Isingeniso: Inselele Yokuthola Amadolobha Embulunga Yonke

Ngo-2050, cishe amaphesenti angu-70 enani labantu emhlabeni kulindeleke ukuba ahlale ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ahlanganisa abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5,5 emadolobheni. Lokhu kufuduka okusheshayo kucindezela ohulumeni ukuba balethe izindlu, izinto zokuhamba, amanzi, indle, nezakhiwo zamandla. Ikhono lokuhlela, izimali, nokubulala lemisebenzi lixhomeke kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwezwe lokubusa. Izakhiwo ezimbili ezinkulu zezwe − − ifederal ne unitary //shape indlela izinselele zokuhlala emadolobheni ezibonakala ngayo, inzuzo, futhi ixazululwe ngayo. Ukuqonda izindlela zabo ezihlukeneyo zibalulekile kubakhiqinisi bemithetho, abahleli bamadolobha, abahleli, nabangenisi bezindawo ezifuna izixazulu eziphumelelayo.

Izimiso ze-Federal zisakaza amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifundazwe noma izifundazwe, ngasinye sinemithwalo yemfanelo echazwe ngokomthetho-mthetho. Izimiso zeUnitary zigxilisa igunya kuhulumeni ophethe ukuthi imibuso ithunyelelwe iziphathimandla zendawo ngokuqondisisa. Lokhu kungafani kwezakhiwo kuveza amasu angafani okulawula ukukhula kwamadolobha, izakhiwo zezimali, nokulinganisela izinhlelo eziphikisanayo zezifunda. Lesi sihloko sihlola kokubili ukuphumelela kwazo, kuqhathanise nezifundo ezivelele zokuthuthukisa amadolobha.

Ohulumeni Abawuhulumeni Abazimele Nokuhlalisana Kwamadolobheni

Emazweni ombuso anjenge-United States, i-Indiya, iJalimane, iCanada, ne-Australia, inqubo yasemadolobheni nesisekelo sezakhiwo incishisiwe kakhulu. Uhulumeni noma ohulumeni bezifunda banegunya eliyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni kwezwe, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, ukuhlelwa kwezokuthutha, izindlu zomphakathi, nezinkonzo zomphakathi zendawo. Leli lungiselelo livumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba balungise izixazululo zezimo zendawo zokwenza idolobha elifana ne-Phoenix lingathuthukisa ukulondolozwa kwamanzi kuyilapho idolobha elikhulu elisenyakatho njengeChicago ligxila ekunciphiseni ukuhlaziywa. Ukuvumelana kwemithetho yomphakathi ngokuvamile kuveza inguquko, umongo wesimo se-atmose mplet .

Nokho, ukuhlaziywa komphakathi kudala futhi umehluko omkhulu. Izifunda-mazwe zemali zingafaka intela ephakeme futhi zihehe izimali, ukwakha izimiso zokuthutha nezindlu ezibizayo. Izifundazwe ezimpofu, ezicindezelwa ubuthakathaka bezomnotho, zizama ukugcina imigwaqo eyisisekelo, izimiso zamanzi, nezikole. IHhovisi likaHulumeni likaHulumeni lase-U.S. Imali yezemali ekhokhelwayo ifaka ubufakazi obuphezulu kakhulu ukuthi izimali ezisetshenziswa umuntu ngamunye zihluka kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile, ngezindawo zasemaphandleni nezingenayo ziqhubekela phambili. Le ntuthuko engenakulinganiswa nakancane ingakuveza ukulingana okukhona futhi ilulaza ukulingana kwezomnotho kwezwe lonke izwe.

Izinselele Zokubambisana Ezimisweni Ezingokwezigaba

Esinye isici esivelele sobuzwelonke yisidingo sokubambisana kwezindawo zohulumeni. Imisebenzi emikhulu yezezisekelo, njengendlela ephakeme ehamba phambili noma imigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwezwe, ngokuvamile iwela imingcele kahulumeni futhi idinga izivumelwano ezixhasa imali, izindinganiso, nezikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi wesiteshi esiphezulu se-colian California, ihlanganisa iLos Angeles ne-San Francisco, iye yabhekana nokulibala futhi yalahlekelwa ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezingxabano phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, umqondisi wezwe, nohulumeni bendawo. Ngokufanayo, i-Swebriort Battles ihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kohulumeni ophethe, ohulumeni, nohulumeni besifunda, nezinhlangano zikamasipala, okuholela ekukhiqiniseni amabhobhobho.

