Indlela Ohulumeni Abalivikela Ngayo Ilungelo Lakho Lokukhuluma Ngokukhululekile

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo emiphakathini ebusa ngentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Lenkululeko edingekile yenza abantu bakwazi ukuveza imicabango yabo, imibono, nezinkolelo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucusumbula kukahulumeni, ukuziphindisela, noma isijeziso. Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke baye bamisa izimiso ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho, isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, nezimiso ezingokomthetho zokuhlela ukuvikela lokhu okubucayi kuyilapho ngesikhathi esisodwa bekulinganisela kwezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile zomphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abavikela ngayo inkululeko yokukhuluma kudinga ukuhlola ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukwengameleli kokwahlulela, izindinganiso zomphakathi womhlaba wonke, nezinselele eziwusizo eziphakamayo ekusebenziseni lezi sivikelo.

Isisekelo Sesivikelo Sokukhuluma: Imisebenzi Yomthetho - sisekelo Neyomthetho

Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyisimiso esisekela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye noma yomphakathi ukuba iqondise imibono yawo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela, ukucubungula, noma ukugunyaza okungokomthetho, nelungelo lenkululeko lokukhuluma liqashelwe njengelungelo lomuntu eSivumelwaneni somhlaba wonke samaLungelo Obuntu (UDHR) nomthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke. Amazwe amaningi anemithetho engokomthetho evikela inkululeko yokukhuluma. Lezimiso zomthetho zenza njengendawo lapho amalungelo ekhululekile akhelwa khona futhi avikelwe khona.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Sase - United States

E-U.S., inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.: "ISiphendulo asisoze senza mthetho... inkululeko evimbela ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo." ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma ngokunqabela iSishaya-mthetho ukuba izikhulumi noma amalungelo abantu okukhuluma ngokukhululekile, futhi siqinisekisa ilungelo lezakhamuzi lokuhlanganisa ngokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni wazo.

UMthetho-sisekelo we-US uye wachazwa njengesiqinisekiso sesivikelo esikhulu kakhulu somhlaba sokukhuluma nokukhuluma. E-U.S., inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganisa ilungelo lokuhlanganyela enkulumweni engokomfanekiso, ukusebenzisa amagama athile acasulayo nezinkulumo ukuze kudluliselwe imiyalezo yezombangazwe, ukukhangisa imikhiqizo yezentengiselwano nemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe (nemingcele ethile), nelungelo lokungakhulumi (ngokuqondile, ilungelo lokungalishayeli ifulegi) uma umuntu efisa kanjalo.

Icala eliphawulekayo iBrandenburg v.O. lamisa ukuthi isiqinisekiso somthetho - sisekelo senkululeko yokukhuluma nesokunyathelisa asivumeli uHulumeni ukuba unqande noma uvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwegunya noma ukwaphulwa komthetho ngaphandle kwalapho ukubusa okunjalo okuphoqelelwe ukuba kuvuselele noma kubangele isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi ngokunokwenzeka sishukumisele noma sibangele ukuba kuqhutshwe lesosenzo, kwenze ilungelo lenkululeko (yezombangazwe) yokuvikela izikhulumi cishe ngokuphelele eUnited States.

Izindinganiso Zamalungelo Abantu Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyilungelo elilondolozwe kuyi - Universal Declaration of Human Rights yeZizwe Ezihlangene futhi elinikezwe ngokomthetho yimithetho yamazwe amaningi. Lesi simiso sezizwe zonke sinikeza indinganiso eyisisekelo yokuthi amazwe asemhlabeni wonke abhekisele ekuthuthukiseni izivikelo zawo siqu zokukhuluma. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samaLungelo esihlanganisa amaqiniso abantu siveza ukuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokubamba imibono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nokufuna, ukwamukela, futhi udlulisele ukwaziswa nemibono kungakhathaliseki imingcele.

Izivikelo ZaseYurophu

I - European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) inendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni inkulumo ekhululekile kulo lonke izwekazi, neSiphakamiso 10 se - ECHR esiqinisekisa ilungelo lokuveza amazwi, ngaphansi kwemingcele ethile enjengenokulondeka kwesizwe, ukulondeka komphakathi, nokuvinjelwa kwezinkinga. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, kuhlanganise neFrance, i - United Kingdom, neSweden, aye afaka lezi zivikelo emithethweni yawo yasekhaya, eqinisekisa ukuthi kunesimiso esingokomthetho esiqinile sokukhuluma ngenkululeko.

Ukuvikelwa Komthetho - sisekelo Emhlabeni Wonke

Amazwe anezivumelwano eziqinile zomthetho-sisekelo ahlanganisa i-United States, lapho iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela khona ngokuqondile inkululeko yokukhuluma, neJalimane, eMthetho wayo oyisisekelo uvikela inkululeko yokucabanga, yokukhuluma, neyokunyathelisa. ICharter of Rights and Freedoms yaseCanada iqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, kuyilapho uMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika uvikela ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yezindaba nemithombo yezindaba.

Ngalé kwezwe laseNtshonalanga, amazwe anjengeNdiya, iJapane, ne-Australia nawo aye amisa imithetho ecacile yenkululeko yokukhuluma, noMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uqinisekisa ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkulumo (nakuba ingaphansi kwemingcele enengqondo), uMthetho-sisekelo waseJapane uvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, neyase-Australia esikisela inkululeko yokuxhumana kwezombangazwe, ethathwe kuMthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, ivikela ingxoxo yasobala ezindabeni zezombangazwe.

