Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sokuthola Iqiniso Elingokomthetho

Ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi ezinkantolo kuyisici esiyinhloko sanoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esisebenzayo. Izinkantolo azinqumi amacala asekelwe ekuqageleni, emzwelweni wemizwelo, noma emzwelweni wemvelo; zinquma ngokusekelwe emaqinisweni aqinisekiswe ngobufakazi obungaqondakali. Umthetho wobufakazi unquma lokho umahluleli noma ijaji elingakucabangela lapho linquma icala, isibopho, noma amalungelo. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuhlola okuningi ngendlela obusetshenziswa ngayo enkantolo, sihlanganisa izigaba zobufakazi, izindinganiso eziqinile ezilawula ukuvunyelwa kwalo, imithwalo yesiqinisekiso sokuthi izinqumo eziqondisayo, nezinselele ezisebenzayo ezingaphakama lapho kunikezwa ubufakazi lapho kuqulwa icala. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kudingekile kochwepheshe abangokomthetho, izigembuli, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi kunikezwa kanjani ubulungisa.

Izinhlobo Zobufakazi Ekwenzeni Okungokomthetho

Ubufakazi buvela ngezindlela eziningi, ngayinye inemithetho yayo nezinjongo. Imithetho yesifundazwe nemithetho kahulumeni ehlukanisa ubufakazi ngezigaba ezibanzi. Ukwazi lezigaba kusiza abahlali ukuba banqume ukuthi bangalifaka kanjani icala labo futhi basize amajaji ukuba aqonde lokho akubonayo noma akuzwayo.

Ubufakazi Obungokoqobo

Ubufakazi obungokoqobo, obuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ubufakazi bangempela, bunezinto ezingokoqobo ezafeza indima eqondile ezimweni ezikhona kulendaba. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa isikhali sokubulala, isivumelwano esisayiniwe, izingubo zobugebengu, noma amasampula e-DNA. Ubufakazi obungokomzimba bunamandla kakhulu ngoba abahluleli bejaji bangabubona futhi babuthinte. Nokho, kumelwe ukuba umsekeli ubonise ukuthi lento iyinto ifana nalokho ekushoyo. Isiqiniseko sivame ukudinga ufakazi ongabona into futhi afakazele ikethenjana layo lokuwinwa kwelungelo.

Ubufakazi Obuwubufakazi

Ubufakazi obuyi-eximonium buwuhlobo lobufakazi obuvame kakhulu. Buhlanganisa izifungo ezenziwa ofakazi enkantolo. OFakazi bangafakaza ngalokho abakubona, abakuzwayo, noma abakwazi ukubhekana nakho. Ukuhlola okuqondile kuvumela iqembu ukuba lithole ubufakazi obuhle, kuyilapho ukuphenya kuhlola ukuthembeka nomqondo wofakazi. Ukuthembeka kobufakazi kuhlala kukhona, abakhohlisi bayalwa ukuba bahlole izici ezinjengesimo sofakazi, ubandlululo, nokungaguquguquki.

Ubufakazi Obulotshiwe

Ubufakazi obubhaliwe buhlanganisa noma yikuphi ukwaziswa okubhaliwe noma okuqoshiwe okunikezwa ukufakazela iqiniso. Ama-imeyili, ama-meyili, izikhungo zezokuxhumana, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, namaphoyisa kubika konke kuwela kulendawo. Ngokungafani nezinto ezingokoqobo, imibhalo idinga ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe. Ngokungafani nobufakazi bokubhalwa kwemibhalo yezohwebo. Umthetho ongcono kakhulu udinga i-oday text yokuqala, ngaphandle kokuba ikhophi ilungile ngaphansi kwe-phandle.

Ubufakazi Obubonisayo

Ubufakazi bokubonakalisa busiza abasizi bobukhombisi ukuba baqonde obunye ubufakazi. Kuhlanganisa amashadi, imifanekiso, amabalazwe, izifanekiso, kanye nokulingisa kwecomputer. Lobu bufakazi abubona ubufakazi beqiniso ngokwabo; kunalokho, bubonisa noma bufingce ubufakazi bangempela. Izinkantolo kumelwe ziqinisekise ubufakazi obubonisayo obunembile futhi obungabekeki ngokungafanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulingisa okushubile kokuphahlazeka kwemoto kungaba namandla kodwa kungadukisa uma buqukethe incazelo engasekelwanga ubufakazi obungokoqobo.

