Table of Contents
Kuwo wonke umlando, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke baye baqaphela amandla amakhulu ezinkulumo ezingokomlando njengamathuluzi okuxhumana, ukunxenxa, nobunye besizwe. Lamazwi alondolozwe ngokucophelela asendulo asebenza njengamathuluzi asebenzayo athonya inkulumo yezombangazwe yangalesosikhathi, athonya umbono womphakathi, nokuhlobana okukhona phakathi kwabaholi nezakhamuzi. Ngokufaka incazelo yezikhathi ezibucayi, ohulumeni bafaka inkumbulo ehlangene, bavusa imizwelo enamandla, futhi bafaka izinselele zamanje phakathi kokunqoba nengxabano.
Ukusetshenziswa okuwusizo kwezinkulumo zomlando kumelela uhlobo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuxhumana kwezombangazwe oludlula ukukhumbula izinto ezilula. Uma abaholi bakahulumeni bekhomba amakheli ezimpawu zezenzakalo zezwe labo lasendulo, bangenela inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokwenza izimiso zanamuhla zibe nencazelo ezihlanganisa amasiko ahlonishwayo, zigunyaze ngemithetho engokomlando, futhi zikhuthaza izakhamuzi ezihlala ndawonye ezinkonzweni kanye nasezifisweni ezifanayo. Lomkhuba uye wanda kakhulu enkathini yanamuhla, lapho imithombo yezindaba nezindawo zobuchwepheshe zivumela khona ukukhulumela okungokomlando ukuba kufinyelele izilaleli ngaphezu kwalokho izikhulumi zokuqala ezazingakucabanga.
Amandla Engqondo Nangokomzwelo Esayensi Yomlando
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zinendlela ehlukile engokwengqondo enzima ukufinyelela ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yezombangazwe yamanje. Lapho izakhamuzi zizwa amazwi okhokho bazo abezwa ngezikhathi zenhlekelele, zomkhosi, noma zokuguqulwa, zizwa ukuhlobana kwezindaba zesizwe sazo. Lokhu kuhlangana okungokomzwelo kusebenza emazingeni amaningi, kuveza ukuma komuntu ngamunye nakuwo wonke umuntu ngezindlela ezingenakusetshenziswa izimpikiswano ezinengqondo.
Ubuchopho bomuntu busabela ngamandla ekulandiseni nasekuxoxeni izindaba, futhi izinkulumo ezingokomlando zinikeza ukulandisa okulungiselelwe kakade okuye kwafakazela ithonya labo elingokomzwelo. Ohulumeni basebenzisa leliqiniso lengqondo ngokukhetha izinkulumo ezinezihloko ezisemkhathini ezisebunzimeni obuningi ("ukungaxegi ngenxa yezinkinga), ukudela okuhle, ithemba ngekusasa elingcono . Ukujwayela lezinkulumo kuveza umuzwa wenduduzo nokuqhubekela phambili, kuyilapho ukubaluleka kwabo komlando kuveza ubunzima nemiyalezo yanamuhla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkulumo ezingokomlando zivame ukusebenzisa izinkulumo ezingadingi mpendulo-lukululeki − ukuphimisela, isingathekiso, isakhiwo esihambisanayo, kanye nokushaya kwezwi elifanayo − ezizenza zikhumbuleke futhi zishukumise ngokomzwelo. Lapho ohulumeni befaka lezici ekuxhumaneni kwanamuhla, bazuza emandleni angokwesiko aqoqiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amazwi athathwe ekhelini elilodwa elingokomlando angavusa inkathi, akhumbule umholi oguqulayo, noma anxuse umoya womzuzu wesizwe ochazayo.
Ukwakha Nokuqinisa Ukubonakala Kwesizwe
Enye yemisebenzi eyinhloko yezinkulumo ezingokomlando ekuxhumaneni nohulumeni isakhiwo nokugcinwa kwesizwe. Izizwe zonke zineqoqo lezikhathi ezichazayo zenkululeko, imikhosi, ukugubha ukunqoba, ukuvuma ukungabi nabulungisa okuvezwayo ezinkulumoni ezinikezwayo ngalezozikhathi. Ohulumeni baqapha futhi basebenzise lezi zinkulumo ukuze bakhumbuze izakhamuzi ukuthi zingabantu bani nokuthi zingaziphi izindinganiso ezizibheka njengeziyigugu njengeqembu.
Izazi zezwe akuyona into eqhubekayo kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo odinga ukuqiniswa nokuchazwa kabusha. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zinikeza ukwaziswa okungagculisi kwalo msebenzi, zinikeza amaphuzu afanayo ahlanganisa ukuhlukana kwenkulumo nemibono edlula izifunda, ubuzwe, noma ezombangazwe ezweni. Uma umholi kahulumeni ecaphuna enkulumweni eyisisekelo, acela ifa elifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zonke isizinda noma ukungavumelani kwamanje.
Lo msebenzi wokwakha uphawu ubaluleka ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ehlukene, enezinhlanga lapho izakhamuzi zingaba nezilimi, izinkolo, noma amasiko ahlukahlukene. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezigcizelela izimiso zendawo yonke($liberty, ukulingana, ubulungisa, ithuba , elihlanganisayo elisiza ekusunguleni umphakathi wesizwe ohlukene phakathi kwamaqembu. Ohulumeni bakhetha futhi baqokomisa izinkulumo ezikhuthaza imibono ehlanganisayo yesizwe kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi belulaza noma bechaza kabusha lezo ezibonisa izici ezingathandeki zomlando wabo.
Ukudala Unya Ezisizukulwaneni
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zakha ibhuloho phakathi kwempi yakudala neyamanje, zivumela ohulumeni ukuba bamise izimiso zamanje nezinselele phakathi kwendawo ebanzi. Lokhu kuqhubeka kwamanje kufeza izinjongo eziningi: kusikisela ukuthi abaholi banamuhla bangabaphathi abathembekile bamasiko ahlala njalo, bahlanganisa izinkinga zamanje njengengxenye yemizabalazo eqhubekayo kunokuba ibeke izinhlekelele ezingakaze zibonwe, futhi kusikisela ukuthi amakhambi angatholakala ngokudweba ngokuhlakanipha nokwezehlakani olungokomlando.
Uma izikhulu zikahulumeni zikhomba izinkulumo zamashumi eminyaka noma amakhulu eminyaka adlule, ziphikisa ngokuphelele ukuthi izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zesizwe sazo nomsebenzi waso akuzange kushintshe naphezu kokushintshwa kwezinga lobuchwepheshe, kwezomnotho, noma emphakathini. Lo myalezo wokuqhubeka ungaqinisekisa izakhamuzi ezizizwa zididekile ngokushintsha ngokushesha, zizinika ihange lokulawula izenzakalo zakudala ngisho nanjengoba zihamba phambili. Izinkulumo ziba izinsika ezibonisa indlela engaguquki emlandweni, ezisikisela ukuthi isizwe sibhekene neziphepho ngaphambili futhi sizokwenza kanjalo futhi.
Ukuchaza Ubuntu Nezindinganiso Zesizwe
Ngaphandle nje kokwenza ubunye, izinkulumo ezingokomlando zisiza ohulumeni ukuba bachaze imfanelo ethile abafisa ukuyithuthukisa njengehlukile njengesizwe. Amazwe ahlukene agcizelela izimfanelo ezihlukile ekukhulumeni kwawo okungokomlando − ukugcizelela ukuzimela nokuzimela okungokomlando, obunye ubunye obuhlangeneyo nomthwalo wemfanelo wezenhlalo, kanti abanye ukukwazi ukumelana nokusinda ebunzimeni. Ngokusho ngokuphindaphindiwe izinkulumo eziveza izindinganiso ezithile, ohulumeni bathuthukisa ukuqonda obala lokho okushiwo ukuba isakhamuzi esihle salesosizwe.
