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Inkululeko engokwenkolo ingenye yamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo kakhulu aqashelwayo emhlabeni wonke. Ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo onzima wokuvikela nokuthuthukisa ikhono labantu lokusebenzisa ukholo lwabo ngokukhululekile, ngaphandle kokwesaba ushushiso, ubandlululo, noma ukuphazamisa. Lelilungelo lidlulela ngalé kokubekezelelana nje, ukukhulekela, ukushintsha inkolo yomuntu, futhi babonakalise izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo kokubili ngasese nasobala. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abavikela ngayo lenkululeko edingekile kudinga ukuhlola izisekelo ezingokomthetho, izivumelwano zezizwe zonke, izimiso zezinhlangano zezinhlangano, nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezithuthukisa inkululeko engokwenkolo ezweni lanamuhla.

Isisekelo Senkululeko Engokwenkolo Emthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ichazwa njengelungelo lomuntu lomhlaba wonke ezinhlanganweni eziningi zomhlaba, kuhlanganise neSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, iSivumelwano sezizwe Zonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Nawokulwela Izombangazwe, iSivumelwano seHelsinki, Isimemezelo sokususwa Kwazo Zonke Izinhlobo Zokucwaswa Nokucwaswa Okusekelwe ENkolweni noma Ekholweni, iCharter yeZizwe Ezihlangene, neNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yokuKhuselwa Kwamalungelo Abantu neNkululeko. Le zincwadi zesisekelo zimisa isimiso sokuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo eliyifa lenkululeko yokucabanga, unembeza, nenkolo.

Inkululeko yenkolo noma yezinkolelo iqinisekiswa isihloko 18 seSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, isihloko 18 seSivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Samalungelo Omphakathi Nawokulwela Izombangazwe neSimemezelo Sokuqedwa Kwazo Zonke Izimo Zokungabekezeli. ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke, esamukelwa iSishaya - mthetho Wezizwe Ezivamile ngo - 1948, siye sasebenza njengesisekelo sokuziphatha sendikimba enkulu yenkululeko yabantu eye yathonya izinhlelo zomthetho - sisekelo, imihlangano yezifunda, nezimiso zomthetho wasekhaya emhlabeni wonke.

ISiphakamiso 18 seSimemezelo somhlaba wonke sithi: "Wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, kanembeza nenkolo; lelilungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokushintsha inkolo yakhe noma inkolelo, nenkululeko, kungaba eyedwa noma emphakathini nabanye noma ngasese, ukubonisa inkolo yakhe noma inkolelo ekufundiseni, ekufundiseni, ekukhulekeni, ekukhulekeni nasekugubheni." Lencazelo ebanzi iveza kokubili ukubekwa ngaphakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo ." ilungelo lokubambelela ezinkolelweni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I - International Parvention on Civil and Political Rights, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo - 1976, yaguqula lezizimiso zaqala ukukhishwa kwezimemezelo zokufisa zaba izibopho ezibophayo ezingokomthetho zemibuso esayinwayo. Lesivumelwano sidinga ukuba ohulumeni bahloniphe futhi baqinisekise inkululeko engokwenkolo kubo bonke abantu abasemasimini abo, badale izindinganiso eziphoqelelwe ezingaqondiswa futhi zihlolwe yizinhlangano zomhlaba wonke.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nemisebenzi Yesizwe Yezomthetho

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, amazwe amaningi aye afaka isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo ngokuqondile ezimisweni zawo zomthetho - sisekelo. La malungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo asebenza njengohlobo oluphakeme kakhulu lwesivikelo somthetho wasekhaya, emisa inkululeko engokwenkolo njengelungelo eliyisisekelo elingenakuvinjelwa kalula umthetho ovamile noma isenzo sikahulumeni.

Isibonelo Sase - United States

Isimiso senkululeko engokwenkolo safakwa emthethweni waseMelika neSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1791. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uMthetho-sisekelo uye wavikela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lenkululeko engokwenkolo njengenkululeko yokuqala yamaMelika. ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili ezivumelanayo ezikhuluma ngenkolo: u-Claus, owenqabela ukumiswa kukahulumeni wenkolo, ne-Free Exenice Claus, okuvikela amalungelo abantu ukuba basebenzise ukholo lwabo.

Abaningi babasunguli besizwe babalekela ukushushiswa okungokwenkolo kwamanye amazwe, bebheka ezinhliziyweni zabo nasezingqondweni inzuzo yenkululeko engokwenkolo. Bamisa umthetho, njengelungelo eliyisisekelo nensika yesizwe, ilungelo lenkululeko engokwenkolo. Kusukela ekuzalweni kwayo kuze kube namuhla, i-United States iye yalazisa lelifa lenkululeko engokwenkolo futhi yadumisa lelifa ngokumela inkululeko engokwenkolo nangokunikeza isiphephelo kulabo abahluphekayo ushushiso olungokwenkolo.

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States uvikela wonke umuntu waseMelika ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukholo lwakhe ngokukhululekile noma lokungaqhubeki nhlobo. Lokhu kuvikela kuhlanganisa ukukhulekela emasontweni, emasinagogeni, emathempelini, emathempelini, nakunoma yisiphi esinye isimo senkolo, kanye nelungelo lokungangeni zinkolelo ezingokwenkolo nganoma iyiphi indlela. Umthetho-sisekelo uqaphela ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ihlanganisa kokubili inkululeko elungile (inkululeko yokusebenzisa) nenkululeko ephambene (inkululeko ekuphoqelelweni imikhosi yenkolo).

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo Wembulunga Yonke

Amazwe amaningi emhlabeni wonke aye afaka iziqinisekiso zenkululeko engokwenkolo emithethweni yawo, ngokuvamile ethola ukuphefumulelwa yimishini yamalungelo abantu yomhlaba wonke. La malungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ahlanganisa isivikelo ekucwaseni okungokwenkolo, iziqinisekiso zenkululeko yokukhulekela, amalungelo emfundo engokwenkolo, kanye nezindawo zokuvikela izinhlangano zenkolo. Eminye imithetho - sisekelo idlulela phambili, iqaphela ngokucacile indima yemiphakathi engokwenkolo emphakathini womphakathi futhi ivikela ukuzibusa kwayo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.

Izindlela eziqondile zihluka kakhulu emazweni, ziveza okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando okuhlukile, izimo zempucuko, kanye nendlela yokuthintana phakathi kwenkolo nombuso. Amanye amazwe athatha izigebengu ezihlukanisa kakhulu, kuyilapho amanye eqaphela izinkolo ezingokomthetho kuyilapho evikela amalungelo enkolo amancane. Naphezu kwalokhu kungafani, ujoka olufanayo luyisibopho somthetho-sisekelo sokuvikela ikhono labantu lokubambelela nokuqhuba izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo.

Izivikelo Zomthetho Nemisebenzi Yokudweba Imithetho

Ngaphandle kwezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, ohulumeni bamisa umthetho oqondile oklanyelwe ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Isinyathelo Senkululeko Engokwenkolo Yomhlaba Wonke

I-IRFA inikeza umthetho wase-U.S. u-I. i-IRFA unikeza ukuthi isimiso sase-U.S. sihlanganisa ukulahla ukuphulwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nokusiza abanye ohulumeni ekuthuthukiseni lelilungelo. Lomthetho ophawulayo wasungula izimiso nezimiso zokuthuthukisa inkululeko engokwenkolo emhlabeni wonke.

