikhala ngemithetho yazo siqu. I-California Consumer Acct (CPA) ne-Virginia Consumer Act (VCDPA) inikeza izakhamuzi amalungelo emininingwane yazo siqu egcinwe yizinkampani ezizimele. Lemithetho ayikhulumi ngokuqondisisa uhulumeni ngokuqapha, kodwa idala impucuko yokuzifihla engase ithonye intengo yezindinganiso zeSine seSichibiyelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isishaya-mthetho simemezela ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba babe nemfihlo ekwazinisweni somlando wabo we-inthaneti, inkantolo ingafuna ukuthola ukwephulwa kweNguquko yesine uma uhulumeni ethola ukuthi umlando uthola ukuthi awugunyaziwe.

Kuwo wonke uhulumeni, uKhomishane uye wacabangela umthetho wemfihlo obanzi, njenge American Data Access and Protection Act, kodwa awukawudlulisi. Kuze kube yilapho kuthatha izinyathelo zoMkhandlu, ukufakwa kwenqubo ekhethayo kuseyindlela eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho sisekelo siyimfihlo kuhulumeni siphenywa.

Ukuhlala Kwesiliva Kuwumkhuba Ohamba Kancane

Ukukhetha ukuhlanganiswa kuvame ukugxekwa ngokuba nejubane nokuthatha izinto. Nokho ukuhlanganisa kwayo kwenza iNkantolo icabange ngemiphumela esebenzayo yobuchwepheshe obusha obubodwa. Ngokunquma amacala ngabunye ngesikhathi, iNkantolo ingakha indikimba evumelanayo yomthetho elinganisela ukuzimela, ukugcinwa komthetho kudinga, kanye nobuqiniso bezobuchwepheshe. Indlela futhi ehlobana nomthetho: i-guatenalistism: i-remoscity iyakwazi ukuzama ngesivikelo esibanzi, futhi izindinganiso zobuzwe zivela kuphela uma ukuvumelana kuvela ukuthi ilungelo liyisisekelo.

Isiphetho: Ukuba wedwa kuyilungelo lokuphila

Ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo ekhethekile kuye kwabonakala kuvumelana ngokuphawulekayo namalungelo enkululeko, kuya emalungeni okudubula kuya elulekweni, i-Unit Procession Claus iye yanweba iBill of Rights ukuze ivikele bonke abantu baseMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isimo abasibiza ngokuthi ikhaya. Kunyaka wezibalo, leyo nqubo efanayo idlala amalungelo emfihlo. Izinqulu zeNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu ku [FLT: 0] Raley kanye [FLT] ne Carpartent ibonisa ukuthi uhlaka lomthetho wemithetho owenziwe ngo1791] lusengasabela ezinkingenisweni zezwe lapho ukwaziswa kwethu okuseduze kugcinwa khona ezikhwapheni ezinkomeni ezinkulu.

Kodwa umsebenzi awukaqedi. Imfundiso yesithathu iseyisithiyo esibalulekile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokwaziswa. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa njenge-Al, i-biometrics, futhi i-inthanethi yezinto izohlola imingcele ye Katz[[ ukuhlolwa okunengqondo. Abenzi bomthetho, izazi, nabahluleli kumelwe baqhubeke behileleke embuzweni oyinhloko: Kusho ukuthini ukulondeka ku-"sonka, endlini, amaphephandaba, nasemiphumelweni" ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala?

Kulabo abafunda lendawo eshukumisayo yomthetho, ukuqonda inqubo ekhethayo kubalulekile. Kunikeza uhlelo oluthi amalungelo angokwesiko omthetho-sisekelo asetshenziswe ngalo ezimweni ezintsha. Njengoba indawo ezungezile ehamba ngezinombolo ishintsha, kanjalo nencazelo yamalungelo ayisisekelo emfihlo (* kodwa i-Grast Proce Claus Claus ihlale iyimoto lawomalungelo adluliselwa ngayo kuwo wonke umbuso.

Ukuze bafunde okwengeziwe ngezenzakalo ezixoxwe ngalesi sihloko, abafundi bangahlola imithombo yemali evela ku- Cornell Legin Information Institute Karpate v. United States, , umsebenzi we-ACLU] kuyimfihlo yezobuchwepheshe [, [[FLT]] nokuhlola kwe-wateotamcomcom's meotam's [FLT:[FLT: FFF:]] [FFLT]]. ukunyukela kakhulu kwezembe eliphakathi kwenkathi yesine, [FLT:]