Le misebenzi yezindinganiso ivumela ohulumeni ukuba bakhe izindaba zesizwe ngokukhethayo ezifeza izinjongo zezombangazwe zamanje. Inkulumo egcizelela ukuzithemba ingasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukunciphisa izinhlelo zezenhlalo, kuyilapho omunye ogcizelela isibopho somunye engasekela ukwandisa isimo senhlalakahle. Ikheli elifanayo elingokomlando lingase lichazwe ngokwehlukile ngezindawo ezihlukene zokuphatha, i-osekutholeni kwalo kusekela umbono wabo othile wesiqondiso esifanelekile sesizwe.
Ukugunyaza Igunya Nomthetho Ngenhlangano Yomlando
Ohulumeni bavame ukusebenzisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando ukuze bagunyaze igunya labo nezimiso zabo ngokuhlanganisa abaholi abahlonishwayo kanye nezikhathi zesikhathi esidlule. Lelicebo lisebenza ngesimiso sokuthembeka okushintshwayo: uma umholi wamanje ezihlobanisa ngokuphumelelayo noma uhlelo lwakhe lomuntu othandekayo ongokomlando noma ukuphumelela kwezwe, ezinye zesikhundla salowomuntu negunya lokuziphatha kudluliselwa kulokhu okwamanje.
Leli cebo lokumisa lithatha izindlela eziningi. Umongameli angase anikeze ikheli elikhulu lenqubo endaweni efanayo lapho kwanikezwa khona inkulumo edumile engokomlando, akha izimpawu ezihambisanayo. Ukuxhumana nohulumeni kungacaphuna kakhulu izinkulumo ezingokomlando lapho kumenyezelwa izindlela ezintsha, ukuhlanganisa izimiso zamanje njengezokunwetshwa okungokwemvelo kwezimiso ezihlonishwayo. Abaholi bangamukela ngokuqiniseka indlela yokuphendula noma isignesha samagama ethandwayo sabaholi, izakhamuzi ukuba zibabheke njengabalandeli abafanelekayo besiko elihloniphekile.
Ukuphumelela kwalendlela kuxhomeke ekuvuselweni kwangempela kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando eziye zasetshenziswa. Izakhamuzi kakade kumelwe zizibheke njengezikhulumi zazo ukuze zinikeze ukufaneleka. Yingakho ohulumeni besebenzisa izakhiwo zesikhumbuzo ezingokomlando, iminyuziyamu, izifundo zangemva kwesikole, nemikhosi yomphakathi, ukuze bathuthukise inhloko - dolobha yamasiko engakhalwa kamuva ngezinjongo zezombangazwe.
Ukulungisa Izinqumo Ezinzima
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zibonakala zibaluleke kakhulu uma ohulumeni kumelwe bacele izakhamuzi ukuba zenze ukuzidela noma zamukele izimiso ezinzima. Ngokunxusa izinkulumo zezikhathi zempi, ukucindezeleka kwezomnotho, noma zezwe, abaholi bangahlela ubunzima bamanje njengengxenye yezinselele ezinkulu isizwe esiye sazinqoba ngokuphumelelayo. Umyalezo ocacile uwukuthi uma izizukulwane zangaphambili zikhuthazelela futhi ziphumelela ekulingweni kwazo, isizukulwane samanje singenza futhi kumelwe senze okufanayo.
Lelisu elingadingi mpendulo lisiza ohulumeni ukuba balawule ukulindela komphakathi futhi balondoloze ukusekela phakathi nezikhathi eziyinselele. Kunokuba babonise ubunzima njengokwehluleka kobuholi noma ukulawulwa, izikhombo ezingokomlando zivumela ohulumeni ukuba bababonise njengabangagwemekiyo abantu besizwe. Izinkulumo zezinkinga zesikhathi esidlule zinikeza imibhalo echaza indlela izakhamuzi okufanele zisabele ngayo ngokuzimisela, ubunye, nokholo ekunqobeni ekugcineni − ukuthi ithemba lohulumeni liyolinganiswa ngayo manje.
Ukumisa Izimiso Eziphambili
Ngaphandle kokunxusa okungokomzwelo, izinkulumo ezingokomlando zinganikeza inqubo elandelwayo esetshenziswa ohulumeni ukuze bathethelele izenzo zanamuhla. Uma umholi ongokomlando enikeza isimiso esithile noma anika isizwe isinyathelo esithile, amazwi abo angavezwa njengokumisa isiko elibophayo noma isibopho. Lokhu kuvame ikakhulukazi emazweni anamasiko aqinile omthetho sisekelo, lapho imibhalo yokusungula nezinkulumo ezichazayo zithwele igunya eliyi-consis.
Ohulumeni bangase banxuse izinkulumo ezingokomlando ukuze baphikise ngokuthi isimiso esihlongozwayo asisona isimiso esinethonya kodwa kunalokho ukubuyela ezimisweni zakuqala eziye zadebeselelwa noma zalibaleka. Lokhu kubeka abaholi ukuba bazibeke njengabalondolozi besiko ngisho nalapho besebenzisa izinguquko eziphawulekayo.
Ukungahleleki Okuhlelekile: Isikhathi Nendlela Ohulumeni Abasebenzisa Ngayo Izinkulumo Ezingokomlando
Ukuqonda lezi zindlela zenkulumo ezingokomlando ekuxhumaneni nohulumeni akuyona into ezenzakalelayo kodwa kulandela izindlela ezingokwezombangazwe, izilaleli nezinhloso.
Imikhosi Kazwelonke Nezikhumbuzo
Lezi zenzakalo ziklanyelwe ukukhumbula nokudumisa isikhathi esidlule, zenza kube ukusho okungokomlando okufanelekile kodwa okulindelekile. Ohulumeni basebenzisa lezi zikhathi ukunikeza izinkulumo ezicaphuna kakhulu noma izinkulumo ezibonisa umlando ezithathwe kakhulu kulezi zenzakalo ezikhunjulwayo.
Imikhosi yoSuku Lwenkululeko ivame ukuveza ukukhomba kokusungulwa kwezincwadi nezinkulumo zabaholi abavukelayo. Izinsuku zeSikhumbuzo ezidumisa amasosha awile asebenzisa amakheli esikhathi sempi achaza ukuthi kungani isizwe silwa nokuthi yiziphi izimiso ezazifanele ukufela ifa. Imikhosi yamalungelo omphakathi ikhuthaza izinkulumo zabaholi abahlela izinhlangano abamisa imibono yobulungisa nokulingana. Lemicikilisho engokwesiko ifeza ukuvuselela izibopho zesizwe ekusunguleni izinhloso futhi ikhumbuza izakhamuzi ngemizabalazo eyathonya izwe lakubo.
Izinsuku ezivelele zeminyaka engu-550, iminyaka eyikhulu, noma ngaphezulu kusukela kwesehlakalo esiphawulekayo . Izikhulu zivame ukumisa imikhosi ekhethekile, izincwadi, kanye nemisebenzi yezindaba ebeka izinkulumo ezingokomlando esikhungweni somkhosi. Le mikhosi inikeza amathuba okuchaza kabusha izinkulumo ezingokomlando zezizukulwane ezintsha, iqokomisa izici ezihambisana nezinkathazo zamanje kuyilapho ilulaza izici eziye zaba yimpikiswano noma ezingemnandi.
Izikhathi Zenhlekelele Nezimo Eziphuthumayo Zesizwe
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando ziba ezivelele kakhulu ekuxhumaneni nohulumeni phakathi nezinkinga − − izimpi, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, izinhlekelele zemvelo, ukuwohloka kwezomnotho, noma izifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Kulezi zikhathi zokwesaba nokungaqiniseki, ohulumeni bafinyelela ukunikeza ukuqinisekiswa kwezinhlekelele zesikhathi esidlule, isibindi, nokukhuthaza ukubambisana. Izinkulumo ezabonakala ziphumelela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zivuselelwa futhi zivuselelwa izinselele ezintsha.
