Indima Eyisisekelo Yezindlebe Zomphakathi Emkhankasweni Wesimo Sezulu

Ukuqulwa kwamacala e-Congress kuyinjini eyinhloko yokuthola iqiniso lemithetho kanye nengxoxo ngoshintsho lwesimo sezulu. Kusebenza njengenqubo engokomthetho lapho igatsha le-offaice liqoqa khona ubufakazi, ukuhlolwa kwezimiso, futhi lakha umlando womphakathi osekela zonke izikhawu ezinkulu zesimo sezulu. Nakuba isihloko sokuqala sichaza ngokunembile izinjongo eziyisisekelo .ukuqoqa ubufakazi obuyisisekelo, ukuveza izikhalo, ukucubungula umthetho, nokukhuphula ukuqapha umphakathi, futhi zenza zibonakale ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi zinethonya.

Ukuzwa kuguqula ukwaziswa okungaqondakali kwesayensi kanye nezinga lokulawula kwezomnotho kube ulimi lwezishayamthetho olusebenzayo. Bacindezela izithakazelo mayelana nezinsalela zensalela kubaphathi begesi abavuselelwayo ukuze bavuselele amandla, kusukela kwabasekeli bezentengiselwano zendawo kuya kwezezomnotho ezingabazanga, `ukuvikela izikhundla zabo ezingaphansi kwesifungo. Le nqubo yokuzimela ibalulekile ekuklameni okuqinile, isimiso sezulu esiphumelelayo esingamelana nokubukezwa komthetho nokusetshenziswa kwezongalawulwa.

Umlando: Ukuqala Kwezihlasimulo Kuya Elangeni Lanamuhla

Izindlebe zokuqala zengqungquthela ezimayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu zaqala ngawo-1970, lapho i-Astronautic Committee yendlu yeSayensi ne-Astronautic ithatha izikhawu zekhono lokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Lezo zindlebe zakuqala zazifundile kakhulu, ziveza ososayensi abanjengoRoger Revelle noCharles David Keeling. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, isazi sesayensi se-NASASASASASA, uJames Hansen edumile ka-Erner and Natural Resources Committee ngo-1988, ukuzwa kwezindaba ezintsha zokuphuthuma komphakathi. UHaben uHay uthi “wayeqiniseka ukuthi ukufuduka kwembulunga yonke iholwa ngokuqondile ekwakhiweniweni kwe-Interviorgateal Comment (IPC) futhi wakdale amashumi amathathu eminyaka e-Active.

Namuhla, ukuthethwa kwesimo sezulu kuphakathi kwezenzakalo ezibukwa kakhulu neziphikisana kakhulu eCapitol Hill. Ziye zaguqukela ekuqoqeni ulwazi zithathe inkundla yemidlalo yezezombangazwe ephakeme, ikakhulukazi lapho abaphathi abanezimo zezulu ezihlukene bengena ehhovisi. Ukuqonda indlela ukuzwa okulungisa ngayo umthetho wesimo sezulu kudinga ukuhlola isimo sekomiti, inqubo yokukhetha ufakazi, kanye namakhenikha wemithetho alandelayo.

AmaKomiti Ayinhloko Neminyaka Yawo Yokuzwa Isimo Sezulu

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta cishe zonke izifunda zamakomiti, kodwa amaqoqo ambalwa abangela ukuqulwa kwecala okuwumphumela omkhulu:

  • I-senate Committee on Environment and Public Works (EPW) — Ibona i-Cec Air Act, izakhiwo zamanzi, nezimiso zendawo ezungezile. Le komiti ilalela ukubekwa kwe-EPA umthetho, ukuvulwa kwe-carbon cription, kanye nengozi yesimo sezulu.
  • Ikomiti yendlu eMphakamo Nezentengiselwano — Ikomiti eyinhloko egunyaza isimiso samandla, kuhlanganise nezindinganiso zokuthutha imikhumbi, ukuhlaziywa kwemisebe ye-electry, nokuncishiswa kwegesi. Ikomiti yayo engaphansi kweNdawo Ezungezile nenkabazwe ibamba izindlebe cishe ngesonto phakathi nemijikelezo yemithetho.
  • I-senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources — Igxiliselwa emazweni kahulumeni, uphethiloli ovubukulo, amandla enuzi, kanye nekhabhoni. Izindlebe lapha zivame ukubeka izimboni zokukhipha imithombo elwa namaqembu okulondoloza imvelo.
  • IKomiti yendlu yesayensi, ye-Ppace, ne-technology — Ikhaya elingokomlando lezesayensi yesimo sezulu. Iyaqhubeka ihlola izinga nobukhulu bokucwaninga kwesimo sezulu kukahulumeni okwenziwa ngu-NOAA, NASA, no-DOE.
  • IKomiti yezomnotho enciphileyo — igcina izindlebe ezinkingeni ezinkulu zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kuhlanganise nomonakalo we GDP, ukuphazamisa kwezentengiselwano, nezingozi zemali eziyingozi kuhlelo lwemali kahulumeni.

Ikomiti ngayinye ilondoloza isimiso sokulalela esibonisa ikhalenda lezombangazwe. Eminyakeni lapho kufakwa isikweleti esikhulu sesimo sezulu − njengo-IRA Iflatection Reduction Act (IRA) ka-2022() ngo-2022). Phakathi nemijikelezo yobubonisi, ukuzwa kuyashintsha ukuhlola ukuthi imithetho ekhona isetshenziswa kanjani, ngokuvamile ingqubuzana negatsha eliphethe i-transitation ne-transive.

Ibhayisikili Lokuphila Kwezindlebe: Lisuka Ekumemezelweni Kuya Ekunyatheliseni

Ukuqonda ithonya lezindlebe kudinga ukubhekisisa isigaba ngasinye, isihloko sokuqala esithinta ngaso kafushane. Lenqubo ithandeka kakhulu futhi ihlanganisa amandla afihliwe anamandla:

Isitezi 1: Ukuzwa Isaziso Nesimiso Se - agenda

Isihlalo sekomiti noma ikomiti yekomiti engaphansi ngokungeyodwa ibeka isihloko sokulalela, usuku, nohlu lofakazi olungaphansi komthetho omkhulu. Lo mnyango wokugcina isango uphakeme. Isihlalo esifuna ukuthuthukisa umthetho wesimo sezulu sizohlela ukuzwa ngesimo sezulu esinzima, ukulimala kwezomnotho, nezinhlelo eziphumelelayo zikahulumeni. Isihlalo esifuna ukuthatha isinyathelo esithatha isikhathi esiphansi sihlela ukuzwa ngezindleko zezomnotho, ukuphambanisa, nokuncintisana kwezizwe zonke. Isimiso somgomo ngokwaso sithumela uphawu olunamandla ezimakethekweni, emaqenjini entengisweni, ezikhungweni zezentengisweni, nasemaphephandaba.

Isiteji 2: Ukukhetha Nokulungiselela Ukufakaza

Ukukhetha oFakazi umsebenzi ophikiswana kakhulu. Iqembu elikhulu limema ofakazi abathathu kuya kwabahlanu, kuyilapho iqembu elincane lingathola indawo eyodwa noma ezimbili. Izinhlolo zesizinda, ukuzwa ngasese, kanye “izibhodi zangaphambi kokuzwa” zivamile. Ufakazi ongcono kakhulu akuyena uchwepheshe onolwazi kakhulu kodwa uchwepheshe ophumelela kakhulu onganikeza inkulumo yokuvula elula elingana nesigaxa sezindaba esingamashumi amathathu anesikhathi esilandelayo. Izibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • : Ubufakazi bukaMongameli we-Al Gore obuphathelene nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke phambi kwe House Energy ne Committee yezentengiselwano, eyathonya ngokuqondile ukudwetshwa kwe American Clean Energy and Security Act.
  • 2015: Imvume kaPapa Francis e-cliply "Laudato Si’" yacashunwa ezindlebeni eziningi, okwenza ukusinda kwesimo sezulu kube lula.
  • [2021: Unobhala we-Energy Jennifer Granholm nomphathi we-EPA Michael Regan wafaka isaziso ngokuhlangene ngemithetho ephambili eholela kwi-IRA.