Kuyisimiso saseU.S. ukulahla ukuphulwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo, nokuthuthukisa, nokusiza abanye ohulumeni ekuthuthukiseni inkululeko yenkolo. UMthetho wamisa iHhovisi Lenkululeko Yenkolo Yomhlaba Wonke ngaphakathi koMnyango WoMbuso, liholwa inxusa eliyi - Fauth for International Religious Freedom, futhi lasungula i - U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom njengendikimba ezimele.

Lo Mthetho udinga uMongameli ukuba akhethe unyaka ngamunye "izwe elikhathalela ngokukhethekile" izwe ngalinye uhulumeni oye wathatha noma wabekezelela ukuphulwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo "kakhulu kakhulu". Lendlela yamagama idala ukulandisa futhi ingabangela imiphumela yezobuzwe, izijeziso, noma ezinye izinqubo eziklanyelwe ukucindezela ohulumeni ukuba bathuthukise amarekhodi abo enkululeko engokwenkolo.

Isinyathelo Sokubuyiselwa Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo

IReligious Freedom Reformation Act (RFRA) yayiklanyelwe ukuvikela ukusetshenziswa kwenkolo kuyilapho ukuqinisekisa inkululeko engokwenkolo kungasetshenziselwa ukuqeda isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi. Ngo - 1993, iRFRA imisa indinganiso ethuthukile yokwahlulela imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ezithwesa kakhulu izindleko ezingokwenkolo, ifuna ukuba imithwalo enjalo ifeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo futhi isebenzise izindlela ezingekho ezivimbelayo.

Ukusetshenziswa nokuchazwa kwe-RFRA kuye kwadala impikiswano eqhubekayo. Kuye kwaba nokwanda okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwe-RFRA ukuze kuthethelelwe ubandlululo ngezindlela eziningi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezihlongozweni zomthetho njenge-Do No Harm Act, efuna ukucacisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo akumelwe isuse isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi ezindaweni ezinjengobandlululo lwemisebenzi, ukungena kwezempilo, nezindawo zomphakathi zokuhlala.

Izikhungo Zikahulumeni Nemishini Yokuvikela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

Isivikelo esiphumelelayo senkululeko engokwenkolo sidinga okungaphezu nje kwelungiselelo elingokomthetho, elifuna ukuba umuntu abe negunya lokunakekela izinhlangano nezimiso zikahulumeni ezizinikezele ukuze aqondise, athuthukise, futhi aphoqelele ukuba kuvikelwe inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Amahhovisi Kahulumeni Akhethekile

Ihhovisi lokuqala labamhlophe le House Faith Office lamiswa njengoba ihhovisi lokuqala le House ligxile okholweni kuphela futhi liseWest Wing, libika kuMongameli futhi lihlala eMkhandlwini Wezomthetho Wasekhaya. Amahhovisi anjalo akhethekile asebenza njengezisekelo zokuhlela izimiso zikahulumeni ezithinta imiphakathi yenkolo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukucatshangelwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo kuhlanganiswa ukuze kwenziwe izimiso zezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Izikhungo ze - Faith for Faith Previers or Faith Diisons zasungulwa kuyo yonke iminyango nezinhlangano ezimelela umphakathi wokholo ezimisweni ezithinta abantu abanokholo. Lesisekelo sezakhiwo sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinkathazo zenkululeko engokwenkolo zithola ukunakekela kulo lonke igatsha eliphethe nokuthi izinqubo zikahulumeni zihlolwa ngenxa yethonya lazo ekuqhubekeni kwezenkolo nasemiphakathini engokwenkolo.

Izinhlangano Zokuqamba Nezidumbu Eziphambili

IReligious Liberty Commission inesazi soMhlengi noSihlalo esimiswe nguMongameli, owayesesikhulu sikahulumeni, namalungu engeziwe ezizinda ezihlukahlukene zenkolo nezezobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nabefundisi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, izifundiswa, nabasekeli bomphakathi. Lezo zimemezelo zihlanganisa amakhono ahlangene ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene ukuze zinikeze uhulumeni izinqubo zenkululeko engokwenkolo futhi ziqaphele izinsongo ezavelayo ezisenkululekweni yenkolo.

IKhomishi iveza umbiko obanzi ngezisekelo zenkululeko engokwenkolo eMelika, ithonya lenkululeko engokwenkolo emphakathini waseMelika, usongo lwamanje lwenkululeko engokwenkolo emakhaya, amasu okulondoloza nokuthuthukisa inkululeko engokwenkolo yezizukulwane ezizayo, nezinhlelo zokwandisa ukuqaphela nokugubha ubuningi obunokuthula benkolo yaseMelika. Lemibiko ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile yemfundo nentuthuko yezimiso, isiza ekuqondiseni umphakathi nokuthatha isinyathelo esiqondisa uhulumeni.

Amalungu eKhomishane akhethiwe phakathi kwabantu abavelele abaphawulwe ngolwazi lwabo nangokuhlangenwe nakho kwezindawo ezihlobene nenkululeko yenkolo yomhlaba wonke, kuhlanganise nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe, okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kwamanye amazwe, amalungelo abantu, nomthetho wezizwe.

Izenzo Eziwusizo Zikahulumeni Zisekela Umkhuba Ongokwenkolo

Ngaphandle kwemithetho nezakhiwo zezikhungo, ohulumeni bathatha izinyathelo eziningi eziqinile ukuze basekele futhi basize abantu abangokwenkolo.

Ukuvikela Imibuthano Nenkolo

Ohulumeni bavikela ilungelo lokuya emhlanganweni wenkolo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi yenkolo ingahlangana ukuze ikhulekele, ithandaze, itadishe, futhi ibe nobudlelwane ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungafanele.

Ukulondeka kwezindawo zenkolo sekuwumthwalo wemfanelo obaluleke kakhulu kahulumeni. Ukusekela ukuxhaswa kwezimali ezikhuphukayo kweNkinga Yezokuphepha iGrant kubonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi imiphakathi engokwenkolo, ikakhulukazi ebhekene nezinsongo ezikhudlwana, idinga usizo lukahulumeni ukuze ivikele amalungu ayo nezindawo. Loluhlelo lunikeza izimali zokuthuthukisa ukulondeka ezinhlanganweni ezingazuzisi nzuzo, kuhlanganise nezindlu zokukhulekela, ezisengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa amaphekula noma ubugebengu benzondo.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Ezingokwenkolo Emsebenzini

Ohulumeni bavikela inkululeko engokwenkolo emsebenzini ngokufuna izindawo zokulala ezifanele ngenxa yemikhuba engokwenkolo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvumela izisebenzi ukuba zigcine amaholide enkolo, zigqoke izingubo noma izimpawu, zilondoloze imikhuba yokuzilungisa okungokwenkolo, futhi zithathe amakhefu ukuze zithandaze noma zigujwe imikhosi yenkolo. Imithetho yokulwa nokungathandi ukuqashwa, ukudubula, noma ukukhushulwa kwezisebenzi ezisekelwe ezinkonzweni zenkolo.