Ukungakhulumisani okubangelwa izinkulumo zomlando ezingokomlando ngokuvamile kugcizelela izihloko eziningana: Isizwe siye sabhekana nezinsongo ezinkulu ngaphambi kokusinda, ubunye nokuzidela kuyadingeka ukuze sinqobe inselele yamanje, ukuhola okuqinile kuyoqondisa izwe phakathi nobunzima, futhi ekugcineni ukunqoba noma ukululama kuqinisekile uma izakhamuzi zihlala ziqinile. Ngokuhlela isimo samanje ngenselele engokomlando nokunqoba, ohulumeni bafuna ukuvimbela ukungethuki futhi balondoloze ukuqiniseka komphakathi emandleni abo okusingatha lesisimo.
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando eziqondile ezishiwo zixhomeke esimweni sale nhlekelele. Izimpi zempi zishukumisela izikhombo ezibhekiswe emakhelini empi ngokuphathelene nokuvikela inkululeko nokunqoba ubudlova. Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho kuholela ezingcaphunweni zezinkulumo ezanikezwa phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho noma ukucindezeleka okuye kwagcizelela ukuqina nokululama. Izimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi zingakhuthaza izinkulumo eziphathelene nokuhlanganisa umthwalo wemfanelo nokuvikela abasengozini. Esimweni ngasinye, umlando usebenza ekuchazeni isimo esivamile njengendlela isizwe esikwazi ngayo ukusingatha.
Imizamo Yezombangazwe Nokukhetha
Ezombangazwe ze - Elector zinikeza isizathu esihle sokusebenzisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando, njengoba abazohlanganyela kanye namaqembu bencintisana ukuze bazibeke njengefa langempela lamasiko nezindinganiso zesizwe.
Lokhu kuncintisana komlando kungaholela ezincazelweni ezithakazelisayo nasekuchazeni kabusha izinkulumo ezingokomlando. Ikheli elifanayo lingase likhonjwe abaphikisi ukuze basekele izikhundla eziphikisanayo, ngalinye ligcizelela izindinyana ezihlukene noma lifunde izincazelo ezihlukene zolimi oludidayo. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando ziba indawo lapho izimpi ezilwiwayo ngenxa yesimo sesizwe nesiqondiso zilwiwa ngezimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nalokho abaholi abasendulo abakushoyo ngempela nalokho amagama abo akufunayo kusizukulwane samanje.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhankaso yezinkulumo ezingokomlando kusiza futhi ekuphakamiseni izinkulumo zezombangazwe ngaphandle kwezimpikiswano ezingokwesimiso ezisemqoka nenjongo yobuzwe. Ngokufaka izikhalo zabo ngobuciko obungokomlando, abazofuna ukuqeda ukuhlukana ngokuhlukana futhi bakhulume ngezinto ezikhathazayo ezingapheli. Lelisu lingaphumelela ekuthumeleni abavoti abangase bagxeke izithembiso ezingokwezombangazwe ezivamile kodwa baphendule ekufakeni iziphakamiso ngolimi lwemibono yesizwe nomsebenzi wezomlando.
Izimemezelo Zemithetho Nezinyathelo Eziyinhloko
Lapho ohulumeni bememezela izinqubo ezintsha ezibalulekile, bavame ukuhlanganisa lezi zimemezelo ngezinkulumo ezingokomlando eziveza izimiso noma imigomo ehlobene. Lendlela engathakazelelwanga mpendulo isebenza ukuveza isimiso esisha hhayi njengokuhamba kodwa njengokugcwaliseka kwezibopho zesizwe esesinesikhathi eside sikhona. Inkulumo engokomlando inikeza umongo owenza isimiso sibonakale singenakugwenywa futhi sidingekile kunokuba sididelwe noma sixake.
Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni oqala uhlelo oluyinhloko lwezensekelo angase anxuse izinkulumo ezingokomlando ngokwakha isizwe nokutshala imali ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Ukulawula imingcele yamalungelo omphakathi kungakhomba amakheli angokomlando athathwe emzabalazweni wenhlangano yamalungelo abantu. Izinyathelo zokuhlola indawo zingasetshenziswa ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nobuphathi kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ezizulwini.
Ubuhlobo Obungenangqondo Nebangaphandle Emhlabeni Wonke
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zifeza indima futhi ekutheni ohulumeni baxhumana kanjani nezilaleli zomhlaba wonke nokuziphatha. Lapho bekhuluma nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe noma izikhungo zembulunga yonke, izikhulu zikahulumeni zingakhomba izinkulumo ezingokomlando zesizwe sazo ukuze zichaze izindinganiso, izibopho, nezimiso zemithetho yangaphandle. Lezi zicelo zisebenza ekuvezeni isizwe njengesingaguquguquki nezimiso, esiqondiswa yimiqondo ehlala njalo kunokuba iqondiswe ukuxoxisa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindaba ezingokomlando emhlabeni wonke kungabonisa futhi ukuqhubekela phambili kwenqubo yakwamanye amazwe ngaphesheya kwezindawo ezihlukene, ukuqinisekisa izitha ezisekelanayo nezixwayisa ngokuthi izikhundla eziyisisekelo azishintshi naphezu kokushintsha kobuholi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ohulumeni ngezinye izikhathi banxusa izinkulumo ezingokomlando ukuba zithethelele ukushintsha okukhulu kwenqubo yakwamanye amazwe, bephikisa ngokuthi babuyela ezimisweni eziyiqiniso kakhulu ngaphambi kwalokho ngemva kwenkathi yokuphambuka.
Izibonelo Eziphawulekayo Zokusetshenziswa Kohulumeni Ngokukhuluma Ngokomlando
Ukuhlola izibonelo eziqondile zendlela ohulumeni abaye basebenzisa ngayo izinkulumo ezingokomlando kukhanyisa amasu ahlukahlukene nomongo lelithuluzi lokuxhumana elibonakala liwusizo kuwo. Lezizibonelo zihlanganisa amazwe ahlukahlukene, izikhathi zezikhathi, nezimiso zezombangazwe, okubonisa ukukhanga komlando osetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ekubuseni.
Ukutholakala Kwamabhukwana Angokomthetho Kamongameli WaseMelika
I-United States mhlawumbe inikeza izibonelo ezibanzi kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kukahulumeni kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando, inikeza umlando wezwe omfushane kodwa obhalwe kakhulu futhi inkolo yawo yomphakathi igxile ezibhalweni zokusungulwa. Omongameli baseMelika bavame ukunxusa iSimemezelo senkululeko, soMthetho-sisekelo, nezinkulumo ngezibalo ezifana noGeorge Washington, Abraham Lincoln, noFranklin D ukuba bahlanganise izinselele nezimiso zanamuhla.
IDilesi kaLincoln i-Gettysburg, nakuba ingamagama angu-272 kuphela, iye yabhekiswa cishe kumongameli ngamunye olandelayo lapho exoxa ngobunye besizwe, umhlatshelo, noma incazelo yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Amazwi ayo okuvula ngokuthi isizwe sino "eMvukweni" kanye nesibopho saso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi "uhulumeni wabantu, ngabantu, ngeke ubhubhe emhlabeni" ube izisekelo zezezombangazwe zaseMelika eziseqenjini lemibono.
Ngokufanayo, ikheli lokuqala lika-Roosevelt, elidumile elisho ukuthi "into okuwukuphela kwento esiye sakwesaba iwukwesaba ngokwayo," liye lacelwa abaholi abaningi phakathi nobunzima obulandelayo ukuze bakhuthaze isibindi nokuzethemba. Izihloko ezibanzi zenkulumo eziphathelene nesidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni esiqinile phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zezomnotho ziyaqhubeka zithonya izimpikiswano eziphathelene nendima efanele kahulumeni ekuqondiseni umnotho.