Isiqongo 3: Ubufakazi ne - Q&A

Inkulumo yokuvula evela kofakazi (ngokwesibonelo imizuzu emihlanu) namalungu (imizuzu emibalwa) alandelwa yimizuzwana yemibuzo. Umthetho wemibuzo eyisihlanu owenziwe ngemizuzu emine, ophoqelelwa yi-ward, iphoqelela ukushiselana ngomlilo ngokushesha. Yilapho kuvela khona impikiswano ebanzi. Amalungu ngokuvamile asebenzisa isikhathi sawo ukumisa umbhalo wesikhathi esizayo, ukucindezela izinhlangano ukuba zithathe isinyathelo sokuzingela, noma ukuphoqelela ufakazi ukuba avume ukuthi kulimaza uhlangothi olumeleneyo.

I - transcript engokomthetho, enyatheliswa ezinsukwini noma emasontweni kamuva, iba ingxenye yomlando wemithetho. ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zicaphuna amazwi okuzwa lapho zihumusha ulimi oluphikisayo, zinikeza ukuqulwa kwecala okungokomthetho okungaphezu komphumela wazo okhona wezombangazwe.

Indlela Izindlebe Eziguqukela Ngayo Ekwenqabeni Kwesimo Sezulu

Isihloko sokuqala sibala amathonya avamile − ukusekela, ukusekela, ukuqokomisa izindaba eziphuthumayo, ukutshela isimiso sokuqondisa. kodwa ukuhunyushwa kwezincwadi kuya kwemali kusetshenziswa kakhulu ngomshini:

Ukuphawuleka Komthetho Nesichibiyelo

Ngemva kochungechunge lokuzwa, isihlalo sekomiti sivame ukukhipha ingxoxo ehambisana nendaba yemali. Isimiso sokubhalisa imoto (isenzakalo esihlukile) kodwa saziswa amalungu ukuba anikeze izinxephezelo. Ubufakazi bokuzwa buletha ukubuyiselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokuzwa okungu 2021 ngesisekelo samandla, ubufakazi obuvela ezinyunyanani zomsebenzi obuholele ekungeni kwezimfuneko zeholo ezikhona kanye nokuqeqeshelwa izinhlelo ngokukhokhwa kwentela ehlanzekile. Ubufakazi obuvela emaqenjini ezolimo baholela ekulungiseni imishini yokukhokha imente.

I - Vehicle Evumelanayo

Amalungiselelo amaningi esimo sezulu eMthethweni we-Inflatection Reduction Act aqala ngokubuyisana ngoba ukuzwa kwembula ukuthi isambathi sokuma singenawo amavoti angamashumi ayisithupha adingekayo ukuze kunqotshwe iNdlu yeSigele. Ukuqulwa kwecala okwandulela i-IRA / ngaphezulu kwekhulu eSishayasini se-171th .Nkathi ye-Implication iziphi izimiso zesimo sezulu ezingalingana neziqondiso zemali ezihlobene nemali yokuhlela. I-Congregationalurageonal Baccul Office (CBO) isebenzisa ubufakazi bokuzwa izindleko zentela ezihlongozwayo, imali eqondileyo, imali egciniwe egciniweyo.

Ukuqapha Izindlebe Njengezicathulo Eziqaphile

Akuwona wonke umthetho wesimo sezulu oqalayo ekomitini egunyazayo. Ezinye izikweleti zivela ezindlebeni zokwengamela ezidalula ukwehluleka komthetho okhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa okungu-2019 okuphathelene ne-PFAS ukungcola − kanti akuhlanganisi kuphela nesimo sezulu − nobufakazi obubodwa bokuthi izikhukhula zezulu zisakaza kanjani izinto ezingcolisa izimboni. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni kubekwe umthetho we-alone wokuveza amakhemikhali, kamuva owahlanganiswa nesimo sezulu se-omnibus kanye namaphakethe esiseko sezemvelo.