Lezi sivikelo zidlulela nasemsebenzini womuntu siqu nowomphakathi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ababhekene nokukhetha okungenakwenzeka phakathi kokuphila kwabo nokholo lwabo. Umthetho udinga abaqashi ukuba bavumelane nemikhuba engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo bekuyobangela ubunzima obungadingekile ebhizinisini, kulinganiswe inkululeko engokwenkolo nezidingo ezingokomthetho.

Izibonakaliso Nesibonakaliso Senkolo

Ohulumeni bavikela ilungelo lokubonisa nokugqoka izimpawu zenkolo, kokubili ezindaweni zomphakathi nasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zezinhlangano. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvikela amalungelo abantu okugqoka izimbobo zekhanda ezingokwenkolo, iziphambano, izinto zokuhloba ezingokwenkolo, noma ezinye izimpawu zokholo.

Imingcele yokubonakaliswa kwenkolo ezimisweni zikahulumeni isengaphansi kwentuthuko eqhubekayo engokomthetho nengokomthetho, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuboniswa kwezimpawu ezingokwenkolo empahleni kahulumeni noma izisebenzi zikahulumeni.

Amalungelo Emfundo Negunya Lobuzali

Icala eliphawulekayo laqinisekisa ilungelo labazali lomthetho-sisekelo lokuqondisa ukukhuliswa kwezingane zabo ngenkolo, ngisho nangaphakathi kwemigoqo yesikole somphakathi. Lokhu kuvikela kuqaphela ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ihlanganisa ilungelo labazali lokudlulisela ukholo lwabo kubantwana babo futhi benze izinqumo ngemfundo nezakhiwo ezingokwenkolo zezingane zabo.

Ohulumeni basekela lelilungelo ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuvumela izimfuneko ezithile zohlelo lwezifundo ukuba ziphume ezinkonzweni zenkolo, ukuvikela ukusebenza kwezikole zenkolo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundo yomphakathi ayigxilisi abafundi noma ayimelene nemibono ethile engokwenkolo. Ukukhetha okukhulisiwe kwesikole kuvikela amalungelo abazali ngokwenza imikhaya ikwazi ukukhetha indawo yemfundo evumelana nezindinganiso zayo ezingokwenkolo.

Izisebenzi Ezingokwenkolo I - Vissas Nokufuduka

I - Department of Homeland Security yakhipha umthetho wokugcina osususa imingcele eqinile emisha emaphepha ezisebenzi zenkolo (R1) ukuze ithuthukise ukuzinza futhi inciphise ukuphazamisa ezinkonzweni ezibalulekile izisebenzi zenkolo zeR1 ezizinikeza izindlu zokukhulekela zase-U.S. lesimiso siqaphela ukuthi imiphakathi engokwenkolo ngokuvamile incike kubefundisi, izithunywa zevangeli, nezinye izisebenzi zenkolo zakwamanye amazwe, futhi lokho kuvimbela ukungena kwazo kukhonza kokubili inkululeko engokwenkolo nokuchuma kwemiphakathi ehlukahlukene yezinkolo.

Ukugqugquzelwa Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo Yomhlaba Wonke

Ohulumeni abaningi bayaqaphela ukuthi ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo emakhaya akwanele, kodwa kumelwe futhi kusebenzele ukuthuthukisa inkululeko engokwenkolo emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuklanywa Kwezwe

NgoDecember 29, 2023, uMnyango woMbuso obizwa ngokuthi iBurma, iRepublic of China, iCuba, i-Iran, iDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea, iNicaragua, iPakistan, iRussia, iSaudi Arabia, iTajikistan, neTurkmenistan njengamazwe akhathaza ngokukhethekile. Lezi ziqu ziveza ohulumeni abaye bahileleka noma babekezelela ukuphazanyiswa okukhulu kwenkululeko engokwenkolo, okubangela ukucindezela kwezenhlangothi nemiphumela yemithetho engathi ivela.

INigeria yamiswa njengezwe leParticular Conscinal ngenxa yokusabela ekubulaweni kwamuva kwezinkulungwane zamaKristu ezweni. Iziqu ezinjalo zifeza izinjongo eziningi: ziveza obala abaphula umthetho, ziphawule izinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni, ziqoqa ukunakekela kwezizwe zonke, futhi zingaholela ekuvumeni noma kwezinye izinyathelo zesimiso eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa izimo zenkululeko engokwenkolo.

I - Department of State yabekela imvume yokuthola ama - visa abantu abaye baqondisa, bagunyaza, basekela kakhulu, bahlanganyela, noma benza ukwephulwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Usizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Nokwakha Idolobha

UNobhala, lapho exoxa noMphathi weUSAID, uyohlela imali elinganiselwa yizigidi ezingu - 50 (R150) ngonyaka ngezinhlelo ezithuthukisa inkululeko engokwenkolo yomhlaba wonke, ngokwezinga ezikhona futhi ezivunyelwa umthetho futhi ezivunyelwa ukuba zitholakale. Lokhu kusekela izinhlelo eziqinisa inkululeko engokwenkolo kwamanye amazwe, kwakha isikhundla sezinhlangano zomphakathi ezisebenza ngenkululeko engokwenkolo, futhi kusiza idlanzana lenkolo elibhekene noshushiso.

Izimali zosizo lwentuthuko zigunyazwe ukuba zenze izinhlelo nemisebenzi emazweni angaphandle ezokhuthaza futhi zithuthukise ilungelo lokufuna izinkolelo nezenzo ezingokwenkolo.Le zinhlelo zingahlanganisa ukuthatha izinyathelo ezingokomthetho zokuguqula izivumelwano, ukuqeqeshelwa abahluleli nomthetho ezivikelweni zenkululeko engokwenkolo, ukusekela ukuxubana kwezingxoxo ezixubile, nosizo emiphakathini engokwenkolo eyakha kabusha ngemva koshushiso noma izingxabano.

Usizo Olungabantu Emiphakathini Eshushiswayo

I-Trump Administration yanikeza usizo olusindisa ukuphila emiphakathini yokusiza abantu eDruze, engamaKristu, naseBedouin e-Syria eseningizimu. Ohulumeni bangasekela izinkolo ezishushiswayo ngosizo oluncane lokusiza abaholi, usizo oluphuthumayo, nokusekela imiphakathi efudukile.

I-Attorney General inikeza ukuqeqeshwa kuzo zonke izikhulu ezikhomba isikhoselo, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zezokufuduka ezihlola ukufika kwezihambi ukuze zithole isikhoselo, nelungelo lenkululeko engokwenkolo kanye nesimo soshushiso olungokwenkolo kwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nezimo eziqondene nezwe. Lokhu kuqeqeshela ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zikwazi ukubona futhi zisabele ngokufanelekile ekusho ukuthi ushushiso olungokwenkolo luyisiphephelo nasemongweni wababaleki.