Izimiso ze-Federal futhi zinzima ngokwezimali. Ohulumeni abaningi bamazwe ahlukene abanawo amandla okuboleka noma imithombo yenzuzo yokuxhasa izakhiwo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni. Kumele bathembele ezinkokhelweni zikahulumeni, emasontweni omphakathi, noma ezimakethe zokubopha. E-United States, uhulumeni unikeza izimali zokuhamba ngezinhlelo ezinjenge Infrablicture Investicement and Jobs Act (IJA), kodwa izifunda kumelwe zincintisane ngalamaRandi, ngezinye izikhathi zishiye amadolobha amancane engaphansi kwenkonzo. I-World Bank iphawula ukuthi emongosimezi ze-mongo ze-yonganiso yezokuthutha ezingokongamele izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezikwazi ukuthatha izivumelwano futhi zikhuphuzise izindleko zokuphatha.

Izindaba Eziye Zaphumelela Ekuphatheni Umbuso WaseUrban

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, uhulumeni uye waveza impumelelo ephawulekayo emadolobheni. Isimiso sikahulumeni waseJalimane, esinesifunda esiqinile (Länder), siye senza ukuba kuhleleke isifunda sezwe iRhine-Ruhr, enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu eYurophu. I-_Verkehrverbund_ (inhlangano ye-transport), efaka isiteshi, ibhasi, ne-trammss ezizweni eziningi, iyibhentshi yembulunga yonke yendlela ephumelelayo yomphakathi. I-Infragradetura Program kahulumeni waseCanada, edluliselwe ezivumelwaneni ze-ibrallery, iye yasekela izinkulungwane zemisebenzi yezempatho yomphakathi, isuka ekunyangweni kwamanzi ukuya ekuthuthweni kwezindawo eziluhlaza, kuyilapho ihlonipha indawo engokwesifunda.

ENdiya, uhulumeni uvumela izifundazwe ezinjengeMaharashtra neGujarat ukuba ziphishekele amasu anamandla okuguqula amadolobha, kuhlanganise namaphasishi anikezelwe ezezimboni kanye nokwanda kwesitimela, kuyilapho izifunda ezimpofu njengoBihar zithembele kakhulu emahlelweni aphakathi. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kungasheshisa ukukhula ezindaweni ezinamandla kodwa futhi kufaka inqubo yokuhlanganisa amadolobha amabili agcwele ezweni elifanayo.

Ohulumeni Abanobunye Nokuhlalisana Kwamadolobheni

Ezifundeni ezihlangene njengeUnited Kingdom, iFrance, iJapane, ne-South Korea, uhulumeni omkhulu uphethe igunya eliphelele ngesimiso sasemadolobheni nangezisekelo zemisebenzi. Ohulumeni bendawo abasebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ephathisiwe futhi kumelwe bavumelane nemithetho yesizwe, iziqondiso zohlelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kuvumela izinhlelo ezifanayo, ukuxhasa izimali ezihambisanayo, kanye nokuhlela isikhathi eside kulo lonke izwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwezwe lwasemadolobheni, i-Agence Nationale ithela i-baé relivolution la urrénétion ur_ (ANRU), ihlanganisa imisebenzi emikhulu yokuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezimpofu ezisebenzisa izimali ezihlelwa phakathi nendawo empofu.

Izimiso zokuhlanganisa zingasabela ngokushesha ezinkingeni zokubekwa kwedolobha ngenxa yokuthi ukwenza izinqumo akudingeki ukuba kuvumelane phakathi kwezifundazwe eziningi. Uhulumeni waseJapane oyinhloko, nge-Ministry of Land, Insfracture, i-Tourism (MLIT), uye waqhuba isitimela esinemibhoshongo ephezulu (Shinkansen), izimpawu zokwakha ezisekela ukuzamazama komhlaba, nezimiso zedolobha ezisebenza ngokufanayo ukusuka eTokyo kuya emadolobheni asemaphandleni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe zokwenza icarbon divin ex noma izakhiwo eziyandayo zifakwe kuyo yonke indawo, kunokuba zihloselwe ukuxhumana kwezifunda.

Izingozi Zokuhlela Okuphakathi

Nokho, isikhungo sinezingozi ezibhalwe kahle. Izimiso ze-Uniformation zingangazishaya indiva izimo zendawo, eziholela ekubekeleni imali engafanele noma ekusebenzeni okungafanelekile. Isimiso sezindlu esiklanyelwe i-Paris singahluleka eMarseille or Lyon, lapho isimo sezulu, inani labantu, nesakhiwo sezomnotho singafani khona. Abagxeki besimiso sasemadolobheni aseFrance baphikisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala eziphezulu kuye kwaveza izindawo ezinkulu ezihlangene ngokungalingani kahle (izigebengu) ezihlushwa ukuzehlukanisa komphakathi nezinkonzo ezingenele. Ngokufanayo, uhlelo lwesizwe lwe-UK luye lwagxekwa ngenxa yokuthuthukisa intuthuko entshonalanga ntshonalanga, ukumelana kwezomnotho.