UWinston Churchill Nesikhathi Sempi YaseBrithani
Izinkulumo zikaWinston Churchill phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ziye zaba yizimo ezihlala njalo empucukweni yezombangazwe yaseBrithani futhi zinxuswa njalo ohulumeni baseBrithani lapho bexoxa ngezinselele zesizwe. Izinkcazo ezinjenge "sizolwa emabhishi," "ihora labo elihle kakhulu," futhi "asingalokothi sizinikele" ziye zadlula umongo wabo wokuqala ukuze zibe izinkulumo ezivamile zokuzimisela nokuzimela kwaseBrithani.
Abaholi baseBrithani babhekisela ekukhulumeni kukaChurchill ngesikhathi sempi hhayi nje kuphela phakathi nezimpi kodwa futhi naphakathi nezinkinga zezomnotho, izingxoxo ze-Breexit, nezinye izikhathi lapho befisa ukuvusa umoya wobunye nokuzimisela kwesizwe. Izinkulumo zisebenza njengezikhumbuzo zesikhathi lapho iBrithani izimele yodwa imelene nosongo olubalulekile futhi yanqoba ngesibindi nangokuphikelela qhaza lokuthi ohulumeni bathola usizo lapho becela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhuthazelele ubunzima noma ukungaqiniseki.
Ukubuyisana KukaNelson Mandela NaseNingizimu Afrika
ENingizimu Afrika, izinkulumo zikaNelson Mandela, ikakhulukazi ikheli lakhe lokuqala njengomongameli ngo-1994, ziye zaba isisekelo sokuxhumana kukahulumeni ngobunye bobuzwe nokubuyisana. Inkulumo kaMandela yokwakha izwe lombango nokuhamba ngalé kobandlululo lunikeza uhlelo ohulumeni baseNingizimu Afrika abalandelayo abalukhuthazayo lapho bekhuluma ngokungalingani okuqhubekayo kwezinhlanga nezomnotho.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinkulumo zikaMandela zikahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika kubonisa indlela ukukhulumela okungokomlando okungafeza ngayo kokubili imisebenzi ehlanganisayo negxekayo. Nakuba amazwi akhe aphathelene nokubuyisana nokuthethelela ecelwa ukukhuthaza ukuhlangana kwesizwe, izinkulumo zakhe futhi zazinamacala aqinile okungalawuleki futhi zifuna ukulingana okungasetshenziswa ekubekezeleni ukuhluleka kukahulumeni ukubhekana nokungalingani okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kungenza ukuba izinkulumo ezingokomlando zibe amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi angacindezela futhi anikeze amandla anamandla kakhulu kulabo abazicelayo.
Abaholi Benkululeko Ezizweni Zangemva Kwekoloni
Amazwe amaningi angemva kwezindawo zobukoloni asebenzisa kakhulu izinkulumo zabaholi bawo abazibusayo ukuze bagunyaze igunya likahulumeni futhi bakhuthaze ukubonakala kwesizwe. ENdiya, izinkulumo zikaMahatma Gandhi noJawaharlal Nehru zibhekiselwa njalo ekuxhumaneni kukahulumeni ngentando yeningi, ubuzwe, ukushisekela ubuzwe, nentuthuko. IGhana inxusa uKwame Nkrumah ukuba avume ukuzibusa kanye nokubona kwakhe i-Afrika. I-Indonesia idweba izinkulumo zikaSukarno ngobunye besizwe nezobuzwe.
Leminxeba ifeza izinjongo eziningi ngemva kwezindawo zobukoloni. Ihlanganisa ohulumeni besikhathi sawo negunya elingokomthetho nelokuziphatha lokulwa kobuzwe ngokuzibusa, ikhuthaza ukuziqhenya kwesizwe ngokugubha ukufezwa kobukhosi, futhi inikeza izisekelo zemibono yomdabu ezingase zithathe amafilosofi ezombangazwe angaphandle kwezwe laseNtshonalanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusebenzisa izinkulumo zokuzibusa ngokukhetha kungafihla ubunkimbinkimbi balezi zikhulumi zabaholi kanye nendlela imibono yabo encintinyelwayo esizweni.
Ukushintsha KweYurophu Nombono Womlando
Izinhlangano ze-European Union kanye nohulumeni bamazwe bangamalungu bavame ukunxusa abaklami bezakhiwo zaseYurophu zokwenza izakhiwo − bafanisa uRobert Schuman, uJean Monnet, noKonrad Adenauer [1] lapho bexoxa ngenjongo ye-EU nangesikhathi esizayo. Lezi zinkulumo ezingokomlando zaveza imibono engokomlotha onokuthula, onobunye iYurophu ephakama emlotheni weMpi Yezwe II, futhi ziyaqhubeka zinikeza izisekelo zemibono yesakhiwo saseYurophu.
Ukukhishwa kwalezi zinkulumo zokusungula kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yenhlekelele ye-EU, njengenkinga yezikweletu ze-euro ozone noma i-Breexit. I-protegist ibhekisela ekuvimbeleni impi engokomlando nasekuthuthukiseni ukuchuma ngobunye ukuze kuphikiswane nezinhlangano zesizwe noma zobandlululo. Izinkulumo zisebenza njengezikhumbuzo zokuthi kungani ukuxubana kweYurophu kwaphishekelwa endaweni yokuqala nokuthi yiziphi izinhlekelele okwakuhloselwe ukuzivimbela.
Izindlela Zokusekela Izinkulumo Zomlando
Ohulumeni basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene eziqondile lapho behlanganisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezixhumana nabantu banamuhla.
Ukucaphuna Ngokuqondile Nokunikela
Isu elicacile kakhulu ukucaphuna ngokuqondile izindima ezithathwe ezinkulumweni ezingokomlando ezicacile ezinikeza isikhulumi sokuqala. Lendlela yokudayisa igunya nodumo lomuntu ongokomlando, ngokuyinhloko icela ukuthembeka kwazo ukuze zisekele isigijimi samanje. Ukucaphuna okuqondile kusebenza kangcono uma umbhalo ongokomlando waziwa kahle futhi kakade uphethe izinxulumani eziqinile zezilaleli.
Izinkulumo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile ziqala noma ziphetha ngezingcaphuno ezivela emakhelini angokomlando, zizisebenzisa njengemishini yokudweba iphimbo nomongo walokho okulandelayo. Ingcaphuno ekuqaleni ingamisa izihloko nezindinganiso ezizoqondisa inkulumo, kuyilapho ukucaphuna kokugcina kunganikeza isiphetho esikhuthazayo noma esikhumbulekayo esihlobanisa isigijimi sesikhathi esikhona nezimiso ezingaphelelwa isikhathi.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nokushintsha
Kunokuba bacaphuna ngokuqondile, ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni badlulisela izinkulumo ezingokomlando noma bavumelanise ulimi lwabo nomongo wamanje. Lendlela ivumela ukuvumelana ngokwengeziwe, njengoba isikhulumi singaguqula indlela yokukhuluma engokomlando ukuze ifanelane nezimo zamanje kuyilapho sisaphakamisa umoya wenkulumo yokuqala negunya. Ukudlulisa futhi kuvumela ohulumeni ukuba baguqule ulimi oludala noma basuse izinto ezingase zixake noma zingafanele izilaleli zanamuhla.
Abalobi bezinkulumo zezombangazwe abanekhono bangabhala izinkulumo ezibhalwe ngokugqamile kulo lonke ikheli lamanje ngezindlela ezibangela ukuqashelwa okucashile ngaphandle kokudonsela ukunakekela emthonjeni ongokomlando.
Ukuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo Nokuhleleka
Ezinye izixhumana zikahulumeni zilingisa isimo noma indlela yezinkulumo ezidumile ezingokomlando ngaphandle kokuzicaphuna ngokuqondile. Umholi angathatha izisetshenziswa ezingadingi mpendulo.(ukuziphendula, izakhiwo ezihambelanayo, izingcingo-zingcingo--fuzo) ezenza inkulumo engokomlando ingalibaleki futhi ibe ngcono. Lendlela yenza ukuhlangana okucacile nekheli elingokomlando kuyilapho ivumela isikhulumi samanje ukuba siveze izihloko zaso zokuqala.