Iningi lemithetho - sisekelo yase - Afrika linikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho senkululeko yokukhuluma, ngezinga nokugcinwa kwemithetho okuhlukahluka ezweni ngalinye. Wonke amazwe ahlolwayo kubonakala eqaphela ngokucacile ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma njengelungelo elingokomthetho noma eliyisisekelo, nakuba inkululeko yokukhuluma ingephelele futhi wonke amazwe esebenzisa imingcele kuyo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuvikeleni Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Izimiso zokwahlulela zisebenza njengabaqaphi abagxeka amalungelo okukhuluma, bachaze amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni azibekeli imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho. Izinkantolo zinikeza indlela abantu abangabekela ngayo imingcele nezenzo zikahulumeni ezisongela inkululeko yabo yokukhuluma.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Inkantolo yomhlaba wonke ithatha isinyathelo sokuhlola inkantolo ukuze inqume ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini nesivikelo sokukhuluma somthetho - sisekelo. E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula umthetho omkhulu wecala ochaza izinga nemingcele yesivikelo sokuHlaziya Kokuqala. Ngezinqumo ezingokomlando, izinkantolo ziye zamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile ezibonisa indlela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile okuvikelwa ngayo.

Ukunquma ukuthi yini futhi ingeyiyo inkulumo evikelekile kugcinelwa izinkantolo zomthetho. Le nkonzo yokwahlulela iqinisekisa ukuthi izivikelo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile azikho ngaphansi kwemibono yababusi bezombangazwe noma izikhulu zikahulumeni ezingase zifune ukuvimbela ukukhulumela okungathandeki noma okugxekayo.

Ukwandisa Ikhono Lokukhuluma Kuvikela Umthetho Wokwahlulela

Amalungelo okukhuluma anda ngokuphawulekayo ochungechungeni lwezinqumo zasenkantolo ezingokombangazwe, zokukhuluma okungaziwa, zokusekela izimali, izithombe ezingcolile, nezokukhuluma esikoleni; lezi mithetho zachaza nochungechunge oluhlukile oluphambene neSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganisa okungaphezu nje kwamazwi akhulunywayo.

Ukuvikela Inkulumo Yezombangazwe

Inkulumo yezombangazwe iwumnyombo weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, njengoba abaQhingi babefuna uhulumeni ozolandisa kubantu, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba banike izakhamuzi ilungelo lokubhikisha ngezimiso, ukusekela noma ukuphikisa, futhi baveze imibono yabo ngokukhululekile, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela njalo ukuthi inkulumo yezombangazwe ifanelwe isivikelo esiphakeme kakhulu ngoba ibalulekile ekulawuleni kwentando yeningi.

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni zenqatshelwe ukuqondisa noma ukuvimbela inkulumo noma okunye ukukhulumela okusekelwe ekuquketheni noma embonweni wayo, nokugxeka uhulumeni, ukunganeliseki kwezombangazwe, nokungavumelani nemiqondo engathandwa abantu abangase bayithole ingathandeki noma imelene nesimiso somphakathi, cishe kuhlale kuvikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ukulinganisela Ukukhuluma Mahhala Namanye Amalungelo: Kudingekile Ukulinganiselwa

Nakuba inkululeko yokukhuluma iyilungelo eliyisisekelo, awukho umphakathi wentando yeningi onikeza zonke izinhlobo zokuveza izimpawu. Ohulumeni kumelwe balinganisele amalungelo okukhuluma akhululekile nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise nokulondeka komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, isithunzi somuntu siqu, namalungelo abanye. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ohulumeni abavikela ngayo inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho belondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Ukusebenza Ngokulinganisela

Ukulinganiselwa kwelungelo lokukhuluma kukhona kuwo wonke amazwe ahlolwayo futhi kuqashelwa ngaphansi kwe - International Council on Civil and Political Rights ne - European Convention on Human Rights, enemingcele enjalo eklanyelwe ukuvikela izinjongo ezihlukahlukene zesizwe, ukulondeka kwendawo, ukulondeka komphakathi, impilo, ukuziphatha, ubuqotho benkonzo yomphakathi, isithunzi negama elihle lomuntu, imizwa engokwenkolo, njll.

Ukuvikelwa kwalemigomo kanye neminye kunikezwa ngaphansi kwemigomo yamazwe engokomthetho kanye nangaphansi komthetho-mthetho wezomthetho-mthetho nezomthetho wezendaba, kanye nokulinganiselwa kwenkulumo okungase kubaluleke emongweni wokuphazanyiswa kwenkulumo yomphakathi njengokushaya indiva kuhlanganisa ukunqatshelwa kokuphazamisa ukuhleleka komphakathi noma ukuphepha, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuthuka, ukuthuka nokulahlekelwa isithunzi somuntu emazweni amaningi ahlolwa.

Ukushukumiseleka Ebudloveni Nesenzo Esingenamthetho

Enye yemingcele eqashelwa kabanzi enkululekoni yokukhuluma ihlanganisa inkulumo ekhuthaza ubudlova obuseduze noma isenzo sokungabi namthetho. Inkulumo eshukumisa isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo ayivikelwe, njengoba iNkantolo yayala eBrandenburg v. Ohio (1969) ukuthi inkulumo ingavinjelwa uma ihloselwe ukukhuthaza umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni futhi kungenzeka ukuba yenze kanjalo.