Enye i-spack i-bureaucratic interentia. Ngenxa yokuthi izinqumo zidinga ukuvunyelwa yimisebenzi eminingi ephakathi, imisebenzi ingabhekana nokwephuza isikhathi eside. Umsebenzi we-Crosslowroll (Elizabeth Line) wase-London, nakuba ekugcineni uphumelela, wathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kweshumi leminyaka kunezinhlelo ezihloselwe ukubukezwa okuphindaphindwayo ukuze kusetshenziswe futhi kuxhaswe izindikimba zikahulumeni. Ezimisweni zomphakathi, abaholi bendawo balinganiselwe ekulungiseni amasu okuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi, okunganciphisa izivumelwano nethemba lomphakathi.

Izibonelo Zodumo Oluphakeme

Naphezu kwalezi zingozi, abadwebi bemishini baye bafinyelela imisebenzi ephawulekayo yezesisekelo. Ukuhlelwa ngokushesha kwamadolobha e-South Korea ngemva kweMpi yangasese kuqondiswa uhlelo oluqinile .Uhulumeni wakha wonke amadolobha amasha njenge-Sejong, inhloko- dolobha, futhi wasungula i-synet yesitimela ehlangeneyo ehlangeneyo (KTX) manje ehlanganisa amadolobha amakhulu amaningi. Uhulumeni waseNingizimu wakwazi futhi ukuphatha izindlu ngohlelo lokwakha oluphazanyisiwe, usiza ekulungiseni amanani entengisweni kwentengo eSeououl. I-Grand Paris Express, i-amzakhiwe ngenkampani enkulu kazwelo i-Soété du Grand Paris, idluliswe umbono owodwa wesizwe, isusa inqubo yezwe elise-yonke.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kweJapane ngokuwohloka kwezakhiwo zezemisebenzi yokuguga kanye nokwehla kwenani labantu kubonisa futhi indlela izimiso zobuyunifomu ezingajikeleza ngayo ngokushesha. Uhulumeni ophethe uye wasekela “idolobha elihambelanayo”, wanikeza izisusa zemali kumasipala eziqinisa izinkonzo futhi zinciphise ukuwohloka. Lendlela ephezulu yokuzihambela iye yaphumelela kakhulu kunezindlela zokuhamba kahle, zokudayisa ezibonwa emazweni amaningi ezwe.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: Amandla Nobuthakathaka

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokutshala Imali

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, isisekelo sezimali ezixhaswayo ngokuvamile sixhomeke ezinkokhelweni zentela yezinga eliphezulu nemali enikezwa uhulumeni, okuholela ekubekeni imali engalinganiyo. Izwe elinemisebenzi eqinile yomnotho lingaboleka izindleko ezishibhile futhi liboleke izisekelo zezimali, kuyilapho umbuso ompofu olwela ukulondoloza impahla ekhona. Izimiso ze-Unitary zingaqondisa inzuzo yesizwe ezindaweni ezincishisiwe, njengoba i-UK izenza “ngendlela yayo yokuhlela izitehlo zokukhokha”, kodwa lokhu kungadala ukuncika futhi kungaveza izinto eziza kuqala zendawo. I-World Bank’s Insfraualbactives 2023 Financy Rapoundi: ukukhokhela nge-procensive: ukukhokhela intela yesizwe ngokusetshenziswa kwe-ecrectorywork, ivumela iziphathimandla zendawo ukuba zivumelanisa izinqubo zesizwe ngokomo zazo.

Ijubane Lokusebenza

Ohulumeni abahlanganisayo ngokuvamile banikeza imisebenzi emikhulu, yeyunifomu ngokushesha. Isimiso se-opaleji ephezulu ye-China, esenziwe ngaphansi kwesimiso sohlelo lwe-unitary (nakuba ihileleke okuthile kwesifunda), enwetshwe kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-40 000 emakhilomitheni angaphezu kwengu-40 000 eminyakeni engu-15. Ngokuphambene, i-US iye yazama ukwakha ngisho namakhilomitha angu-50 esitimele sangempela esiphezulu. Nokho, ijubane le-ocessingling lingavela ngezindleko zokufakwa komphakathi: imisebenzi ingaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuhlola ngokwaneleyo, iholele ekuthatheleni ukuxoxisana kwezenhlalo nezinselele ezingokomthetho kamuva. Izimiso zezesizwe, ezinamakhodi amaningi ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, zingaveza imiphumela ngokuthenga okubanzi.