Ngokwesibonelo, inkulumo kahulumeni ingasebenzisa i-aphora (ukuphindwa kwamagama ekuqaleni kwezinombolo ezilandelanayo) ilingisa izinkulumo ezidumile ezisebenzisa lomshini ngokuphumelelayo. I-simemezelo, ukuveza ithonya elingokomzwelo elifana nelomlando kuyilapho ikhuluma ngendaba ehluke ngokuphelele. Lendlela ivumela ohulumeni ukuba bazuze ezindleleni ezifakazelwe ngaphandle kokucindezelwa yizinkulumo ezingokomlando eziqondile.
Izinhlelo ezingokomfanekiso nezenzakalo
Ngokuvamile ohulumeni bathuthukisa indlela abasebenzisa ngayo izinkulumo ezingokomlando ngokuhambisa amakheli akhona ezindaweni ezihlobene nezinkulumo ezingokomlando ezidumile noma bawabeke ngesikhathi sokuvumelana nezinsuku zokukhumbula amakheli abalulekile.
Umongameli okhuluma ethatha ikheli eliyingqophamlando eveza izimpawu ezifanayo ezibonwa izilaleli ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kukhulunywe amagama. Ngokufanayo, uhlela uhlelo oluyinhloko lokugujwa kwezimpawu ezihlobene nezomlando zokuthi uhulumeni ubheka izenzo zalo njengeziqhubeka noma zifezekisa umsebenzi owenziwe kule kheli lokuqala. Lezi zilinganiso ezingokomfanekiso ziveza ithonya lanoma iziphi izinkulumo ezingokomlando.
Imizamo Yezokuxhumana Nezemidiyamu Nezemfundo
Ohulumeni banamuhla basebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokuxhumana ukuze bafake izinkulumo ezingokomlando ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi.
Lezi zindlela zokuxhumana zivumela ohulumeni ukuba bafinyelele izibukeli ezihlukahlukene ngezindlela eziningi namafomethi. Izakhamuzi ezisencane ezingase zingasabeli ezinkulumo ezingokwesiko zezombangazwe zingahlanganyela ekukhulumeni okungokomlando lapho zinikezwa ngemishini yezokuxhumana, nge-menugraphics, noma ngewebhusayithi yokuxhumana. Ngokwenza izinkulumo ezingokomlando zitholakale futhi zifaneleke ngemithombo yezindaba yanamuhla, ohulumeni banganweba ukufinyelela nokuthinta kwabo.
Indima Yemfundo Nezinhlangano Zempucuko
Ukuphumelela kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando njengamathuluzi okuxhumana kahulumeni kuxhomeke kakhulu ekujwayelaneni kwezakhamuzi nalezi zinkulumo kanye nokubaluleka kwazo kwempucuko. Ngakho - ke ohulumeni bafaka izimali ezinkulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinkulumo ezingokomlando zifundiswa, zikhunjulwa, futhi zigcinwe ngezimiso zemfundo nangezimiso zamasiko.
Imfundo Yesibalo Nezemfundo Yesiko
Imfundo yezwe ihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwezinkulumo ezibalulekile ezingokomlando njengengxenye yomlando, yezakhamuzi, noma yemfundo yobuciko yolimi. Abafundi abafundi abafundi nje kuphela lokho okuqukethwe yilezi zinkulumo kodwa futhi bafunda nomongo womlando wabo nokubaluleka kwazo.
Ukukhetha izinkulumo ezizohlanganisa isikole ngokwaso kuyisinqumo sezombangazwe esithinta ukuma kwesizwe nezindinganiso. Ohulumeni bathonya lokhu ngokukhetha ngemisebenzi yemfundo nangezindinganiso zohlelo, banqume ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi iziphi izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezizosetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo ngokwezombangazwe. Izinkulumo ezifundiswa izizukulwane zonke zesikole ziba ingxenye yolimi oluvamile oluhlanganyelwayo ohulumeni abangalusebenzisa ekuxhumaneni kwabo.
Iminyuziyamu, Amatshe Aqoshiwe, Nezinqolobane Zezinto Ezigciniwe
Ohulumeni bamisa futhi basekele iminyuziyamu, izikhumbuzo nezinqolobane ezinikezelwe ekulondolozeni nasekukhumbuleni izinkulumo ezingokomlando nezenzakalo eziwazungezile.
Izincwadi zikamongameli, izinqolobane zephalamende, neminyuziyamu yesizwe kuvame ukuveza imibukiso yezinkulumo ezidumile, ukuveza imibhalo yesandla yokuqala, amarekhodi noma amavidiyo, nezinto ezisekelwe kuyo ezisiza izivakashi ukuba ziqonde ukubaluleka kwezinkulumo. Lezi zinhlangano ziba izindawo zokuhambela amazwe lapho izakhamuzi zingahlangana khona nefa lazo lesizwe, futhi zinikeza ohulumeni izindawo zemikhosi nezenzakalo ezihlobanisa izombangazwe zanamuhla nezikhathi ezingokomlando.
Imithombo Yezindaba Nesiko Elithandwayo
Nakuba zingalawulwa ngokuqondile ohulumeni, imithombo yezindaba nempucuko ethandwayo kufeza indima ebalulekile ekugcineni izinkulumo ezingokomlando ziphila emphakathini.
Inkulumo evezwa ebhayisikobho ethandwayo noma uchungechunge lwethelevishini ingafinyelela izibukeli ezingasoze zabhekana nayo ngemfundo engokomthetho noma ngokuxhumana nohulumeni. Ohulumeni bayakuqaphela lokhu futhi ngezinye izikhathi basebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkulumo ezingokomlando zimelelwa ngezindlela ezithandwayo ezisekela ukulandisa nezincazelo zabo ezithandwayo.
Izinselele Nokugxeka Kokusebenzisa Inkulumo Engokomlando
Nakuba izinkulumo ezingokomlando zingaba amathuluzi anamandla okuxhumana, ukusetshenziswa kwazo ohulumeni kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu nokugxekwa.
Inkumbulo Eyingozi Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo Ngokomlando
Okunye ukugxeka okukhulu ukuthi ohulumeni babamba inkumbulo ekhethekile lapho befaka izinkulumo ezingokomlando, beqokomisa izindima ezisekela imibono ekhona manje kuyilapho bengazinaki noma bezishaya indiva izici ezingase ziphazamiseke noma ziphikisane.
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zivame ukuba nezinkimbinkimbi, ukuphikisana, noma izici ezibonisa ubandlululo nokulinganiselwa kwesikhathi sabo. Uma ohulumeni beshukumisa izingxenye noma bezishaya indiva eziyingozi, badala izinguqulo zomlando ezinezinkinga ezingase zibe usizo ngokwezombangazwe kodwa ezidukisayo ngokomlando. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lomkhuba uvimbela ukuqashelwa kokwethembeka nesikhathi esidlule futhi ungaqhubekisela izinganekwane ezifiphele ezingekho ngqiqweni ngomlando wesizwe.
Izincazelo Ezingatshazwa Nokuhlolwa Kwezombangazwe
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando ngokuvamile zichazwa ngokuncintisana, namaqembu ezombangazwe ahlukene ethi inkulumo efanayo isekela izikhundla zawo eziphikisanayo. Lokhu kuncintisana kungaholela ekumangaleleni ukuthi uhlangothi olulodwa noma olunye luyinkulumo engekho ngokomlando eqondene nezinjongo zokwahlukanisa. Lapho inkulumo eyayihloselwe ukuhlanganisa isizwe iba isikhali ezimpini ezihlukene, ukuphumelela kwayo njengethuluzi lokuxhumana elihlanganisayo kuyancishiswa.