Izinselele Zenkululeko Engokwenkolo Ezweni Lesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwesivikelo esingokomthetho esiqinile nezimiso zikahulumeni, inkululeko engokwenkolo ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke.

Ukushushiswa Kwamancane Angokwenkolo

UMnyango Wezwe uye wanquma ukuthi izinkolo ezincane ziyaqhubeka ziba izisulu zokuqothulwa kohlanga okuphathelene nezindaba zenkululeko engokwenkolo, kuhlanganise naseBurma, lapho amabutho ezokuphepha aye enza khona ubugebengu kubantu nokuqothulwa kohlanga kumaSulumane aseRohinga kusukela ngo - 2017, naseChina, lapho kusukela ngo - 2017 uhulumeni waseChina uye wenza khona ubugebengu esintwini nasekuqothulweni kohlanga ngokumelene no - Uyghurs. Lokhu kuphamba okudlulele kumelela ukuphela okukhulu kwenhlanganisela yenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Inkolo encane ibhekene nokuhlukunyezwa, ukwesatshiswa, ubudlova, nokuboshwa kubadlali abavela kuhulumeni nakunoma iyiphi imibuso emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise nase - Afghanistan, lapho iTaliban iye yawusebenzisa khona ngokunamandla umthetho wayo onzima weSharia owephula inkululeko yenkolo noma inkolelo yenkolo yeqembu elincane; iBurma, lapho imithetho eqinile isekela khona iningi lamaBuddha; iChina, lapho uhulumeni esebenzisa khona ukuqapha ukuze ahlole, ahlukumeze, futhi ababambe amaKristu, amaBuddha, amaFan Gong Abela, amaSulumane, amaUyghur Maslist, namanye amahlelo enkolo amancane; neCuba, lapho abaholi benkolo nezinhlangano zikahulumeni basemajele, ukuqulwa kweziboshwa, ukuqulwa kwempahla.

Izinga lokushushiswa kwenkolo emhlabeni wonke liyashaqisa. IPew Research Center ibika ngokungaguquki iminyaka eyishumi ukuthi cishe ikota ezintathu zabantu emhlabeni zihlala ngaphansi kwemibuso ephula inkululeko engokwenkolo ngamazinga aphakeme. Lokhu kwephulwa okukhulu kwenkululeko engokwenkolo kumelela enye yezinselele ezicindezela kakhulu zamalungelo abantu esikhathini sethu.

Ukubhujiswa Kwezindawo Ezingokwenkolo

Izindawo ezingokwenkolo ziyaqhubeka zibhujiswa noma zibhujiswa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezimpi, kuhlanganise naseBurma, lapho ijaji lezempi liye labhubhisa khona izindlu zokukhulekela nezinkolo ezingaba ngu - 200; neChina, lapho uhulumeni aye wabhubhisa khona amathempeli, izindawo ezingcwele, abangcwabi, nezinye izindawo zenkolo namasiko kulo lonke elaseXinjiang nezwe. Ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zenkolo akusho ukulahlekelwa izinto ezibonakalayo kuphela kodwa futhi nokuhlaselwa kwegama lenkolo, ifa, kanye nomphakathi.

Lokhu kuhlasela ezingosini zenkolo ngokuvamile kuhambisana nemikhankaso ebanzi yokushushiswa okungokwenkolo, kusiza emiphakathini edangele, kususa ubukhona obungokwenkolo endaweni ezungezile, futhi kubonise ukuzonda okungokomthetho kukahulumeni ezinkolweni ezithile. Ukuvikela izindawo zenkolo kudinga kokubili izinyathelo zokuvikela nokulandisa kulabo abasekela ukubhujiswa okunjalo.

Ukukhula Kobandlululo Olungokwenkolo Nokuzonda Ubugebengu

Ngisho nasemazweni anenkululeko, abantu abaningi kakhulu besaba ukuthi ukubonakalisa ukholo lwabo kuyoletha ukwesaba, ubudlova, nokwesabisa. Ngonyaka odlule, kuye kwaba nokwanda okushaqisayo kokumelene nokumelana nobandlululo lwenkolo ngenxa yokuhlasela kwamaphekula amaHamas kwakwaIsrayeli nokwanda okuphazamisayo kwamaSulumane. Ukucwaswa okungokwenkolo kuyabonakala ebugebengwini benzondo, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezingokwenkolo, ukuhlukunyezwa kwabantu benkolo, kanye nobandlululo lwezenhlalo.

Iqembu elilwayo lasungulwa ukulwa ne-Antisemitism, i-Islamdophobia, ne-Afomueement of Bias and the Description phakathi kwe-United States. Iqhinga lokuqala lesizwe lokulwa ne-Antisemitism lisebenza ukulwa nenkolo futhi livikele imiphakathi yamaJuda. Iqhinga lokuqala lesizwe lokulwa neMidlalo yeMibukiso yeSikolo neSizwe lokulwa noHlathiso-Arab lilwa nalemisebenzi yokulwa nalezindlela zobandlululo nezokuvikela amaSulumane nama-Arab. Lezi zinqubo ezibanzi zokuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo ziqaphela ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo idinga ukubhekana nezimo zomphakathi ezibangela ukucwa kwenkolo.

Imingcele Yokuguquka Kwenkolo Nokuguqulwa Kwenkolo

Amazwe amaningi abeka imingcele ekuguquleni inkolo noma ekufuneni ukuguqula, alinganisela inkululeko yabantu ukuba bashintshe inkolo yabo noma bahlanganyele ukholo lwabo nabanye. Lemigoqo ingathatha uhlobo lwemithetho yokulwa nokuvukela, imithetho yokuhlambalaza, noma imithetho evimbela umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli. Lemithetho iphula inkululeko yokushintsha inkolo yomuntu, evikelwe ngokucacile ezikhungweni zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke.

Ilungelo lokushintsha inkolo lilokhu lingenye yezici eziphikisana kakhulu zenkululeko engokwenkolo, ikakhulukazi emongweni lapho ukuzaziwa kwenkolo kuhlangene kakhulu nelungelo lesizwe, lobuzwe, noma lobuzwe. Noma kunjalo, lelilungelo liyisisekelo enkululekweni yenkolo yangempela, njengoba liqaphela ukuthi ukukholelwa enkolweni kumelwe kube ngokuzithandela kunokuba kuphoqelelwe umthetho, ukucindezela komphakathi, noma isibopho somkhaya.

Ukulinganisela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Namanye Amalungelo

Enye yezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ohulumeni ababhekene nazo ukulinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo abalulekile kanye nezithakazelo. Inkululeko yenkolo ingenye yezimiso eziyisisekelo zezwe, kodwa ukubonisa ngokukhululekile ukholo lomuntu akulona ilungelo lokuphika omunye umuntu wenkululeko yakhe yomphakathi. Lokhu kucindezeleka kuvela ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokucwaswa kwemisebenzi, ukunikezwa kwemisebenzi, ukutholakala kwezindawo zomphakathi, nomthetho womkhaya.