Ukuvuselela Nokuzama

Inzuzo kaFederalism ixhomeke ekuhloleni izimiso. I-United States ingasebenza “njengobuchwepheshe bezentando yeningi,” ukuhlola izindlela ezintsha zezinselele zasemadolobheni − njengokuminyana, ukuhlanganisa, noma imithetho yokwakha eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, [1] ngaphambi kokuba ilinganiswe ngokwesizwe. Ikhodi leSikhungo sezentuthuko se-Huwarboard Development yaqala kuqala ngaphambi kokuba ibe yinkambiso yesizwe. Izimiso zobuthathu zingangenisa futhi, kodwa ngokwezinhlelo zesizwe kunezinhlelo zesifunda. Iprojekthi ye-UK’s Gardensival Cities nelect ye-EQuart_France zaqala kokubili njengokuhlolwa okuklaniswe phakathi.

Ukungalingani Nemibono Yesifunda

Izimiso zokuhlanganisa ngokuvamile zingcono ekunciphiseni ukungalingani kwezindawo ngoba uhulumeni ophakathi ungasakaza imithombo ngokuthunyelwa kwezindawo. Isimiso sikahulumeni waseJalimane, nakuba sihloniphekile, sihlanganisa inqubo enamandla yokuhlanganisa (Länderfinanzausseich) yokulinganisela izimali zikahulumeni. Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezinjalo, izimiso zikahulumeni zingaveza ukuhlukahluka okuqinile, njengoba kubonakala eBrazil: Izakhiwo ze-São Paulo ziyisigaba sezwe, kuyilapho amadolobha asenyakatho engenayo indleko eyisisekelo. Umbiko we-OECD wathola ukuthi amazwe ahlangene anezinzuzo ezingamaphesenti angu-30,40 ehlangeneyo yonke indawo, aqokomisa inseleleko ye-octal.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Umbango we - Federal v. Umbatary eqedweni

I - United States (I - FEderal) – I - Infractive Investruction and Jobes Act

I-IN, eyasayinwa ngo-2021, ihlanganisa i-R22 000 000 000 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemigwaqo, amabhuloho, ukuthuthwa komphakathi, ukufakwa kwenqanawa, namandla ahlanzekile. Ukufakwa kudinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni, iminyango yezokuthutha, nohulumeni bendawo ukuba basebenzisane. Nakuba lesi senzo sinikeza umbono wesizwe ohlangene, isifunda ngasinye kumelwe sinikeze amasu ahambisana neziqondiso zikahulumeni kodwa sibonise izidingo zendawo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekulibaziseni: njengango-2024, ingxenyana yezimali ezigunyaziwe kuphela ezakha izakhiwo. I-Brokings Institution yathola ukuthi iphethe amandla anamandla angaphambili kakhulu okuhlela izinto, kuyilapho abanye bewandisa ngokushesha. Indaba ibonisa ukuguquguquka kukahulumeni kodwa futhi iveza ukudilikana.

IFrance (Indawo Engahlangani) – I - Grand Paris Express

IGrand Paris Express iyi-200, 68-i-octal metro ezungeze i-Paris, isebenzisa uhlelo lwe-screenshoren lwe-creennec yezigidi eziyi-2024. Ihamba ngebhizinisi lezwe, i-Société du Grand Paris, iprojekthi ithole imali engapheli kuhulumeni ophakathi nemvume egunyaziwe. Ukwakha kwaqala ngo-2024 futhi umugqa wokuqala wavulwa ngo-2024, ngokuhlelwa okugcwele okulindelekile ngo-2030. Iprojekthi ihlanganisa izindinganiso ezintsha zemvelo nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi zendawo, igunyazwe ngumthetho wezwe. Izakhiwo zendawo zinemfakela othile kodwa uhulumeni uphethe imvume yokugcina. Lokhu okuphezulu okuphansi kugcine umsebenzi ukwakhiwa ngesimiso nangemali ekwanele phakathi kwesakhiwo esikhulu sase-US.