Inkinga yokuhlobana kwezombangazwe ikhulu kakhulu ngezinkulumo zezibalo ezihlonishwa kakhulu kulo lonke uhlangothi lwezombangazwe. Uma ohulumeni abathuthukayo nabathatha imingcele bethi bayizindlalifa zefa lalowo muntu, izinkulumo ezingokomlando zingaphikiswa kangangokuba balahlekelwe ikhono labo lokwenza ukuvumelana kwangempela noma incazelo efanayo. Esikhundleni sokuhlukanisa, baba enye inkundla yengxabano yezombangazwe.
Ukungalungi Nezindinganiso Ezishintshayo
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zibonisa ngokungagwegwesi izindinganiso, imibono, nolimi lwesikhathi sabo, okungase kuhluke kakhulu ezimisweni zanamuhla.
Lenselele iye yaba nkulu kakhulu njengoba imiphakathi iye yaqaphela kakhulu izindaba ezinjengobandlululo lobuhlanga, ubulili nezinye izinhlobo zobandlululo ezazivame ukugxila ekukhulumeni komlando. inkulumo eyayibhekwa njengeshukumisayo esikhathini sayo ingase ibe nezilimi noma imibono ebhekwa njengeyingozi manje. Ohulumeni kumelwe basebenzise ukucindezela phakathi kokudumisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando njengezici ezibalulekile zempucuko nokuvuma ukulinganiselwa kwazo noma izici eziyinkinga.
Ukubuya Okubi Nokuwohloka Kwemizimba
Lapho ohulumeni bencika kakhulu ezinkulumoni ezingokomlando noma bezincenga njalo, ukukhuluma kungaphelelwa amandla ngenxa yokusebenzisa ngokweqile.
Uma abaholi becaphuna njalo izinkulumo eziphathelene nobulungisa, ukulingana, noma ukuzidela lapho bephishekela izinqubo eziphikisana nalezo zindinganiso, ukukhulumela okungokomlando kuba yize futhi kungase kubangele ngisho nokuphambana. Izakhamuzi zingabona ukusetshenziswa kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando njengemizamo yokukhomba izinqubo ezingathandeki ekuhlobiseni udumo olubolekiweyo lwesikhathi esidlule.
Ukukhishwa Kweziqu Nezimo Ezincane Zesizwe
Iqoqo lezinkulumo ezingokomlando ohulumeni abavame ukucela ukuba zibonise ukulandisa okuvelele kwesizwe okungase kukhiphe noma kunciphise okuhlangenwe nakho nemibono yamaqembu athile. Uma uhlu lwezinkulumo ezidumile ngokuyinhloko luhlanganisa amakheli abaholi abavela ebulilini obubodwa, ohlanga, noma esigabeni esithile sezenhlalo, lesi sibonelo siqinisa amazwi abo nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okubhekwa njengokubalulekile ekuzibonakaliseni kwesizwe.
Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ohulumeni kufanele bandise izinkulumo ezingokomlando ababhekisela kuzo zihlanganisa amazwi avela emiphakathini nasezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nalawo abekela amaqembu kahulumeni inselele noma amele amaqembu ancishisiwe. Indlela ebanzi yokukhuluma engokomlando ingasiza ekusunguleni ukulandisa kwesizwe okubonisa ngokunembile ukuhlukahluka okugcwele komlando wesizwe nomphakathi. Nokho, ohulumeni bangamelana nalokhu kwanda uma kungadinga ukuvuma izici ezingathandeki zomlando wezwe noma izicelo ezikhuthaza amandla kahulumeni.
Ukushintsha Kwenkathi Yezinombolo
Ukushintsha kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe kuye kwashintsha indlela ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo izinkulumo ezingokomlando ukuze baxhumane nezakhamuzi.
Ukufinyelela Nokulahla
Izinqolobane zezincwadi ze-odata kanye nezindawo zokuxhumana ze-website zenze izinkulumo ezingokomlando zatholakala kalula kunanini ngaphambili. Izakhamuzi manje zingathola kalula, zifunde, zibukele, noma zilalele izinkulumo ezazingase zidinge ukuvakashela izinqolobane ezingokoqobo noma imitapo yezincwadi. Lokhu kubekwa kwesimiso sentando yeningi kusho ukuthi ohulumeni abakwazi ukuchaza noma ukunikeza izinkulumo ezingokomlando ngokuqondile futhi bazichazele ngokwabo.
Lokhu kutholakala okukhulisiwe kunciphisa zombili izindlela zohulumeni. Kwesinye isandla, kuvumela ukuba bafinyelele izibukeli ezibanzi ngokukhuluma okungokomlando ngamawebhusayithi, izokuxhumana, nemikhankaso yezokuxhumana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi nangabagxeki ukubheka amaqiniso asho ukuthi izinkulumo ezingokomlando zithini noma zisho ukuthini, kungadalula ukucaphula okukhethayo noma ukuhlanekezela. Inkathi yezokuxhumana iye yenza ukusetshenziswa kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando zicace ngokwengeziwe futhi zihlolwe umphakathi.
Imithombo Yezindaba Nemiqondo Eyingozi
Ama-computer ezokuxhumana asungule izindlela ezintsha zohulumeni zokusakaza izinkulumo zomlando ngokuziluma, ngokuzihlela. Ingcaphuno enamandla evela enkulumweni engokomlando ingashintshwa ibe umfanekiso ofingqiwe, i-video emfushane, noma i-tweet efinyelela izigidi zabantu phakathi namahora. Le gciwane livumela ukuqamba okungokomlando ukuba kungene emphakathini ngezindlela ukuxhumana okungokwesiko kukahulumeni okungafinyeleli ngazo.
Nokho, ukugcizelela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana okufushane nokuthinta imizwelo kungakhuthaza ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando ezikhetheke kakhulu nokungaqondakali. Umusho owodwa noma amazwi ahlukanisiwe nomongo wawo ongathatha incazelo engazange ihloswe yisikhulumi sokuqala. Ohulumeni bangasebenzisa lesi simo sokusebenzisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando ngendlela ekhohlisayo, kuyilapho abagxeki bengasebenzisa amapulatifomu afanayo ukubekela inselele nokubeka imibandela uhulumeni ezingxoxweni ezingokomlando.
Ukushintsha Nokubhala Ngemisebe Yezinto Eziningi
Amathuluzi emishini enza ukuba izinkulumo ezingokomlando eziyinkimbinkimbi zibuye zihlolwe ngendlela yamanje, umculo, nezithombe zibangele imiyalezo enamandla. Ohulumeni bakhiqiza amavidiyo ahlanganisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando nezithombe zezenzakalo zamanje, adale ukulandisa okungokomzwelo okuhlobanisa isikhathi esidlule nesimanje. Lemisebenzi ingaphumelela kakhulu ekudluliseleni izimpendulo ezingokomzwelo ezifunwayo kanye nokuchaza izindaba zanamuhla ezingokomlando.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqamba kalula kwe-remixing kweminuber kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi nabashisekeli bangasungula izinguqulo zabo siqu ezingase ziphikise noma zihlanekezele ukulandisa kukahulumeni. Inkulumo yomlando uhulumeni acela ukusekela izimiso zakhe ingase iphazanyiswe abagxeki ukuze baqokomise ukuphikisana phakathi kwezimiso zenkulumo nezenzo zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwesimiso sokukhiqiza imithombo yezindaba kuye kwenza ukusetshenziswa kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando kwaba inqubo ephikiswayo nenamandla.
Ukufinyelela Kwembulunga Yonke Nokuxhumana Okusesiphambanweni
Ama-teccodic avumela izinkulumo ezingokomlando ukuba zifinyelele izilaleli zembulunga yonke, hhayi izakhamuzi ezihlalayo kuphela. Ohulumeni basebenzisa kakhulu izinkulumo ezingokomlando ekuxhumaneni kwabo kwezizwe ngezizwe, bazi ukuthi izinkulumo zingahunyushwa kalula, zibhalwe, futhi zihlangane emikhawulweni. Lokhu kufinyelela kwembulunga yonke kungathuthukisa amandla athambile esizwe ngokuveza izinhloso zaso zomlando nabaholi ezibukelweni zomhlaba wonke.