Imithetho yenkululeko yenkolo isetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ithethelele ubandlululo futhi ilulaze ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukukhishwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo ebanzi kakhulu kungabangela ukuba abantu ngabanye, abesifazane abafuna ukunakekelwa kwempilo yokuzala, nabanye. abasekeli benkululeko eqinile engokwenkolo baphikisa ukuthi inkululeko yeqiniso engokwenkolo idinga ukudedelwa okunenjongo emithethweni engaphoqelela abantu noma izinhlangano ukuba baphule izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo.

Ukuthola ukulinganisela okufanele kudinga ukuhlolisisa umongo oqondile, ukuqina komthwalo ekuzikhandleni okungokwenkolo, ukubaluleka kwesithakazelo sikahulumeni esincintisanayo, nokuthi izindlela ezihlukile zingayivumela yini inkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo. Lokhu kulinganisela akuqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi ngokuvamile kubangela impikiswano engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuvikeleni Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengezindawo lapho abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano zenkolo zingabekela khona inselele izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula inkululeko engokwenkolo, futhi izinqumo zokwahlulela zimisa izehlakalo ezilawulayo ezilawula ukuqonda nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Izinkantolo Zasekhaya

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme nezinkantolo zomthetho - sisekelo emazweni amaningi zisebenza njengabasekeli bokugcina bezimpikiswano zenkululeko engokwenkolo, zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo futhi zinqume imingcele yegunya likahulumeni ezindabeni zenkolo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yazibonakalisa ingumgcini othembekile wenkululeko yokuqala. Ekuvikeleni amalungelo abazali nasekusekeleni impatho elungile yezikole zenkolo kanye nenkululeko yomthetho ngokomthetho kameluleki neyomphini, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yasiza umkhaya, ukholo nenkululeko echumayo ekuphileni kwaseMelika. Ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo kuhlanganisa ukubulala imithetho yokulahla umthetho wenkolo, ukufuna izindawo zokuhlala ezingokwenkolo, ukuvikela inkululeko esemthethweni, nokuvikela izinkolo.

Izinkantolo Zezizwe Zonke Nezesifunda

Lezi zinkantolo zamazwe ngamazwe ziwachaza futhi ziwaphoqelele ukuba alondoloze amalungelo enkolo, kanjalo zilandisa ngemithetho yesizwe ngemithetho nezimiso ezingokwenkolo.

ISiphakamiso 9 se-1950 se-European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms siqinisekisa ilungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, kanembeza, nenkolo. ISiphakamiso 9 siye sasetshenziswa iNkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu eStrasbourg. Izinkantolo zesifunda zamalungelo abantu, njengeNkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu, iNkantolo yaseMelika e-Inter-American of Human Rights, ne-African Court on Human and Peoples’s Rights, zinikeza izinqubo zokufuna ukuvuselelwa uma amakhambi asekhaya esephelile.

Izinqumo zokwahlulela zinendima evelele ekulolongeni umqondo wenkululeko engokwenkolo ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke. Izikhankaso zeposi eziphawulweyo zivame ukubeka izenzakalo eziphawulekayo ezithonya ukuqonda nokusetshenziswa kwamalungelo angokwenkolo ezizweni zonke.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubekezelelana Nokuqonda

Isivikelo esingokomthetho sodwa akwanele ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yangempela engokwenkolo. Ohulumeni kumelwe futhi basebenzele ukuthuthukisa ukubekezelelana, ukuqonda, nenhlonipho phakathi kwemiphakathi ehlukahlukene yenkolo.

Imfundo Nokuqaphela

Izimiso zemfundo zinendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukufunda nokuhlonipha izinhlobonhlobo zenkolo. ICurcula efundisa ngamasiko enkolo ahlukahlukene, imilando, izinkolelo nemikhuba ingasiza ekunciphiseni ukungazi nobandlululo. Imfundo ngenkululeko engokwenkolo ngokwayo (ithuthukisa umlando), isivikelo esingokomthetho, nezinselele zamanje) isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde futhi ziqonde lelilungelo eliyisisekelo.

Imikhankaso yokuxwayisa umphakathi ingaqokomisa iminikelo yemiphakathi ehlukahlukene yenkolo emphakathini, inselele esekelwe emibonweni ehlukahlukene, futhi ikhuthaze ukuqonda.

Ukuxoxa Nokubambisana Ngezinkolo Ezingafani

Ohulumeni bangasekela izinyathelo zokuxuba izinkolo ezihlanganisa abaholi namalungu emiphakathi ehlukahlukene ukuze bakhe ubuhlobo, babhekane nezinkathazo ezifanayo futhi basebenze ngokubambisana emigomweni efanayo.

Ukubambisana kwenkolo ezindabeni zezenhlalo − njengosizo lobumpofu, ukusabela enhlekeleleni, noma ukukhula komphakathi — kuveza ukuthi imiphakathi engokwenkolo ingasebenza ngokuphumelela naphezu kokungezwani kwemfundiso yenkolo. Ukusekela kukahulumeni ukubambisana okunjalo, ngokusekela ngemali, ngokuphakelana amandla, noma ngokuqashelwa umphakathi, kungaqinisa kokubili inkululeko engokwenkolo nobunye bezenhlalo.

Ukusingatha Izimbangela Eziyinhloko Zengxabano Engokwenkolo

Izingxabano zenkolo ngokuvamile zinomsuka oyinkimbinkimbi owedlulela ngalé kokwehlukana okungokwenkolo ngokwawo, kuhlanganise nokungalingani kwezomnotho, ukucwasana kwezombangazwe, ukungezwani kwezinhlanga, nezikhalo ezingokomlando. Ohulumeni kumelwe bakhulume ngalezizici eziyisisekelo ukuze babangele izimo ezithuthukisa ukuzwana okungokwenkolo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuqinisekisa amathuba ezomnotho alinganayo, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela okuhlanganisayo kwezombangazwe, ukusingatha ukungalungi okungokomlando, nokuvimbela ukuhlaziywa kwenkolo.

Imizamo yokuvimbela ukungqubuzana nokwakha ukuthula kufanele ihlanganise abaholi benkolo nemiphakathi njengabangane, beqaphela ithonya labo neqhaza labo elingase libe khona ekubuyisaneni nasekuphulukisweni kwezenhlalo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemishini Nokulandisa

Ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho eqinile nokulandisa ngokuphulwa kwemithetho.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Ohulumeni kumelwe baqiniseke ukuthi izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela nokusabela ngokufanele ekuphuzweni kwenkululeko engokwenkolo, kuhlanganise nobugebengu obunenzondo obuhlasela abantu benkolo noma imiphakathi.

Izimiso zokwahlulela zobugebengu kufanele zihlanganise izijeziso ezifanelekile zenkululeko engokwenkolo, kuhlanganise nobugebengu obunenzondo, ubandlululo, noshushiso.

Izindlela Zokuqondisa Nemishini Ekhonondayo

Ohulumeni kufanele basungule izinqubo ezifinyelelekayo abantu abazozifaka phansi izikhalo eziphathelene nokuphulwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo futhi bafune amakhambi.

Amakhambi okuphatha anganikeza isinqumo esisheshayo nesibiza kancane kunecala eliqulwa inkantolo, okwenza ukuba ubulungisa butholakale kalula ezakhamuzini ezivamile.