Inkulumo ethi "inqanda ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo noma ukwephulwa komthetho" ivikelwe yiSichibiyelo sokuqala "ngaphandle kokuba lapho ukuqamba okunjalo kubhekiselwe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka ikhuthaza noma ibangele isenzo esinjalo." Lendinganiso ibeka ibhaxa eliphezulu lokuvimbela inkulumo, idinga inhloso kanye namathuba okulimala okuseduze.

Usongo Lwangempela Nokuhlukunyezwa

Ecaleni layo lamuva kakhulu lapho ihlola "izinsongo zangempela", iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza izinsongo ezingokoqobo ezingavikelekile ukuze ihlanganise lawomazwi lapho isikhulumi sisho khona ukuveza inhloso engathi sína yokwenza isenzo sobudlova obungekho emthethweni kumuntu othile noma iqembu labantu. Lolu hlobo lwenkulumo engavikelekile luqaphela ukuthi ukusongela kobudlova kungabangela ukulimala nokwesaba kwangempela, ngisho nalapho kungathathwa ngokushesha.

Ngokuvamile, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asibavikeli abantu ekuhilelekeni ebudloveni, ekusongeleni, ekushukumiseni ubudlova nokuhlukunyezwa.

Ukuvukela Namazwi Amanga

Ukuqamba amanga ngomuntu othile ukuze kulimaze idumela labo (lapho kubhalwa, ukunyundela lapho kukhulunywa) kungaholela emiphumeleni engokomthetho, njengoba ukuhlambalaza kungavikelwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Imithetho yokulahla ivikela idumela lomuntu kuyilapho isalondoloza isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma iqiniso nezindaba zomphakathi.

Impikiswano Yokukhuluma Ngenzondo

Inkulumo yenzondo iyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni ahlukahlukene futhi imelela enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zomthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma. Inkulumo yokuzonda ivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala eUnited States, njengoba kwanqunywa eDolobheni laseSt. Paul, (1992) lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi inkulumo yokuzonda ivunyelwe, ngaphandle kwendaba yobudlova obuseduze.

EUnited States, inkulumo yenzondo ithola isivikelo esiqinile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esisekelwe embonweni wokuthi akuyona indima efanele kahulumeni ukuzama ukuvikela abantu emibonweni nasemibonweni abayithola ingathandeki, ingathandeki, noma ngisho icasula kakhulu; kunalokho, indima kahulumeni iwukuvikela inkululeko yabantu yokukhuluma ngokuphandle bezama ukuvumela ukuveza umbono ongathandeki nowenqabayo futhi ukhuthaze impikiswano eshubile ezindabeni zomphakathi ngisho nalapho leyo mpikiswano ibangela ukucasulwa noma inzondo ebangela abanye ukuba bazizwe belusizi, bethukuthele, noma besaba.

Nokho, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu athatha indlela ehlukile. amazwe amaningi aseYurophu anqabela inkulumo engachazwa ngokuqondile ngokuthi ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe, kuhlanganise ne-Austria, iBelgium, i-Canada, iCzech Republic, iFrance, i-Hungary, i-Israel, iLithuanian, iLithuania, iLithuania, iPoland, iPortugal, iSlovakia, iSwitzerland neRomania. IJalimane, neNetherlands iqaphela imingcele eqondile ekwahluleni noma ekudunyisweni kwezenzo zonya ezenziwa phakathi nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, ngomthetho waseJalimane onqabela ukuphazanyiswa kwesithunzi sezelelwa kwezelelene [kubusa kwamaNazi] ngokudumisa, ngokudumisa, noma ngokuthethelela ukubusa kwesizwe ngempoqolo."

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Ezindaweni zomphakathi, njengezindawo zomphakathi, amapaki, nezakhiwo zikahulumeni, inkulumo ivikeleke kakhulu; nokho, uhulumeni angabeka isikhathi, indawo, nezindlela zokukhuluma ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ayiphazamiseli ukuthula komphakathi. Lemithetho yokungathathi hlangothi yenza uhulumeni akwazi ukulawula izimo zokukhuluma ngaphandle kokufuna ukubheka noma imiyalezo ethile.

Iyunivesithi ingathatha futhi isebenzise isikhathi, indawo nezimiso zemfundo kanye nezimiso zokukhuluma, kanye nalesikhathi sokungathathi hlangothi, indawo nezimiso zikhona ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufundisa kweyunivesithi, ukufunda, ukucwaninga, inkonzo, imisebenzi yokunakekela nokunakekela okunesineke kungavela ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Lesimiso asisebenzi ezikhungweni zemfundo kuphela kodwa nasemithethweni kahulumeni yokukhuluma ezikhungweni zomphakathi jikelele.

Izinyathelo Zikahulumeni Zokuthuthukisa Nokuvikela Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Ngaphandle kokumisa isivikelo esingokomthetho, ohulumeni bakhuthaza ngentshiseko ukuxoxa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthatha isinyathelo, ngezinhlelo, nangezisekelo zezinhlangano.

Ukusekela Imithombo Yezindaba Nemibukiso Yezindaba Ezimele

Iphephandaba elikhululekile nelizimele lisebenza njengesisekelo somphakathi wentando yeningi, linikeza izakhamuzi ukwaziswa okudingekile ukuze zenze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini futhi libeke ukulandisa kohulumeni. Ohulumeni bavikela inkululeko ngokufaka iziqinisekiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezivikela izintatheli ekucubungulani nasekuphindiseleni.