Nokho, izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezizwakalayo ezisemqoka ezweni zingase zingahunyushi kahle emingceleni yamasiko. Izikhombo nezikhombo ezibaluleke ngokushesha ezibukelweni zasekhaya zingase zilahleke kubantu bezizwe zonke abangenaso isizinda esingokwesiko ukuze baqonde ukubaluleka kwazo. Ngakho - ke ohulumeni kumelwe bavumelanise ukusebenzisa kwabo izinkulumo ezingokomlando kuye ngokuthi baxhumana yini ngokuyinhloko nezilaleli zasekhaya noma zomhlaba wonke.
Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Izimiso Ezihlukene Zezombangazwe
Ukuhlola lezi zici ezihlukahlukene zezombangazwe, okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando nezindinganiso zamasiko kuyiveza indlela ukuhlelwa kwezombangazwe nendima yokukhuluma okungokomlando ekubuseni.
Izimiso Zentando Yeningi Nomlando Ophendulwayo
Ezimisweni zentando yeningi ezinokhetho oluncintisanayo nenkululeko yokukhuluma, izinkulumo ezingokomlando ziba izindawo zokuncintisana kwezombangazwe lapho amaqembu ahlukahlukene nezinhlangano kuncintisana khona ukuze kuthathe ifa lezithombe ezihlonishwayo nezikhathi ezihlonishwayo. Lomncintiswano ungaba yimpikiswano enempilo, eqhubekayo ngezindinganiso nesiqondiso sesizwe, kodwa futhi ungaholela ekutheni umlando ushintshwe ngendlela elulaza ukulandisa kwezizwe.
Ohulumeni bentando yeningi kumelwe basebenzise inselele yokukhuthaza izinkulumo ezingokomlando ngezindlela ezithinta isisekelo sabo sezombangazwe kuyilapho bengabavoti abamelene ngokuphelele nabaphikisi. Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelela kakhulu kokukhuluma okungokomlando entando yeningi kuthambekele ezinkonzweni eziqondisa inhlonipho eqotho ehlukaniswe ezombangazwe, nakuba izinkulumo ezinjalo ezihlonishwayo emhlabeni wonke zingavamile kakhulu ezimweni zezombangazwe ezihlukene.
Izimiso Zobulobi Nomlando Ongokomthetho
Ohulumeni abanegunya bavame ukusebenzisa ukulawula okuqinile kakhulu ukuthi yiziphi izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezigujwayo nokuthi zichazwa kanjani. Imithombo yezindaba yoMbuso elawulwayo, izimiso zemfundo, nezinhlangano zamasiko kuveza izinguqulo ezingokomthetho zezinkulumo ezingokomlando ezisekela ukufaneleka nomqondo wombuso. Ukungavumelani nezincazelo noma izikhombo zezinkulumo ezingase ziphikise igunya likahulumeni zinciphiswe noma zincishiswe.
Kulezimiso, izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezisungulwa abaholi noma abantu abavukelayo ngokuvamile zithatha isikhundla esingcwele, namazwi abo abhekwa njengamaqiniso angathandeki athethelela izimiso zamanje kanye nezakhiwo zamandla. Ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni kwalezi zinkulumo akunakunxenxela ngokushukumisa ngekhono lokukhuluma nangokuqinisa imibono engokwesiko nokubonisa ukuqhubeka kwemibono engokwenguquko noma ukusungula. Izakhamuzi zingadingeka ukuba zibambe futhi zisho izinkulumo ezingokomlando njengemiboniso yokwethembeka kwezombangazwe.
I - post - Confusion and Transformal Societies
Izinhlangano ezivela ezimpikiswaneni noma ekubuseni ngempoqo zibhekene nezinselele ezithile ekusebenziseni izinkulumo ezingokomlando. Izinkulumo ezazigujwa ngaphansi kwemibuso yangaphambili manje zingase ziphikiswa noma zenqatshwe, kuyilapho ohulumeni abasha befuna ukuphakamisa amazwi acushiwe kanye nokulandisa okuhlukile okungokomlando. Lenqubo yokuphinda ingxabano engokomlando ingaba nengxabano, njengoba amaqembu ahlukene enemibono ephikisanayo engaphambili okufanele ahlonishwe futhi adelwe.
Ohulumeni abaguquli bavame ukunxusa abaholi abaphikisayo, abameleli bamalungelo abantu, noma abashisekeli bentando yeningi ababekela imibuso yangaphambili inselele. Lendlela engathakazelelwanga mpendulo isiza ekugunyazeni uhlelo olusha ngokuluhlanganisa ekulweleni ubulungisa nenkululeko. Nokho, lungaqinisa ukuhlukana uma izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi zisafana nombuso wangaphambili kanye nokulandisa kwalo okungokomlando. Ukuthola izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezingahlanganisa kunokuba zihlukanise kuba inselele ebalulekile kohulumeni abafuna ukwakha ukubuyisana kwesizwe.
Ikusasa Lezinkulumo Ezingokomlando Ekuxhumaneni Nohulumeni
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana namasiko ezombangazwe kuqhubeka kushintsha, indima yezinkulumo ezingokomlando ekuxhumaneni nohulumeni cishe iyoshintsha ngezindlela eziphawulekayo.
Ukwandisa Ugebe
Kunokucindezela ohulumeni okwandayo kokwandisa uhlu lwezinkulumo ezingokomlando abazicela njalo ukuba zihlanganise amazwi namibono ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kwanda kungenza ukukhulumela okungokomlando kube okuhlanganisayo nokumelelayo, okungaqinisa amandla akho okuhlanganisa ngokuvumela izakhamuzi eziningi ukuba zizibone zibonakaliswa ekulandiseni okudumile kwezizwe. Ohulumeni abakwaziyo ukwandisa izikhombo zabo ezingokomlando bangase bathole ukuthi lokhu kwahlukahlukahluka komlando kuthuthukisa amandla ezinkulumo njengamathuluzi okuxhumana.
Nokho, ukwandisa uhlu lwezincwadi zomthetho nakho kuletha izinselele. Izinkulumo eziphakeme ezisanda kumiswa zingase zingakutholi ukujwayelana kwamasiko nokuvelela okuqongelelwe kwezinto ezithandwa kakhulu, ezidinga ohulumeni ukuba bazifake emfundweni nasekukhumbuzweni ukuze bakhe ukuqashelwa kwabo negunya.
Ukuhlanganyela Nokuhlanganyela
Ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana busiza ekusebenziseni izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezihambisana nezici ezihambisana kakhulu nezingadingeki. Kunokuba bamane badlulisele izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezibukelini ezingenzi lutho, ohulumeni bangase bavule amapulatifomu lapho izakhamuzi zingahlola khona, zixoxe futhi zichaze kabusha izinkulumo ezingokomlando. Le ndlela yokudlulisela izinkulumo zomphakathi ingajulisa ukuthembisana komphakathi nomlando wesizwe kuyilapho futhi yenza uhulumeni asebenzise izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezibonisa ngokucacile nezilandisayo.
Imisebenzi yokuchaza yezixuku, izingxoxo ze-inthanethi, namathuluzi okufundisa ahambisanayo kungavumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinikele imibono yazo siqu kulokho izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezikushoyo nendlela okufanele zizise ngayo isimiso samanje. Nakuba lokhu kuchazwa kwesimiso sokubusa ngokwentando yeningi kunganciphisa ukulawulwa kukahulumeni ekulandiseni okungokomlando, kungadala futhi ukuqonda okuyiqiniso nokuhlanganyelwa kabanzi kwefa lesizwe ekugcineni okuqinisa ukufaneleka kwezingxoxo zikahulumeni ezidonsekela lelofa.