Ukuhlolwa Nokubikwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Imibiko yaminyaka yonke ngenkululeko engokwenkolo yomhlaba wonke, njengaleyo ekhiqizwa uMnyango woMbuso waseU.S. nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba wonke, ukuphulwa kwezincwadi, ukuthambekela kokulandelana kwezindlela, nokulondoloza ukunaka kwezizwe ngezindaba zenkolo.

Lemibiko ifeza izinjongo eziningi: ukwenza izinqubo zokumemezela, ukunikeza ubufakazi bemizamo yokuphambana, ukwakha amarekhodi angokomlando okuphula umthetho, nokubangela ukucindezela ekungcoliseni ohulumeni ngokuchayeka emphakathini. Lenqubo yokubika ngokwayo, ngokuvamile ehilela ukuxoxa nezinhlangano zomphakathi nemiphakathi yenkolo, ingaqinisa izinhlangano zabasekeli benkululeko engokwenkolo.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo Nentando Yeningi

Inkululeko engokwenkolo nokubusa ngentando yeningi kuhlangene kakhulu.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Njengesisekelo Sentando Yeningi

Abasunguli babecabanga ngeSizwe lapho amazwi nemibono engokwenkolo kubaluleke khona ekuchumeni komphakathi okunamandla nokuchuma kwabantu futhi lapho abantu abangokwenkolo nezinhlangano bekhululekile ukubonakalisa ukholo lwabo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucwaswa noma ubutha obuvela kuHulumeni. Inkululeko engokwenkolo ivikela indawo yokuba umphakathi wezakhamuzi uchume ngaphandle kokulawulwa uhulumeni, yenza imiphakathi engokwenkolo ikhonze njengemithombo yokwakheka kokuziphatha, ubunye obungokwenhlalo, nokuhlangana kwezenhlalo.

Izinhlangano zezentando yeningi ziyazuza emiphakathini ehlukene engokwenkolo ezintwelweni zeningi, ezinkonzo zezenhlalo, imfundo, nokucabanga ngokokuziphatha. Inkululeko engokwenkolo iqinisekisa ukuthi leminikelo ingaqinisekiswa, ngaphandle kokuba imiphakathi engokwenkolo ithonywe uhulumeni noma iphoqelelwe ukuba ihlehle izinkolelo zayo ukuze ihlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi.

Ukushisekela Inkolo Nezindinganiso Zentando Yeningi

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ikhuthaza ukwamukelwa nokuhlaliswa kwezinkolelo nemikhuba engokwenkolo ehlukahlukene emphakathini owodwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ubuningi kuqinisa idemokrasi ngokuhlakulela imikhuba yokubekezelelana, ukuhlonipha umehluko, nokuhlalisana ngokuthula naphezu kokungavumelani okukhulu. Ukufunda ukuphila nokuhlukahluka kwenkolo kulungiselela izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukulawula ezinye izinhlobo zokuphila okungokombuso wentando yeningi.

Ngokuphambene, inkululeko engokwenkolo ixhomeke ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi nasezindinganisweni. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kunikeza umthetho, indawo ezimele yokwahlulela, yokunyathelisa, nomphakathi odingekile ukuze inkululeko engokwenkolo ivikeleke ngokuphumelelayo. Izimiso zokuvikela ukubusa ngentando yeningi ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyayihlonipha inkululeko engokwenkolo kunokuba ayiphule.

Isivikelo Esikhethekile Ezinhlanganweni Zenkolo

Lezi zikhungo ezivikela abantu ziyavuma ukuthi inkolo ingokwemvelo iwumphakathi nokuthi imiphakathi yenkolo ifuna inkululeko yokuzibusa ukuze ifeze izinkonzo zayo.

Imfundiso Yesonto Ezenzakalelayo

Inkantolo ngokushesha izocabangela ukuthatha icala elibalulekile ngesivikelo somthetho sisekelo sokuzibusa kwesonto. Imfundiso yokuzibusa kwesonto ivikela inkululeko yezinhlangano zenkolo zokuzibusa ngokwezimiso zazo ezingokwenkolo, kuhlanganise nokwenza izinqumo eziphathelene nokuhola, imfundiso, ukukhulekela, nokuzikhuza kwangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni.

Lokhu kuzibusa kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale inkululeko engokwenkolo ngoba kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba ulawule noma usebenzise izinhlangano zenkolo.

Ukukwazi Ukubhekana Ngokulinganayo Nezinhlelo Zikahulumeni

Okungenani abahluleli abane bayaqaphela ukuthi ukukhipha izikole zenkolo ezinhlelweni zesikole somthetho-mthetho kuhlanganisa ukucwaswa kwezenkolo. Izinhlangano zenkolo akumelwe zikhishwe ezimisweni zikahulumeni ezivamile ezikhona ngenxa nje yenkolo yazo. Lesi simiso sokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo siqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zenkolo zingahlanganyela ekuthuthweni kwenkonzo yezenhlalakahle, imfundo, neminye imisebenzi yomphakathi ngaphandle kokulahla izinkolelo zazo ezingokwenkolo.

Uma uMbuso usunqume ukwenza imfundo yomuntu siqu ibe yize, ngeke kuzenze zingakufanelekeli ezinye izikole zobushiqela ngenxa nje yokuthi zisonta. Lesi simiso sokufinyelela kuye kwadluliselwa emongweni wesikole ohlukene, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zokukhetha isikole, izivumelwano zenkonzo yezenhlalakahle, nezimiso zezezenhlalakahle.

Ukukhohliswa Kwentela Nesivikelo Sezimali

Ohulumeni abaningi bayazikhulula intela izinhlangano zenkolo, baqaphele iminikelo yazo emphakathini futhi bavikele ukuzimela kwazo ngokwezimali kuhulumeni.

Isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo yokunikela sibuye siqinisekise ukuthi abantu bangasekela izinhlangano zenkolo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuhlolwa uhulumeni noma ukuchayeka emphakathini.

Izinselele Neziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha, kuba nezinselele ezintsha zenkululeko engokwenkolo, ezidinga ukuba uhulumeni aqhubeke evumela izinqubo ezingokomthetho futhi angene.

Ubuchwepheshe Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ubuchwepheshe bezinombolo buvula amathuba nezinselele zokukhulekela inkolo, i - Internet yenza imiphakathi yenkolo ikwazi ukukhulekela, ukufundisa nokuhlela amabanga amade, kodwa futhi budala izindlela ezintsha zokuqapha, zokuhlola nokushushisa. Ohulumeni kumelwe basungule izimiso ezivikela inkululeko engokwenkolo ezikhaleni zemishini kuyilapho bekhuluma ngezinkinga ezingokomthetho eziphathelene nokulimala kwe - Internet.