I-Free Press Claus ivikela ukunyatheliswa kokwaziswa nemibono, futhi isebenza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemithombo yezindaba, futhi e-Near Minnesota (1931) nase-New York Times Co. United States (1971), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikelwe ekuvinjelweni kwangaphambi kokumiswa kwemithetho engokomthetho cishe kuzo zonke izindaba. Lokhu kuvikelwa ekuhlolweni kokuvinjelwa ngaphambi kokuba kuvinjelwe kuqiniseke ukuthi ohulumeni ngeke bavimbele ukusakazwa kokwaziswa ngaphambi kokuba kufike emphakathini.

Izimiso Zokufundisa Nokuqaphela Umphakathi

Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zezemfundo zikhuthaza abantu ukuba baqonde amalungelo okukhuluma ngezinhlelo zemfundo, imikhankaso yokuxwayisa umphakathi nemizamo yomphakathi.

Izikhulu zikahulumeni nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni inkululeko yokukhuluma. IYunivesithi yaseOhio State izimisele ukusekela amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala nokusekela isiqubulo semfundo senhlangano, esiyimfundo yoBunani nomthetho weSichibiyelo sokuqala neOhio ziwavikela ngokucacile amalungelo abafundi, abafundisi, izisebenzi nezivakashi zaseyunivesithi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokomthetho ekukhulumeni nasemisebenzini eshoyo.

Ukuvikela Ilungelo Lokubhikisha Nomhlangano

Izikhulu zihlonipha ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuhlangana nomphakathi. Ilungelo lokubhikisha ngokuthula nemihlangano limelela isici esibalulekile sokuveza inkululeko, ukuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zisho zonke izinkathazo zazo futhi zisekele ushintsho. Ohulumeni bavikela lelilungelo kuyilapho belondoloza ikhono lokuqinisekisa ukulondeka nokuhleleka komphakathi.

Ilungelo lokubhikisha liye lasekelwa njalo izinkantolo njengezibalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni kwentando yeningi. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ezingokomlando ezivikela amalungelo zibonisa indlela amalungelo avikelwe abangela ngayo intuthuko yezenhlalo noshintsho lwezombangazwe. Ohulumeni abavikela inkululeko yokukhuluma baqaphela ukuthi ukuvumela ukungavumelani nokwehlukana nokubhikisha, ngisho nalapho kungelula noma kuphazamisa, kuqinisa kunokuba kwenze izinhlangano zentando yeningi zibe buthaka.

Ukubona ngale nokufinyelela ulwazi

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlobene kakhulu nokuthola ukwaziswa. Ohulumeni bakhuthaza ukuveza ulwazi ngokukhululekile ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyakwazi ukuveza izimpawu ezisobala, ngokunikeza umphakathi amathuba okuthola amarekhodi kahulumeni, nokuvikela abafutha ngekhwelo abadalula ububi. Inkululeko yokwaziswa yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuthola izincwadi zikahulumeni nemininingwane, ukunikeza izinkulumo zeningi ezinolwazi kanye nokulandisa kohulumeni.

Izinselele Zokuzivikela Ekukhulumeni Ngenkululeko Namuhla

Nakuba izimiso zomthetho zinikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile, ohulumeni nezinhlangano babhekana nezinselele ezintsha enkathini yokusebenza kwemishini.

Inkulumo Yezinombolo Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ukuvela kwe-Internet ne-social media kuye kwaguqula indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo futhi bakhulume ngayo. Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi izimpikiswano ezingokwesiko zenkululeko yokukhuluma − ukuthi "usongo oluyinhloko lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile" ukucushwa kwezindawo ezicindezelayo", nokuthi "ikhulu elikhona noma izingxoxo eziqinile" inganqotshwa futhi inganqotshwa "inkulumo engcono kakhulu" kunokucubungula − ukuswela ulwazi, kodwa lokhu kuntula kwanda phakathi nekhulu lama-20, futhi ngokufika kokwaziswa, "kodwa nokunaka kwezilaleli" kwaba yivela kancane.

Ikakhulukazi kulenkathi yezokuxhumana, lapho inkululeko yokukhuluma ingabhekwa njengemvume yokusakaza ukwaziswa okulimazayo, ukuqinela abanye, nokukhuthaza inzondo nokungabekezeli, kuye kwaphakama ukukhathazeka ngokuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ingabangela yini ukulimala okwengeziwe yini ngezinye izikhathi kunokuba kube okuhle.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela kuphela imingcele kahulumeni enkulumweni futhi asivimbeli imingcele ebekwe abantu ngabanye noma amabhizinisi, okusho iFacebook kanye neminye imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo kungalawula noma kuvimbele inkulumo ebekwe emapulatifomuni abo ngoba iyizinhlangano ezizimele. Lokhu kuhlukanisa phakathi kukahulumeni nesenzo somuntu siqu kudala imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nomthetho wokukhuluma ezimisweni zemishini.