Ubufakazi Obubalulekile

Nakuba kungesisigaba esihlukile emithethweni, ubufakazi obubodwa bufanelwe ukushiwo. Kuwubufakazi obudinga umthumeli othola iqiniso ukusho iqiniso kwamanye amaqiniso aqinisekisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola iminwe yommangalelwa ewindini akubonisi ngokuqondile ukuthi bangene esakhiweni, kodwa kuhlangene nobufakazi obunye, kungadonsa. Ubufakazi obuyi-lituaststance buvame ukuba namandla njengobufakazi obuqondile futhi busetshenziswa cishe kuzo zonke izimo.

Izindinganiso Zokungasheshi: Ukugcina amasango enkantolo

Akububo bonke ubufakazi obunganikezwa abahluleli. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabagcini-sango, zisebenzisa izindinganiso eziqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa, obufanelekile, obutholakalayo bufinyelela kuphela ku-ofice. Izindinganiso eziyinhloko zokungathathi hlangothi ziyasebenza, zingokokwanelisa, ikhono, kanye nomthetho wenzwa. Indinganiso ngayinye iyazihlukanisa ngokungafaniyo futhi ichazelwe ngokwezokwahlulela.

Phinda uvale

Ubufakazi bubalulekile uma kunokuthambekela kokuveza iqiniso elingcono kakhulu noma elingekho kakhulu kunalelo elikhona ngaphandle kwalobobufakazi. Lokhu kungumnyango ophansi `ubufakazi obungadingi ukususwa; kudinga nje ukuba nokubaluleka okuthile okungokwenzuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, entweni ephukayo enecala, ubufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa wayenempikiswano ne-pectivetiff ngegama elifanayo kungaba yimfuneko ukubonisa isisusa noma inhloso. Nokho, inkantolo zingabulahla ngisho nobufakazi obubalulekile uma inani lakhe elingokwenzuzo liqiniswa kakhulu nengozi yobandlululo olungafanele, ukudida izimpikiswano, noma ukudukisa ijaji (Umthetho we-Feday of Evidential Memorial 403).

Izinto ezibonakalayo

Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo, kodwa kunencazelo ehlukile: ubufakazi buyizinto uma zihambisana neqiniso eliba khona ngempela endabeni. Uma umphikisi ezama ukufakazela iqiniso elingalithinti izakhi zomthetho, ubufakazi abubonakali futhi ngeke bususwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ubufakazi ngomlando wemisebenzi yangaphambili wommangalelwa buyinto kuphela uma bukhuluma ngezindaba noma izivikelo.

Ukubambisana Nesisekelo

Ukuhlolwa kubhekisela ekutheni ubufakazi buqinisekiswe kahle futhi buhlangabezana nezimfuneko eziyisisekelo. Ukuze kufakazelwe, ufakazi kumelwe ufaneleke: kumelwe abe nolwazi lomuntu siqu, akwazi ukuqonda isifungo, futhi akwazi ukuxhumana. Ukuze kube nobufakazi obungokoqobo noma obuyi-code, umkhandlu kumelwe ubeke isisekelo esibonisa ukuthi into iyilokho okucatshangwa ukuthi iyikho. Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga ubufakazi kumphathi, isazi, noma umuntu onolwazi lwangaso. Ukwehluleka ukubeka isisekelo ngaphandle.

Ukubusa Kwezwi Nokuhlukile Kwalo

Umthetho wenzwabethi ungenye yezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zomthetho wobufakazi. Izwisay yisitatimende esingakhokhwa esinikezwayo ukuze kufakazelwe iqiniso lendaba. Ngokuvamile, izinkulumo ezinjalo azinakwenzeka ngoba odedelayo akafungelanga futhi akanakucaciswa ngesikhathi lapho lenkulumo ishiwo. Nokho, kunenqwaba yamazwi ahlukile, ngalinye elisekelwe emqondweni wokuthi izinkulumo ezithile ezingekho enkantolo zithembekile ngokwemvelo.

  • Izinkulumo ezishukunyiswe: ezishiwo ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwesenzakalo esishaqisayo zibhekwa njengezithembekile ngoba umgcini weclarant wayengenaso isikhathi sokuqamba.
  • Imibono yoluvo edluliselweyo:[ Izinkulumo ezichaza noma zichaze isenzakalo esenziwe ngenkathi umdeclarant eqonda isenzakalo.
  • Iqophamazwi omsebenzi Owenziwa njalo: amarekhodi ebhizinisi agcinwe ngendlela evamile, aqinisekiswe umgcini wamarekhodi.
  • Izimo ze-Medical Diagnosis: Izitatistiki ezenziwe ngenjongo yokuthola ukwelashwa zingasetshenziswa ngisho noma zidlulela ezenzakalweni.
  • Izimemezelo ezimelene nenzalo: izimemezelo ezinikeza imvume enecala lomphakathi noma lobugebengu zibhekwa njengezithembekile.
  • [ Ukwenezelwa ngokwenza okubi: Uma umcimbi ebangela ukuba ufakazi angabi khona ngokungafanele, lowomthelela angase angamelene nenzwabethi yalowofakazi.