IChina isebenzisa ukuqapha okungahloniphi ukuqondisa, ukuhlukumeza, nokuhlasela amaKristu aseTibet, amaBuddha, odokotela bamaFalun Gong, amaSulumane amaUyghur, nezinye izinkolo ezincane ngokusebenzisa izinkolelo zazo. Ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo engokobuchwepheshe kudinga ukubhekana nalezi zinsongo zobuchwepheshe.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Ekunakekeleni Impilo

Izindawo zokunakekela impilo ziveza izindaba zenkululeko engokwenkolo eyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nesivikelo sikanembeza kubanakekela impilo, ukuphikisa kwenkolo ezinqubweni ezithile zezokwelapha, kanye nendawo yemikhuba engokwenkolo ezimisweni zokunakekela impilo. Ohulumeni kumelwe balinganisele inkululeko engokwenkolo engokwenkolo yosizo neyokunakekela kweziguli, ukulinganisela okuphikisana kakhulu ngokuphathelene nokunakekela ukuzala kanye nezinqumo zokuphila.

Lezi zindaba zidinga ukuthuthukiswa okucophelelayo kwezimiso ezithinta kokubili inkululeko engokwenkolo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, okungase kuhlanganise izimiso zokuhlola ukuma kwezwe, nokuhlukahluka kwezindawo okuvumela kokubili izindlela zokunakekela impilo ezingokwenkolo nezokuhlalisa zezwe.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile kungasongela inkululeko engokwenkolo ngokubhubhisa izindawo ezingokwenkolo, ukuchitha imiphakathi engokwenkolo, nokuphazamisa imikhuba engokwenkolo engokwesiko ehlobene nezindawo ezithile noma imithombo yemvelo. Ohulumeni kumelwe bacabangele ukuhlobana kwenkululeko engokwenkolo esimisweni sendawo ezungezile nesesimweni sezulu, kuhlanganise nokuvikela izindawo ezingcwele nemikhuba engokwenkolo ethintekayo ngenxa yezinguquko zendawo ezungezile.

Ukusabela Kobufandazwe Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, njengobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, zidala ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nezindlela zempilo yomphakathi. Imingcele yemibuthano engokwenkolo, nakuba idingeka ekulawuleni izifo, ibaluleke kakhulu ukuvivinya inkolo. Ohulumeni kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi imingcele enjalo idingekile ngempela, isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo, futhi ilinganiselwe ngangokunokwenzeka, kuyilapho befuna izindawo zokuhlala ezivikela kokubili impilo yomphakathi nenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuvikela Uhulumeni Enkululekoni Engokwenkolo

Ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene, kuba nemikhuba eminingana engcono kakhulu yokuthi ohulumeni bangayivikela kanjani ngokuphumelelayo inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Izincwadi Zezomthetho Ezisekelayo

Isivikelo esiphumelelayo sidinga izinqubo ezibanzi ezingokomthetho ezisingatha inkululeko engokwenkolo ezingeni lomthetho - sisekelo, lomthetho, nelokuqondisa. lezi zici kufanele ziwachaze ngokucacile amalungelo avikelwe, zimise izimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho, zinikeze amakhambi okuphulwa kwemithetho, futhi zilinganisele inkululeko engokwenkolo nezinye izinto ezibalulekile.

Izimiso zomthetho kufanele zibukezwe futhi zivuselelwe njalo ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele ezivelayo namagebe aseduze ekuvikeleni. Kufanele zithuthukiswe ngezinqubo ezihlanganisa imiphakathi ehlukahlukene yenkolo nezinhlangano zomphakathi.

Ukuba Nekhono Lokusungula Nokuchuma

Ohulumeni badinga amandla akhethekile okuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo, kuhlanganise namahhovisi akhethekile, izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe, nemithombo eyanele. Ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kusho ukumisa isikhulu ukuze sithuthukise inkululeko engokwenkolo futhi sinike isikhundla esiphezulu enkonzweni yesimiso sakwamanye amazwe noma umkhakha, simise isikhundla senkululeko engokwenkolo, sinikele ngemali ekuthuthukiseni inkululeko engokwenkolo, sifune ukuba abaphathi bezomthetho abahlala kwamanye amazwe bathuthukise inkululeko engokwenkolo, siqeqeshe izikhulu zenkonzo zakwamanye amazwe ngenkululeko engokwenkolo, futhi sithuthukise inkululeko engokwenkolo ngosizo lwakwamanye amazwe.

Izisebenzi kulo lonke uhulumeni (16) kuhlanganise nokugcinwa komthetho, isikole, imfundo, kanye nezinkonzo zezenhlalo (*) kufanele zithole ukuqeqeshwa ngezimiso zenkululeko engokwenkolo nokusetshenziswa kwazo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukucabangela inkululeko engokwenkolo kuhlanganiswa nemisebenzi kahulumeni ezingxenyeni zonke.

Ukuhlanganyela Nemiphakathi Engokwenkolo

Ohulumeni kufanele balondoloze ukuthembisana okuvamile nokunenjongo nemiphakathi ehlukahlukene yenkolo, balalele izinto eziyikhathazayo, bahlole izinqubo ezibathintayo, futhi bavumelane nemigomo efanayo. Lokhu kuthembisana kufanele kuhlangane, kufinyelele ngalé kwemiphakathi eminingi noma emisiwe yenkolo ukuze kuhlanganiswe nezinhlangano ezivamile, izinkolo ezintsha, kanye nemibono engeyona eyenkolo.

Ukuthembisana okunjalo kusiza uhulumeni ukuba aqonde izimpikiswano zenkululeko engokwenkolo ngombono walabo abathinteke kakhulu, kwakha ukwethembana phakathi kukahulumeni nemiphakathi yenkolo, futhi kwenza izinkinga ezihambisanayo zixazululwe. Kusiza futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zikahulumeni zaziwa ngokuqonda izinkolelo nemikhuba engokwenkolo ngokunembile kunokuba ziqonda izinkolelo ezivamile noma imibono engaqondile.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Ohulumeni kufanele basebenze ngokusobala ngokuphathelene nenkululeko engokwenkolo, babike obala ngezimo, bavume izinselele, futhi balandise ngezenzo zabo siqu. lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunyathelisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuphulwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo, ukuveza ukusabela kukahulumeni, nokuba abakulungele ukuhlolwa umphakathi wezakhamuzi nemikhakha yomhlaba wonke.

Izindlela zokulandisa kufanele zenze abantu nemiphakathi ibeke inselele ezimpikiswaneni zikahulumeni eziphula inkululeko engokwenkolo futhi ifune amakhambi aphumelelayo.

Ukubambisana Kwezizwe Zonke

Amazwe angazange athathe ukuthuthukiswa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo yomhlaba wonke njengesimiso esingokomthetho sangaphandle kufanele enze kanjalo, futhi amazwe asethuthukisa kakade inkululeko engokwenkolo kufanele aqinise lokhu kuthuthukiswa. Lapho imibuso eminingi ithatha inkululeko engokwenkolo, kuyoba nelungelo elinamandla nelinokwethenjelwa ngokwengeziwe njengelungelo lomuntu lomhlaba wonke.

Ohulumeni kufanele babambisane emhlabeni wonke ngenkululeko engokwenkolo, bahlanganyele imikhuba emihle, bavumelane nokuphulwa kwemithetho, basekele izimiso zokuhlola kwezizwe zonke, futhi basebenze ndawonye ukuze baqinise izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kubambisana kwakha ithonya futhi kubonisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo iyinto ekhathalelwayo endaweni yonke kunakunoma yisiphi isizwe noma isifunda.