Izinsongo Zokucinezela Inkululeko

Kokubili uhulumeni nabadlali abangewona amazwe baye basongela inkululeko yokukhuluma nokukhuluma eminyakeni yamuva nje. Izintatheli emhlabeni wonke zibhekene nokuhlukunyezwa, ukwesatshiswa, nobudlova ngenxa yokubika kwazo. Ohulumeni abazinikele ekuvikeleni inkulumo ekhululekile kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi izintatheli zingasebenza ngokuphepha futhi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Ohulumeni ngokuvamile babhekana nokucindezela kokuvimbela ukukhuluma egameni lokulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuphepha komphakathi. Nakuba kukhona izinkathazo zokulondeka okungokomthetho, imingcele ebanzi inganciphisa inkululeko eyisisekelo. Imingcele ebanzi yokukhuluma yatholakala eChina nase Ukraine, futhi nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo waseChina umemezela ukuthi izakhamuzi zijabulela inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko yezindaba, lenkululeko ivinjelwe ngokuqinile imithetho nezimiso ezithile.

Inselele yohulumeni bentando yeningi iwukusingatha izinsongo zokulondeka kwangempela ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinkathazo zokulondeka njengezaba zokuvimbela ukungavumelani noma ukugxeka.

Ukuvikela Abakhulumeli Abanesizotha

Izikhulu ezingekho e-United States zinamalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala futhi lawomalungelo avikela ekujezisweni noma ekuphindiselweni (kuhlanganise nokudingiswa) ukuze kukhulunywe. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sidluliselwa kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sesizwe, simelela isimiso esibalulekile. Inani labantu abahloniphekile, kuhlanganise nabafuduki, amadlanzana, nabaphikisi bezombangazwe, ngokuvamile babhekana nezingozi ezinkulu lapho beveza imibono engathandeki.

Indlela Yokuqhathanisa Isivikelo Sokukhuluma

Amazwe ahlukahlukene asebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, abonisa amasiko angokomthetho ahlukahlukene, okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando nezindinganiso zamasiko.

Indlela YaseMelika Yokunikeza Ikhambi: Isivikelo Esikhulu Nesilinganiselwe

I-United States yaziwa ngokunikeza ezinye zezivikelo zenkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma emhlabeni. AmaMelika futhi abekezelela kakhulu inkulumo ecasulayo kunabantu kwamanye amazwe amaningi. Lendlela ibonisa ifilosofi yokuthi ikhambi elingcono kakhulu lenkulumo elimazayo liwukukhuluma, hhayi ukucusumbula kukahulumeni.

Izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zasekela umqondo wokuthi indlela engcono yokusabela enkulumweni enenzondo noma ecasulayo akukhona ukuzama ukuyilinganisela kodwa kunalokho ukukhuthaza inkulumo eyengeziwe, njengoba uMahluleli uLouis Brandeis abhala ngodumo, "[i]f kunesikhathi sokudalula ngokuxoxa amanga namaphutha, ukuvimbela ububi ngezinqubo zemfundo, ikhambi elizosetshenziswayo likhulu ukukhuluma, hhayi ukuthulisa."

Indlela AbaseYurophu Abafinyelela Ngayo: Ukulinganisela Ukubonakaliswa Kwemikhuba

La mazwe amaningi aseYurophu alinganisela phakathi kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezinye izindinganiso, kuhlanganise nokuhlonishwa kwabantu, ukuvikelwa ekukhulumeni ngenzondo, nenkumbulo yomlando.

Ingxenye enkulu yenkululeko yokukhuluma eCzech Republic ilwela ukuvikela amalungelo abantu noma amaqembu amancane, futhi ngokungafani nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ayikho imingcele yokugxeka noma ukuhlukumeza uhulumeni, izikhulu zomphakathi noma izimpawu zikahulumeni. Lendlela ibonisa indlela amazwe angavikela ngayo isithunzi somuntu ngamunye kuyilapho elondoloza isivikelo esiqinile senkulumo yezombangazwe.

Izindlela Zokuxoxa Ezivamile

Ngo - 1992 iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseAustralia yahlulela ecaleni likaLonke i - Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo wase - Australia, ngokulungiselela isimiso sikahulumeni owummeleli nonomthwalo wemfanelo, wasikisela isivikelo sokuxhumana kwezombangazwe njengesici esibalulekile salesosimiso, nakuba lenkululeko yokuxhumana kwezombangazwe ingeyona inkululeko ebanzi yokukhuluma njengakwamanye amazwe, kodwa kunalokho inkululeko evikela kuphela inkulumo ekhululekile yezombangazwe, futhi lenkululeko yenkululeko yenkululeko yenkululeko yezombangazwe iyisihlaseli sokumelana nokuqulwa kohulumeni, hhayi isihlaseli sokumelana nokuqulwa kwecala (umthetho wezombangazwe).

Izinselele Ezimisweni Engeyona Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi

Eqinisweni, amanye amazwe avikela inkulumo ekhululekile, amanye ayilulaza, futhi ayicindezele ngokuqondile, ngenkululeko yokukhuluma evikelekile emazweni amaningi akhululekile emhlabeni kodwa ngokuvamile evinjelwe emazweni ohulumeni abangomashiqela, emazweni obukhomanisi, amazwe aphikisayo, nababusi bobushiqela. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintsha kusiza ekugcizeleleni ukubaluleka kwesivikelo esinamandla sezinhlangano nokubusa kwentando yeningi ekulondolozeni ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Sokukhuluma

Njengoba imiphakathi iphenduka futhi kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha, ohulumeni kumelwe bavumelanise izindlela zabo ukuze bavikele inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho besingatha izinselele zamanje. Ikusasa lenkululeko yokukhuluma liyoxhomeka ekulondolozeni izimiso eziyisisekelo kuyilapho besabela ezimweni ezishintshayo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bemishini buye bashintsha indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo nokwaziswa. Ohulumeni kumelwe bathuthukise izinqubo ezivikela ukudluliswa kwenkululeko engosini ye - Internet kuyilapho bekhuluma ngezinkinga ezifanele ngokuphathelene nokungagunyazwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokungahlolwa. Lokhu kudinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela ukuthi izimiso ezingokwesiko zokukhuluma zisebenza kanjani ezimisweni zobuchwepheshe nokuthi iziphi isivikelo noma iziqondiso ezintsha ezingase zidingeke.