Ukubusa kwenzwabethi kuwumgodi wokulwa ekulingweni okuningi, futhi abameli kumelwe balawule ukuhlukana ukuze banikeze ubufakazi obubalulekile.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi: Ubani Onesisindo

Ukungaxegi kukodwa akuyinqoba indaba. Umsekeli wento ethile kumelwe anelise umthwalo wobufakazi − izinga lokuqiniseka elidingekayo ukuze umuntu athole iqiniso ukuze anqume ngokuvumelana nabo. Umthwalo uyahluka ngohlobo oluqhubekayo.

Icala Lezigebengu: Naphezu Kokungabaza Okunengqondo

Kumacala obugebengu, ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele zonke izici zecala ngokunengqondo. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephakeme kakhulu emthethweni. Akudingeki ukuba kuqinisekiswe ngokuphelele, kodwa ubufakazi kumelwe buqine kangangokuthi akukho muntu onengqondo ongaba manqikanqika ukuthatha isinyathelo esisekelwe kulo. Ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala, futhi noma ikuphi ukungabaza okunengqondo kumelwe kuxazululwe ukuze athole umusa wommangalelwa.

Amacala Angaphakathi: Ukunaka Ubufakazi

Icala eliningi eliqulwayo (ukuqulwa kwesivumelwano), ukulimala komuntu siqu, izingxabano zempahla − sebenzisa indinganiso yempahla. I-plattiff kumelwe ibonise ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ukuhunyushwa kwawo amaqiniso kuyiqiniso, kuwena amanye amagama, amathuba amakhulu kakhulu. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuchazwa ngokuthi “isilinganiso”.

Ubufakazi Obucacile Obukholisayo

Ezinye izindaba zomphakathi, njengokukhwabanisa, ukuqedwa kwamalungelo abazali, noma iziphakamiso ezithile zokujeziswa, zidinga indinganiso ephakeme: ubufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuma kwengqondo nokungangatshazwa. Kufuna ukuba ubufakazi bungatholakala futhi bushiye umuntu okholelwa ngokuqinile kulokhu kumangalelwa.

Inqubo Yobufakazi Obunikeza Ubufakazi Ekuqulweni Kwecala

Ukuqonda le nqubo kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani ubufakazi obuthile buvunywa futhi obunye bungagunyaziwe.

Ukuhlola Okuqondile Nesisekelo

Phakathi nokuhlola okuqondile, umbambeli ubuza imibuzo ephendulwe obala ukuze athole ubufakazi. Ummeli kumelwe abeke isisekelo sobufakazi obubodwa. Ukuze abonise, ummeli uvame “ukunikeza ubufakazi ngofakazi ongabuqinisekisa. Ngemva kokuba umbukiso uvunyiwe, ummeli angakusakaza kumajaji.

Ukuhlukana-ukuqeda: Ukuhlola ukubonakala

Ukuhlola isiphambano kuyilungelo lomthetho-mthetho ezicaleni zobugebengu nethuluzi eliyisisekelo ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi. Ummeli ophikisayo angabuza imibuzo eholayo futhi azame ukuphonsa ubufakazi. Ukuhlolwa kungasekelwe ezimpikiswaneni eziguquguqukayo zangaphambili, ubandlululo, ubuntu bokungamanga, noma ukungabi nolwazi. Ukuhlola okuphumelelayo kwesiphambano ngokuvamile kunquma ukuthi ijaji elihlolayo likholelwa yini kufakazi.

Isiqiniseko Nesici Sokuba Ijele

Ngaphambi kokuba kuvunywe ubufakazi obuphathekayo, umsekeli kumelwe abonise ukuthi buyiqiniso. Uma kugcinwa izinto ezinjengezibhamu noma izidakamizwa, uhide lwelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana kumelwe lubhalwe: ukuthi obani abaqoqa, lapho babegcinwa khona, nokuthi baphathwa kanjani. Amagebe alikethiwe angaholela ekuncishisweni noma ekuncishisweni kwesisindo. Ubufakazi bezibalo, ukuqinisekiswa kungadinga ukuhlaziywa kwemetameta noma ubufakazi obungochwepheshe.

Imibono Nemithetho Yokwenqaba

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, abameli kumelwe balwe ngokushesha nobufakazi obungafanele. Ukuphikisa okuvamile kuhlanganisa ukuheha, ukuntuleka kwesisekelo, ukusebenza, nelungelo. Uma umahluleli eqinile, ubufakazi abutholakali. Uma bungagunyazwa, ubufakazi buyavunywa. Ama-Attorney kumelwe agcine umbhalo ukuze adlulise ngokusho isizathu esiqondile sokwenqaba.