Ukubaluleka Okubanzi Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ayibalulekile nje kuphela ngenxa yayo kodwa futhi nangenxa yengxenye yayo enkulu ekuchumeni kwabantu nasenhlalakahleni yezenhlalo. Ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo kufeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile ngaphandle nje kokuvumela abantu ukuba basebenzise ukholo lwabo.

Isithunzi Nonembeza

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ivikela isithunzi somuntu ngokuhlonipha izinkolelo ezijulile zabantu ngokuphathelene nencazelo ephelele, injongo, nokubaluleka. Iqaphela ukuthi imibuzo yokholo nonembeza ibalulekile ekuzimeni komuntu nokuthi ukuhlanganisa izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo noma umkhuba kuphula ubuqotho bomuntu.

Lesivikelo sidlulela kulabo abangenazo izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, beqaphela ukuthi inkululeko kanembeza ihlanganisa kokubili imibono yezwe engokwenkolo nengeyona engokwenkolo. Isimiso siwukuthi abantu kufanele bakhululeke ukuba balandele unembeza wabo ezindabeni ezibakhathaza kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokho kubaholela enkolweni engokwenkolo noma kumafilosofi ezwe.

Ukubambisana Nokuthula

Ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo kunezela ekuhlanganeni nasekuthuleni komphakathi ngokunikeza isisekelo sokuba imiphakathi ehlukahlukene yenkolo ihlalisane ngokuthula. Uma inkululeko engokwenkolo ivikelwe, ukungezwani okungokwenkolo akudingeki kube yimithombo yezingxabano. Izinhlangano zingalondoloza izimpawu nemikhuba yazo ehlukile lapho zihlanganyela ndawonye ekuphileni komphakathi.

Ngokuphambene, ukwephulwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo ngokuvamile kuhlobene nokuntengantenga okubanzi kwezenhlalo, izingxabano, nobudlova. Ukushushiswa kwenkolo kungabangela ukuntengantenga, kubangele ukuthutha kwabantu abaningi, futhi kubhebhethekise izingxabano ezinkulu. Ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo akusizi nje kuphela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye kodwa futhi kunikeza nokulondeka nokuzinza okuhlangene.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuvuselelwa Kwezinto

Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ihlangene nemiphumela eqondile yezomnotho, kuhlanganise nokukhula kwezomnotho, ezohwebo, nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi. Inkululeko engokwenkolo inengxenye kulemiphumela ngokuvikela indawo yomphakathi womphakathi, ngokuthuthukisa ukwethembana nenhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo, okwenza kube nemibono ehlukahlukene nobuciko, nokukhanga ikhono nokutshala imali.

Imiphakathi yenkolo ngokwayo ivame ukuba nengxenye ephawulekayo ekuthuthukeni kwezomnotho ngemfundo, ngempilo, ngezinkonzo zomphakathi nangezindlela zokuthuthukisa umphakathi.

Ifa Elingokwesiko Nezinhlobonhlobo

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ivikela ifa lempucuko nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko enkolo ngokwenza ukuba kulondolozwe izizukulwane nemikhuba engokwenkolo. Lokhu kulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zenkolo kucebisa imiphakathi ngokwesiko nangengqondo, kunikeza imibono eminingi ngemibuzo eyisisekelo yabantu nangezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwenza ukuphila okunenjongo nomphakathi.

Ukulahlekelwa inkululeko engokwenkolo ngokuvamile kuholela ekuguqukeni kwamasiko nokunyamalala kwamasiko enkolo amancane, kululaza isimo sempucuko.

Isiphetho: Isifo Esiphikelelayo

Isivikelo sikahulumeni senkululeko engokwenkolo sihlala siyimfuneko eqhubekayo, sifuna isibopho esiqhubekayo, amandla okuhlela, nokusabela ngokuvumelana nezinselele ezivelayo.

Inkululeko ayidluli esizukulwaneni esisodwa ekuqothulweni. AmaMelika adinga ukujwayelana nomzamo omkhulu wesizwe wenkululeko engokwenkolo ukuze ilondolozwe ekusongeleni okuvelayo. Lokhu kuphawula akusebenzi kumaMelika kuphela kodwa kubantu kuyo yonke indawo. Inkululeko yenkolo ayinakuthathwa kalula, kumelwe ivikelwe, iphathwe, futhi idluliselwe ezizulwini ezizayo.

Isivikelo sikahulumeni esiphumelelayo senkululeko engokwenkolo sidinga izici eziningi ezisebenza ndawonye: izimiso ezingokomthetho eziqinile ezingokomthetho, ezingokomthetho, nezinga lomhlaba wonke; izimiso ezinikezelwe zezinhlangano ezinemithombo eyanele nobuchwepheshe; izimiso zokuqinisekisa ezibangela ukuba abaphulayo balandise; ukuhlobana nemiphakathi ehlukahlukene engokwenkolo; ukuthuthukisa ukubekezelelana nokuqonda; nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke ukuze kuqinise isimilo sembulunga yonke futhi kusabelele ekuphulweni ngokwephula umthetho.

Izinselele zibalulekile futhi ziyaxazululeka. Ukushushiswa kwenkolo kuyaqhubeka ngezinga elikhulu ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Ubuchwepheshe obusha budala izinsongo ezintsha ezisongela inkululeko engokwenkolo. Ukulinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo abalulekile kubangela impikiswano eqhubekayo. Izimpikiswano zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu zibe ubhadane zidala izimo ezintsha lapho inkululeko engokwenkolo kumelwe ivikelwe khona.

Kodwa imfuneko isesobala. Inkululeko engokwenkolo iyilungelo eliyisisekelo lomuntu, elibalulekile ekuhloniphekeni kwabantu, ukuzwana kwezenhlalo, nokuchuma kwentando yeningi. Ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nekhono lokuvikela lelilungelo ngesivikelo esingokomthetho esibanzi, izinhlangano eziphumelelayo, izindawo zokuhlala ezisebenzayo, ukuthembisana kwezizwe zonke, nokukhuthaza ukubekezelelana. Umsebenzi wokuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo awupheli, kodwa umsebenzi ofeza izinhloso ezijulile zenkululeko yomuntu kanye nezinhloso eziphakeme kakhulu zokubusa ngokulunga.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngenkululeko engokwenkolo yomhlaba wonke, U.S. uMnyango Wezwe Lonke Wenkululeko Yokholo Imibiko unikeza umbiko ogcwele waminyaka yonke wenkululeko engokwenkolo emhlabeni wonke. .S. Commission on International Religious Freedom inikeza ukuhlaziya nokutusa kwenkambiso yenkambiso. [[[FLT:]] United Nations Rapportureur on Freedom of Religionous [[[FLLD:5]]] ihlola inkululeko engokwenkolo embululweni yonke emhlabeni wonke futhi ibika imibiko kuMkhankathi Yenkululeko yomphakathi. Ukucwaninga okuwusizo kwezentengo yezenkolo nakuhlela imibandela engoko kumthetho wezezwe lonke. [[FLT]]