Ukuqinisa Izizwe Ezivela Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke nokuthuthukisa izindinganiso ezihlukene ezihambisanayo ezikhuluma ngokukhululekile kungasiza ekuvikeleni amalungelo okukhuluma emhlabeni wonke.

Imfundo Nesivumelwano Semfundo Yesibalo

Ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma akudingi nje kuphela izinqubo ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi nempucuko eyazisa inkulumo evulekile nebekezelela imibono ehlukahlukene.

Ukuqapha Ukuwohloka Kwemvelo

Eminyakeni yamuva, inkululeko yokukhuluma neyokukhuluma iye yahlolwa kakhulu; kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zokubhikisha emakolishi kuya ezinhlotsheni zikahulumeni ngokuphindisela ezintathelini nakubalandeli, beqonda ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikelani okubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili, njengoba namuhla, amaMelika abhekana nezinselele ezintsha zokukhuluma ngenkululeko: ukwanda kwemingcele engokomthetho yokumelana nokucusumbula kukahulumeni, nokulinganiselwa kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezikoleni zasesikoleni, nabafuduki, abafundi, nezisebenzi zomphakathi zonke zibhekene nokusongelwa kwamalungelo azo, kugcizelela isidingo sokuhlala zinolwazi ngalokho uMthetho - sisekelo okuqinisekisayo.

Ukulondoloza isivikelo sokukhuluma kudinga ukuqapha njalo. Izakhamuzi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, izintatheli, kanye nabasekeli bomthetho kumelwe bahlale beqaphile ngezinsongo zokukhuluma ngenkululeko futhi bazimisele ukubekela uhulumeni inselele. Izinkantolo kumelwe ziqhubeke zisebenza njengabavikeli abazimele, ziqiniseke ukuthi isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile asincishiswa yimingcele ehleliwe noma izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ezihlala njalo.

Imishini Ewusizo Yokuvikela Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ngaphandle kwezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nokubukezwa kokwahlulela, ohulumeni basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene eziwusizo ukuze bavikele inkululeko yokukhuluma ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Usizo Olungokomthetho Nokuthola Ubulungisa

Amalungelo okukhuluma anenjongo uma abantu bengawalwela enkantolo. Ohulumeni basekela ukuveza izikhundla mahhala ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukumelelwa ngokomthetho, ikakhulukazi kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela abameli bomphakathi. Izinhlangano zomthetho wezenhlalakahle, izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, nezinhlelo ze-probono zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi bonke abantu bathola isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, hhayi abacebile kuphela.

Abakhohlisi Nezimemezelo Zokuthunywa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Amazwe amaningi asungula izimemezelo ezizimele noma amanxusa amalungelo abantu ukuze ahlole izikhalo eziphathelene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo ohulumeni, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Izivikelo Zokuvuthela

Ukuvikela labo abadalula ububi bukahulumeni noma ukungalungi kwezinhlangano kubalulekile ukuze balondoloze inkululeko yokukhuluma nokulandisa kukahulumeni.

Inkululeko Yolwazi

Imvume yokwaziswa kukahulumeni yenza izikhulumo zeningi ezinolwazi futhi isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine uhulumeni ulandisa. Inkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa idinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zidalule amarekhodi nezincwadi, okungalinganiswa ukulondeka kwesizwe, ucingo nezinye izinto ezifanele. Lemithetho inikeza isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kufanele ube sobala futhi ulandise kubantu.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwenkululeko Yokukhuluma Nentando Yeningi

Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kusisiza sibone ukuthi kungani ohulumeni abazinikele ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kumelwe bavikele inkululeko yokukhuluma, ngisho noma leyo nkulumo igxeka noma ingathandwa.

Ukuzilawula Nokuzivumela Ukuba Ube Izakhamuzi Ezinolwazi

Intando yentando yeningi ifuna ukuba izakhamuzi zibe nokuthola ukwaziswa futhi zingaxoxa ngokukhululekile ngezindaba zomphakathi. Ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, izakhamuzi azinakwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokuthi ubani okufanele abuse noma yiziphi izinqubo okufanele zenziwe. Inkulumo ekhululekile yenza ukuphana ngemibono, ukugxekwa kukahulumeni, nokungalawuleki komthetho kuvumela ushintsho olubalulekile ekuthatheni isigaba sentando yeningi.

Ukuhlola Amandla Kahulumeni

Inkululeko yokukhuluma isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni ngokwenza izakhamuzi zigxeke izikhulu, zidalule ukonakala, futhi zisekele inguquko. Uhulumeni ongathulisa abagxeki bawo ubhekene nokungakhululeki futhi ungawasebenzisa kabi amandla awo. Ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kuvimbela ubushiqela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala uthembekile kubantu.