Izibonelo zezindlebe ezizwakalayo (zandiswa)

Isihloko sokuqala siphawula amacala amathathu kodwa ayiniki ukujula. Nakhu ukuzwa okumbalwa okubalulekile kanye nemiphumela yayo yokushaya umthetho:

  • [1988] Ubufakazi beSigele uJames Hansen — Ngaphambi kwe-Gear Energy and Natural Resources Committee, uHansendume ngokudume ngokuthi “umphumela wokufudumala komhlaba utholakele futhi ushintsha isimo sethu sezulu manje.” Lokhu kuzwakala kwaholela ngokuqondile ekudluleni kwe-Global Change Research Act ka-1990, eyadala i-U.S Global Change Research Program.
  • U-2009 House Energy and Commerce Wistings kumthetho we-American Clean Energy and Security Act — Uchungechunge lwezigigaba oluthatha isikhathi eside lokuzwa amasonto amathathu aveza ofakazi abaningi. Umphumela wesivumelwano (Waxman-Markey) wadlula eNdlungwini kodwa wafela eSigeqeni. Nokho, imiqondo yayo eminingi `i-cap no-trade, ibuye ivuse izilinganiso zikagesi, icarbon efensis, i-mensiments(ikhawunsi) yezinhlelo zesilinganiso sezwelozwe kamuva nezimiso zamandla ahlanzekile.
  • 2019 Indlu yokukhetha iKomiti ye-Climatic Diseases — Ikomiti yamabipartisan (nakuba ikhulu kakhulu i-democratic-securitity) yalalela i-post joints, igxila emiphakathini engaphambili, i-Activalism, nekhambi lesimo sezulu. Umbiko wayo wokugcina, “Ukususa iClima Crime Crisis,” wazisa ngokuqondile amalungiselelo esimweni sezulu ezweni lonke.
  • Izwi LeSigele EPW Kuhlelo lokusebenza Ngogesi Ococekile — Lokhu kulalela kwahlukanisa imishini yamandla ahlanzekile ekuqaleni eyavela kumthetho we-Brooke Back Better Act. Ubufakazi obusobala bokuthembeka kwe-quarter, igunya lombuso, kanye nezitsha zamalasha zakha ukuhlehla kokugcina okwathatha indawo yeCEP kanye nezikweletu zamandla ahlanzekile akhokhelwayo.

Ithonya Lezinto Ezinamandla Ezindlebeni

Izindlebe zesimo sezulu zishuba kakhulu, okubonisa isimo sempikiswano yesimo sezulu.

  • Izihlalo zentando yeningi zimema ofakazi abangochwepheshe abagcizelela ukuphuthuma nokufaneleka kwesenzo, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nososayensi besimo sezulu, abaqondisi bamandla ahlanzekile, nabameleli bemiphakathi eswele.
  • Ofakazi abambalwa baseRiphabliki ngokuvamile bahlanganisa izazi zezomnotho ezingabaza izindleko, abameleli bezimboni zamandla avubukuliwe, noma izazi ezingokomthetho ezigxeka igunya likahulumeni.

Nokho, kunezici eziphawulekayo. Izindlebe ze-Bpartisan − njengalezo ezibekwa yi-Geate Energy and Natural Resources Committee ekuthatheni i-carbon ubuchwepheshe("ihloselwe ukuveza ubufakazi obungenambaxa - mbili futhi ingasekela ukuvumelana ezimisweni ezimngcingo zobuchwepheshe. I-Energy ka-202020, eyagunyaza izinkulungwane zezigidi ukuba zithumbe ikhabhoni kanye namandla enuzi, yabekwa ochungechungeni lwezindlebe ze-bipartis.