Imikhuba Exubile: Isimiso Sezimiso Ezihlangene

Ngokwesiko, amasampula asemthethweni avamile. Amazwe amaningi athatha izindlela ezixubile zokuthatha izindlela zokuthatha izinhlelo. I-United Kingdom, ngokwesiko, iye yasusa imibuso e-Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, nemeya yeziphathimandla ezihlangene (umz., iManchester, iNtshona yeMidlands). Lemikhandlu manje ilawula ukuthutha nokuhlelwa kwezindlu, ilingisa izici zikahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, isimiso sombuso waseNdiya siye sabona uhulumeni oyinhloko umisa imisebenzi yamadolobha (umz., i-Atal Mission for Rejuvotion and Urbactution) evumelana nomthetho ophethe ngokusekela imibandela yezimali.

Ubuchwepheshe bubuye bukwazi ukuhlanganisa. Amaqonga amanani ezindawo zokubusa zasedolobheni − , amabhodi asemadolobheni ahlanganisa amathikithi, amathikithi okwaziswa okuvulekile − asebenza kahle kakhulu uma amatheku ebekwe ngokwesizwe kodwa esetshenziswa endaweni. Womabili amazwe ahlangeneyo nahlangene athatha lamathuluzi. isigaba se-World Bank sentuthuko yasemadolobheni [[ ithuthukisa indlela “enjongo engcono, lapho izakhiwo zokubusa ziqala ukuvumelana nezinselele zasedolobheni, kunokuba zinamathele ngokuqinile ezingeni ezingokomthetho.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungenye ingcindezi ehlanganisayo. Amazwe anjengezwe laseJalimane aye asebenzisa imithetho yesimo sezulu ukuze afake izisulu ezibophayo ezizweni, kuyilapho amazwe ahlangene anje eJapane aye enza amadolobha avumelane kakhulu nezifunda zezezero-carbon. I-C40] CTYMY] yeMizi inezinxulumane zezindawo [[ ibonisa indlela abameyamzana bamadolobha amakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimiso sezwe, ngokuvamile bayizolonga elikhulu kakhulu ekulondolozeni, ngezinye izikhathi ukudlula uhulumeni wesizwe e-tentia. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukubusa okuphumelelayo kwamadolobha kungaxhomeke ngayo ekwakhelweni okungokomthetho nasebusweni, ezindaweni eziphambili, ezindaweni ezihlangene, nasesakhiweni.

Isiphetho: Yimiphi Imisebenzi Engcono Kakhulu Emithonjeni Yasedolobheni?

Asikho isimiso sombuso noma sombuso we-ocestration esingcono kakhulu ekusingatheni izinselele zokuhlala emadolobheni. Indlela engcono kakhulu ixhomeke emlandweni wezwe, isiko, amandla emali, nendlela izakhiwo ezidingekayo. I-Federalism inikeza ukusabela kwendawo, ukuvumelana, nokushintshashintsha, kodwa izingozi zokungalingani nokungalingani. Izimiso zobuyunithi zinikeza ukuvumelana, ijubane, nokwehluleka, kodwa zingavimba ukuthatha isinyathelo futhi zingawanaki amaqiniso asemhlabeni.

Amadolobha aphumelelayo emhlabeni wonke ngokuvamile aye ahlanganisa izici zombili. iSingapore, idolobha elisesifundazweni, liye lasungula isimiso sokuhlela esisabela kakhulu ngokunika izinhlangano zendawo amandla. IJalimane, izwe likahulumeni, liye lafinyelela ukulingana kwesizwe ngokulinganisana nokubambisana okuqinile kwezindawo. Isifundo esiyinhloko siwukuthi izakhiwo ezibusayo kumelwe zihlangane nezindima ezicacile, imithombo eyanele, kanye nezinqubo zokufunda nokuzivumelanisa.

Njengoba ukuhlaziywa kwamadolobha kushesha, ohulumeni kufanele bagxile ezinguqulweni zezimiso: ukuqinisa izimali zikamasipala, ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana kwezimiso zezezimali, ukutshala ukwaziswa nezokulwa nomzimba, kanye nokwakha emazingeni onke. Ukukhetha phakathi kwamapulani ahlangene nawamaqoqo aphezulu nawamaqoqo akubalulekile kakhulu kunanoma inqubo endaweni ingayiguqula ngokuphumelelayo yini inhloso yokunikezelwa kwesimiso ibe yizesisekelo. Ngentando elungile, kokubili imibuso yombuso ne-oganithi ehlangene ingakha isakhiwo, i-sclone, futhi isekele amadolobha afunwa yikhulu lama-21.

Lesi sihloko sidweba ukucwaninga okuvela ku- ECD I-Regional Development Policy yentuthuko yombuso, Brookings Institution Instudition[, kanye i-World Bank’s Suptices thicties [ umbiko we-2023].[FLT:]