Izinselele Ekusebenziseni Ubufakazi Ngokuphumelelayo

Ngisho noma kunemithetho ecacile, ukusebenzisa ubufakazi enkantolo kuletha izinkinga eziningi.

Ubukanela Bezinkinga Zokuwinwa Kwabantwana

Ubufakazi obungokomzimba bungangcoliswa kalula, bulahleke, noma bungashintshwe. Iminyango yamaphoyisa namagumbi okucwaninga kumelwe alandele imithetho eqinile yokuqoqa, ukubhala, nokugcina ubufakazi. Uma kuboniswa ikhefu lewindi lokuwinwa kwezingane, ubufakazi bungakhishwa noma bunikezwe isisindo esincane. Izenzakalo eziphakeme-ka-kakhulu njenge-O.J. uSimpson ukuqulwa kwecala kungabubhincisa kanjani ngisho nobufakazi obuqinile obungokwesayensi.

I - bias Nokubonakala KoFakazi

Ufakazi ngamunye unobandlululo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqaphile noma uqulile. Ama-attorney ahlola lokhu ngokuhlola okuphambanayo. Ufakazi onesithakazelo semali ngomphumela, ubuhlobo obungaphambili neqembu, noma umlando wokungathembeki angalahlwa. Ofakazi abaqaphile babhekene nokuqashelwa okwengeziwe: izimfanelo zabo, indlela yabo yokusebenza, kanye nezinxephezelo zobufakazi konke kuwumdlalo olungile.

Ubufakazi Obungokwesayensi Nobuchwepheshe (Indinganiso Yezesayensi)

Ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nasezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni, ubufakazi obuqavile kumelwe buhlangabezane nendinganiso ye-Daubert. Umahluleli usebenza njengomgcinisango ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukucabanga noma indlela yobuchwepheshe iyasebenza ngokwesayensi futhi isebenza kahle emaqinisweni alelicala. Izici zihlanganisa ukuthi lo mbono uye wavivinywa, ukuthi uye wasinda yini ekubukelweni kontanga, isilinganiso samaphutha aziwayo, futhi wamukeleka emphakathini wezesayensi. Lendinganiso ithathe indawo yendinganiso endala yeFrye futhi yaholela ekuncipheni kweze “isayensi engalawuleki” ezimweni eziningi.

Amalungelo Angokomthetho Nemithetho Eyizehlulelo

Izinhlobo ezithile zobufakazi zivikelekile ekwambulweni ngelungelo. Ilungelo lobungane, ilungelo lobusha, ilungelo lokusebenza ngesifo sokusebenza kwengqondo, kanye nelungelo lokumelana nokuziphindisela zonke izinto zivikela ubufakazi obuthile ekunikezweni. Ukuzihlukanisa ezimweni zobugebengu kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni noma ngokuquleka. Nakuba lemithetho ivikela izindinganiso ezibalulekile, ingavimbela futhi amajaji ekuzweni amaqiniso ahlobene.

Isiphetho: Ukuphishekela Iqiniso Ngobufakazi

Ubufakazi buyinjini eqondisa ukwenziwa kobulungisa. Ngaphandle kobufakazi obuthembekile, obungakholeki, izinkantolo azikwazi ukuthola amaqiniso ngokunembile futhi zinikeze imiphumela elungile. Kusukela ezinhlotsheni eziyisisekelo zobufakazi obungokoqobo nobufakazelwe bemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yemizwa enzima nemithwalo eqinile yobufakazi, zonke izici zobufakazi zihloselwe ukulinganisela ukufunwa kweqiniso ngokulunga. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengeketanga lokuphuka kobufakazi, ubandlululo, nempikiswano yesayensi ziyaqhubeka, imithetho inikeza isisekelo sokuzixazulula. Ukuqonda indlela ubufakazi obusetshenziswa ngayo ezinkantolo ukuba kunikeze izinsika, abameli, abameli, nezakhamuzi ukuba bazi ukuthi ziqonde ngayo izinhloso eziqondisini eziqondisini ngokucophelela.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola Imithetho Engaphezulu yobufakazi evela eCornell Law School, noma ubukeze I-Role yeJury njengoba ichazwe yi-U.S. [FLT]. [FLT][FLT][4] Isiqondiso se-American Bar Association sendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo. [ inikeza ukucaciswa okuwusizo kwenqubo yokuqulwa kwecala. Ukunyukela kakhulu enqubweni, ubufakazi be-U.S.Ubufakazi obuse-UFLT.[FLT]