Ukuthuthukisa Intuthuko Yomphakathi

Izinhlangano eziningi zezenhlalo eziye zathuthukisa ubulungisa nokulingana ziye zathembela ezivikelweni zenkululeko yokukhuluma ukuze zisekele ushintsho. Kusukela ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo omphakathi kuya ekuhleleni ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezizungezile, inkulumo evikelweyo iye yenza amaqembu ancintisanayo abekela izinhlelo ezingalungile inguquko. Ohulumeni abavikela inkululeko yokukhuluma badala indawo yentuthuko yezenhlalo noshintsho olunokuthula.

Imakethe Yemibono

Umqondo "wentengiselwano yemibono" usikisela ukuthi iqiniso livela ngokuncintisana okusobala phakathi kwemibono ehlukene. Uma inkulumo ikhululekile, imibono emihle inganqoba ababi ngenkulumo enengqondo nangenkulumo ephikisayo. Nakuba lendawo yokudayisa ingaphelele, ngokuvamile iveza imiphumela engcono kunokucusumbula kukahulumeni, okuyingozi ekucindezeleni iqiniso kanye namanga.

Imibandela Ekhethekile Yesivikelo Sokukhuluma

Izindlela zokuvikela ukukhulumisa zisebenza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, futhi ohulumeni kumelwe balawule lokhu kungafani kuyilapho belondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Izinhlangano Zemfundo

Isifunda esikhethekile "phakathi" sikhona ezikoleni zomphakathi, lapho abafundi banamalungelo okuKhubazeka kokuqala, kodwa lamalungelo angalinganiselwa ezimweni ezithile, njengoba izikole zingavimbela inkulumo ephazamisa inqubo yemfundo noma ephazamisa amalungelo abanye. Izinhlangano zemfundo kumelwe zilinganisele ukukhulumela okukhululekile nemisebenzi yazo yemfundo, zidala izimo ezihlukene lapho imibono ingavezwa khona lapho kugcinwa ukuhleleka futhi kuvikelwa abafundi ekuhlukunyezweni.

Inkulumo Yasemsebenzini

Nakuba izindawo zomphakathi zivikelekile ukuze zikhulume ngokukhululekile, izindawo zomphakathi, njengezindawo zemisebenzi, amakolishi angasese, noma ikhaya lakho, zihlukile, njengoba umqashi angaxosha othile ngenxa yokuthile akushilo ezindabeni zezenhlalo, futhi iyunivesithi yomuntu siqu ingayala abafundi ngenxa yokwephula izimiso zokuziphatha, ngisho noma inkulumo ecatshangelwayo ivikelekile eziqenjini zomphakathi.

Izindawo Zezempi Nezokuphepha Kwesizwe

Izisebenzi zempi nalabo abasebenza ezindaweni zokuphepha kwesizwe bangase babhekane nemingcele emikhulu enkulumweni yabo ngenxa yezimfuno eziyingqayizivele zezikhundla zabo. Nokho, ngisho nakulokhu kulandisa, ohulumeni kumelwe baqiniseke ukuthi imingcele ihlelwe ngokulinganiselwe futhi ayikuvimbeli ngokungadingekile ukukhulumela okungokomthetho.

Amajele Nezimo Zokuqondisa

Abantu abaqashelwe balondoloza amalungelo athile okukhuluma ngokukhululekile, nakuba la malungelo engase alinganiselwe ngokwezithakazelo ezingokomthetho. Izinkantolo zilinganisela amalungelo eziboshwa ngokumelene nomphakathi wezokuphepha, ukuhleleka, nemigomo yokulungisa. Ngisho nasezimweni eziqinile, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokukhuluma eziqinile kufanele ziqondise indlela iziphathimandla eziphatha ngayo izigwebo.

Ukulinganisa Isivikelo Sokukhuluma

Lezi zinqumo zisiza ekutholeni izindlela zokuhlola nokuqhathanisa izikhungo zokukhuluma emazweni amaningi.

Indlu Yenkululeko Nezinhlangano Ezihlolwayo

Inkululeko ilinganisa ukufinyelela kwabantu amalungelo ezombangazwe kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi emazweni angu-208 namasimu ngokukhululeka kwayo kwaminyaka yonke embikweni wezwe, futhi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye (isuka elungelweni lokuvotela inkululeko yokuveza nokulingana phambi komthetho) ingathinteka yi-ohulumeni noma abadlali abangewona amazwe. Lokhu kuhlola kunikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile kokuthi ohulumeni bavikela kanjani ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile emsebenzini.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokwaneliseka

Ukuhlola okubanzi kwentando yeningi okwenziwa nguPew Research ngo - 2019 kwahlanganisa nombuzo wokuthi abantu ababuzwayo babenomuzwa wokuthi ilungelo labo lokukhuluma lilondekile futhi livikelekile yini, futhi mhlawumbe ngokumangalisayo, bangu - 73% kuphela abaphendulayo eUnited States abanomuzwa wokuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikeleke kahle, babeka iCanada ngaphansi kwamanye amazwe amaningana, kuhlanganise neCanada eneminyaka engu - 79%, eNetherlands e - 84%, nase-Indonesia, eyathola ukuhlolwa okuholela ku - 86%. Lemibono isho ukuthi isho ukuthi isivikelo semithetho sichaza indlela ephumelela ngayo ekuphileni.