Ukuxhumana Kwangaphandle Nemithombo Evelele

Kubafundi abafuna ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela ukuzwa kwezindlebe ezihlangene okuwuthinta ngayo umthetho wesimo sezulu, lezi zindawo ezinegunya zenza ukutshuza okujulile:

  • .gov Amakhasi eKomiti - Inqolobane engokomthetho yezimiso zokuzwa, uhlu lofakazi, kanye nemibhalo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ihhovisi Lohlelo Lohlelo Lohlelo: Isimo Sezulu Ukushintsha - CBO imibiko ngemiphumela ehlelekile yomthetho wesimo sezulu, ngokuvamile icaphuna ubufakazi bokuzwa.
  • [[NT.0] Sabin Center for Climate Change Law: U-U.S. Legassislation Timeline – I-okero enkulu yezindleko zesimo sezulu kanye nokuzwa okwandulela u-1990 kuqhubeke.
  • Ihhovisi lobugani: Climate Change - - Uhlu oluphezulu lwe-GAO-risk luhlanganisa izihloko ezihlobene nesimo sezulu ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindaba zobucukubhebhe.

Imiphumela Ye - ripple: Ngalé Kwegumbi Lokuzwa

Ukuzwa akuphelanga lapho i-parel iwa. Ithonya labo lidlulela naku-media, igatsha eliphethe, nakukhokha izinkantolo. Ukuzwa okuhle kungashintsha umbono womphakathi, okuthi nakho kushintshe izibalo zezombangazwe ezibiza amalungu. Indlu ka 2016 elalela isivumelwano se-Paris, ngokwesibonelo, ukuphikisa okuqinile kweRepublican, okwaholela ekuhoxeni okungokomthetho ngo-2017. Ngokuphambene, ukuzwa okungu-2019 ngengozi yesimo sezulu okuye kwabangela ukuba i-SEC i-AC i-revolution ye House Servicesssss.

Enkundlani yokuqondisa, i-EPA ne DOE zithembele ebufakazini bokuzwa ukuze zithethelele ukuqina kwemithetho yazo. Uma umthetho uphikiswa enkantolo, abahluleli bahlola umlando wokwenza imithetho (ukuthi ngokuvamile uhlanganisa ukucaphulwa kobufakazi bokuzwa kweqembu) ukuze bathole ukuthi inkampani yenza ngokunengqondo yini.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo: Izindlebe Nendlela Ethuthukisiwe Yokuthola Izindlebe

Ubufakazi obuvamile be-COVOVAD-19 obuye benza kwaba lula kochwepheshe bangaphandle kweWashington − kuhlanganise nabaqondisi bezwe, abaholi besizwe, nonjiniyela bendawo − ukuthatha inxaxheba ngaphandle kwezindleko zokuhamba. I-Procession ye 118th yabona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwezindlebe ezixubile ngezihloko zesimo sezulu ezifana nokuhlola i-methane kanye nokuzimela kwequbuliso. Lokhu kwamazwi kuye kwenza ukuba ukuzwa kube lula kakhulu, nakuba kukhathazekile ngenani le-radiation project-media ne-profileomation kuse.

Isiphetho: Ithuluzi Eliphilayo Lemithetho

Inqubo yokuzwa kwe-Congress ngokuphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ayiyona nje imicikilisho nje evamile. Indawo lapho okutholwe khona ngokwesayensi kuhlolwa khona ngokumelene namaqiniso ezomnotho, lapho kudalulwa khona futhi kuqiniswa khona izinhlelo zezombangazwe, nalapho kubekwa khona isisekelo esingokomthetho senqubo yesimo sezulu sikahulumeni. Inqubo ayiphelele − kaningi, ngezinye izikhathi ifeza, i-ravition perlitive , kodwa ayikho enye inhlangano enikeza inhlanganisela efanayo yokubona, ukuhlola okungokwezenziwa kwezentengiselwano, kanye nokuvumelana kwentando yentando yeningi. Noma ubani ozama ukuqonda ukuthi kungani inqubo yesimo sezulu ithatha isimo esingu-ult. / org / org intengo yentela ye-Inflation Reduction Act noma ijubane lemithetho yecarbon. Iveza lokho okushiwo yizekeli, kodwa ifuna ukulwa kwesinqumo sezezombangazwe.