Izimpawu Zokukhuluma Ngokukhululeka

Uhlelo lweDemokrasi (V-DE) lukhipha ukwaziswa nokucwaninga ngedemokrasi namalungelo abantu, luqaphela ukuthi idemokrasi ingaphawulwa ngokuhlukile futhi ikwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlangano zezentando yeningi, ukukhetha, ukunikeza izikhundla, ukukhipha imvume, nokuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi, futhi lomsebenzi uncike ekuhlolweni ochwepheshe bamazwe acishe abe ngu - 3 500 nomsebenzi wokunezela abacwaningi bayo ukuze bahlole izinhlangano zezombangazwe kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi kusiza ushintsho lwezinqubo zezikhulu zentando yeningi ekuvikeleni inkululeko yokukhuluma ngesikhathi esithile nakwamanye amazwe.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuvikela Uhulumeni Ekukhulumeni Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni komzimba okuqhathaniswa nokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando, imikhuba ethile iba ngokuphumelelayo ngokukhethekile ekuvikeleni inkulumo ekhululekile kuyilapho ilondoloza ezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile zomphakathi.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Esicacile

Amalungiselelo angokomthetho avikela inkululeko yokukhuluma anikeza isisekelo esinamandla kakhulu sokuveza amalungelo. La malungiselelo kufanele ashiwo kabanzi ukuze ahlanganise izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhuluma futhi kufanele abeke umthwalo kuhulumeni ukuze athethelele noma imiphi imingcele.

I - diary ezimele

Ijaji elizimele elikwaziyo ukuhlola amandla kahulumeni libalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yokukhuluma. Abahluleli kumelwe bavikeleke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi bakwazi ukubusa kuhulumeni lapho kuphula amalungelo omthetho. Ukuzimela ekwahluleleni kudinga ukulondeka, imithombo eyanele, kanye nempucuko yokuhlonipha ukubusa komthetho.

Imingcele Elinganiselwe Neqondile

Lapho ohulumeni bebeka imingcele enkulumweni, imingcele kufanele ivumelaniswe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze kuxazululwe umonakalo othile futhi akufanele ibe miningi kunalokho okudingekile. Imingcele eqinile idala ukungaqiniseki nokungaqiniseki okungokomthetho. Ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yenkulumo emazweni amaningi kuchazwa ngendlela evimbelayo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nenkulumo yasobala.

Izivikelo Zemvelo

Ohulumeni kufanele banikeze isivikelo esiqinile semizwa lapho bevimbela ukukhuluma, kuhlanganise nesixwayiso, ithuba lokuzwa, nokubukeza ukwahlulela.

Isivikelo Senkulumo Engathandwayo

INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni akanakukwenqabela ukukhuluma ngenxa nje yokuthi ucasula imithetho engokwenhlalo, futhi lesivikelo sidlulela enkulumweni ecasulayo, engalungile, noma ngisho elulazayo. Ukuvikela inkulumo engathandwayo kubalulekile ngoba inkulumo ethandwayo ayidingi isivikelo. Uvivinyo lweqiniso lwendlela yokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma luwukuthi iveza lokho abantu abaningi abakubheka njengokungamukeleki.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta inkulumo kufanele zibe sobala futhi zihlolwe umphakathi. Imingcele eyimfihlo, izinhlelo zokuhlola, noma imibuso yokuhlola ilulaza ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekile nokulandisa ngentando yeningi. Ohulumeni kufanele bathethelele obala noma imiphi imingcele yokukhuluma futhi banikezwe icala ngokuphamba.

Isiphetho: Inselele Eqhubekayo Yokuvikela Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kuseyinselele eqhubekayo edinga ukunakwa njalo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke baye basungula izimiso zomthetho ezihlukahlukene, izimiso zokuhlela, nezinyathelo eziwusizo zokuvikela leli lungelo eliyisisekelo. Ukusuka ekuvikelweni komthetho - sisekelo kuya ekubukezeni kokwahlulela, kusukela ekunyatheliseni kwenkululeko kuya ekuvimbeleni ikhwelo, lezi zinqubo zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe indawo lapho ukuveza inkululeko kungachuma khona.

Nokho, isivikelo sokukhuluma asisoze saphelela noma sihlale njalo. Ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukusongela, izingxabano zomphakathi, kanye nokucindezela kwezombangazwe kuvivinya amandla enkululeko yokuvikela. Ohulumeni kumelwe balinganisele ukukhulumisa ngokukhululekile ngokumelene nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile kuyilapho bemelana nesilingo sokucindezela ukumelana nokugxeka.

Isivikelo esiphumelela kakhulu sokukhuluma asiveli nje kuphela ezimisweni ezingokomthetho kodwa nasemasikweni azisa inkulumo evulekile, abekezelele imibono ehlukene, futhi aqaphele ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ibalulekile ekuhlonipheni abantu nasekuziphatheni kwentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, izintatheli, abameli, nezikhulu zikahulumeni konke kufeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni nasekuqiniseni izivikelo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyodinga ukuqapha, ukuvumelana nezimo, nokuzinikela ezimisweni eziyisisekelo. Izinselele zingase zishintshe, kodwa ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ekubuseni okuchumayo kwabantu nokubusa ngentando yeningi kuhlala kuhlelile. Ohulumeni abavikela inkululeko yokukhuluma ngobuqotho badala izimo zokuba iqiniso livele, ukuze kuphishekele ubulungisa, futhi ukuba izinhlangano zithuthukele ngokuthula enkulule enkulu inkululeko nokulingana.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesivikelo sokukhuluma nezinselele zamanje, vakashela iSivumelwano soMphakathi waseMelika , House yenkululeko[, [ Article 19[, Izinyuko ezingenamidangeko[, kanye [[FLT]] ne-FLT Foundation Foundation Foundation [[FL:9]].