Ukulinganisela Isiko Nokuzivuselela
Ohulumeni besikhathi esizayo kuyodingeka balinganisele ukusetshenziswa kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando okuqhubekayo kanye nesidingo sokukhuluma okusha, kwakuqala okukhuluma ngezinselele zamanje ngolimi lwamanje. Ukuthembela ngokweqile esikhathini esidlule kungenza ohulumeni babonakale besabuka emuva futhi bengakwazi ukuchaza imibono eshukumisayo yesikhathi esizayo. Ukuxhumana kukahulumeni okuphumelela kakhulu cishe kuyohlanganisa inhlonipho ngokuhlakanipha okungokomlando kanye nokucabanga okusha ngezinkinga ezintsha namathuba amasha.
Lokhu kulinganisela kungahlanganisa ukusebenzisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando hhayi njengemibhalo ephindwayo kodwa njengesiqalo sezimpawu zamanje nokuzivumelanisa. Ohulumeni bangacela ukulandisa okungokomlando kuyilapho bevuma ukuthi izimo ziye zashintsha kanjani nokuthi izimiso ezibekwe ezinkulumweni zakudala kumelwe zichazwe kabusha noma zidluliselwe kanjani ekusingatheni izinto ezintsha. Lendlela ingadumisa ezidlule kuyilapho ibonisa ukuthi ukucabanga kukahulumeni akuvalelekile kuyo.
Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Neyezizwe Ezihlukahlukene
Njengoba izinselele zembulunga yonke ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, imiqedazwe, nokuncintisana kwezomnotho kudinga ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, ohulumeni bangase baqhubeke bekhuthaza hhayi izinkulumo ezingokomlando nje kuphela kodwa nezinkulumo zamazwe ngamazwe ezigcizelela izindinganiso zabantu nezinselele ezifanayo.
Lokhu kuhwebelana kwezindlela zomlando kungasiza ohulumeni ukuba bahlele izimiso zasekhaya ezisemikhakheni emikhulu yomhlaba wonke futhi bakhe ukusekela ukubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Nokho, futhi kufaka izingozi zokunciphisa izimpawu zesizwe ezihlukile futhi kungase kubhekane nokumelana nezakhamuzi ezikhetha ukugcizelelwa kobukhosi besizwe kanye nobezwe. Ohulumeni kuyodingeka basebenzise ngokucophelela phakathi kokulandisa komlando wezwe nowembulunga yonke.
Ukunakekela Okuwusizo Kokusetshenziswa Ngokuphumelelayo
Ukuze ohulumeni basebenzise izinkulumo ezingokomlando ngokuphumelelayo ezingxoxweni zabo, ukucabangela okuningi okuwusizo kungathuthukisa ithonya futhi kugweme izingibe ezivamile.
Ukuba yiqiniso Nokuxhumana Kwangempela
Lapho abaholi bekholelwa ngokucacile ezimisweni eziqokonyiswe ezinkulumweni ezingokomlando futhi bekhuluma ngazo ngokuqiniseka okuyiqiniso, izilaleli zisabela ngokuqiniseka.
Ohulumeni kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi abaholi ababiza izinkulumo ezingokomlando bavumelana kahle nomongo ogcwele kanye nalokho okuqukethwe yilezo zinkulumo, abajwayelene nje nezingcaphuno ezikhethiwe. Lolwazi olujulile luvumela ukuchazwa okucacile nokuthembekile okubonisa ukuhlanganiswa kwangempela nemiqondo engokomlando kunokuveza izinkulumo ezidumile.
Ukufaneleka kombhalo
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando kufanele zisetshenziswe emongweni lapho zibaluleke ngempela futhi zifanelekile, zingaphoqelelwa ukuba zingene ezimweni lapho ukuxhumana kuphazamisekile noma kungenziwa khona. Ukusetshenziswa okunamandla kakhulu kokulandisa komlando kwenzeka lapho kunezinto ezingokoqobo ezifanayo phakathi kwesikhathi esingokomlando esibhekiswe kanye nesimo samanje. Uma lokhu kufana kucacile futhi kushukumisa, izinkulumo ezingokomlando zingakhanyisa izinselele futhi zisikisele izindlela ezisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambili.
Ohulumeni kufanele bagweme isilingo sokunxusa izinkulumo ezingokomlando ngenxa nje yokuthi zidumile noma zishukumisa uma zingahlobene ngempela nendaba ekhona. Ukuphoqelelwa noma ukukhomba okungafanele kungabonakala kungenathemba noma kucindezela, kululaze kunokuba kuthuthukise isigijimi sikahulumeni.
Ukwazi Ubunkimbinkimbi
Kunokuba banikeze izinkulumo ezingokomlando njengezilula nezicacile zamaqiniso angunaphakade, ohulumeni bangathuthukisa ukwethemba kwabo ngokuvuma ubunkimbinkimbi nokuphikisa kobuciko bomlando.
Lendlela ecacile yezinkulumo zomlando ingaqinisa ukuphumelela kwabo ngokubonisa ukwethembeka kokuhlakanipha nokuhlonipha ukuhlakanipha kwezakhamuzi. Ivumela ohulumeni ukuba bahileleke ekukhulumeni okungokomlando ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivuma ukubaluleka nokulinganiselwa kwazo, benze indawo yokuxoxa ngokukhululekile ngokuthi ukuhlakanipha kwangesikhathi esidlule kufanele kunikeze incazelo eqotho yezenzo zamanje.
Ukuhambisana Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zisebenza kangcono uma zihlanganiswa ekuxhumaneni okubanzi okucacisa imibono yamanje kanye nezihlongozo ezicacile zezimiso. Izimpawu zesikhathi esidlule kufanele ziphelelise kunokuthatha indawo yokubheka phambili ucabanga ngendlela yokusingatha izinselele zamanje. Izinkulumo zikahulumeni eziphumelela kakhulu zisebenzisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezithatha izinyathelo eziqinile ezithatha isikhathi eside ezibonisa ukuthi izinkinga ezintsha zidinga amakhambi amasha atshelwa kodwa angalinganiselwe engqondweni engokomlando.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kudinga ukubhalwa kwekhono lokukhuluma okuhlanganisa izici ezingokomlando neziphila ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle komthungo. Izikhombo ezingokomlando kufanele zizizwe njengezingxenye ezingokwemvelo zempikiswano enkulu kunokuba zifakwe ngaphandle ukuze zisebenze. Uma lokhu kuhlangana kwenziwa kahle, kuveza ukuxhumana okudumisa isiko kuyilapho kubonisa ukucabanga okusha ngekusasa.
Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Ezincwadi Zomlando
Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zihlala zingamathuluzi anamandla okuxhumana nohulumeni naphezu kwe-(noma mhlawumbe ngenxa ye-("inguquko enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe, umphakathi, nezombangazwe eye yenzeka kusukela izinkulumo eziningi ezidumile ziqalwe. La makheli asendulo ayaqhubeka ezwakala ngoba aveza izifiso zabantu eziyisisekelo nezindinganiso ezidlula izifiso zabo ezingokomlando. Isifiso senkululeko, ubulungisa, ukulondeka, ukuchuma, nesithunzi esishukumisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando sisasebenza namuhla njengalapho izinkulumo zokuqala zinikezwa khona.
Ohulumeni abasebenzisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando baqaphela ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi bahlanganyela emasikweni aphilayo aqhubeka ebumba ubuzwe namasiko ezombangazwe. Lezinkulumo azizona izingcezu zomnyuziyamu ezizolondolozwa enhlakalweni kodwa izici ezinamandla zezingxoxo eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nokuthi singabantu nabaphi, lokho esikubheka njengezibalulekile, nokuthi sihambaphi. Uma zicelwa ngeqiniso, ngokufanelekile, nangenhlonipho yangempela ngobunkimbinkimbinkimbi, izinkulumo ezingokomlando zingavala imingcele edlulile neyamanje, zihlanganise izakhamuzi ezihlukene ngemibono efanayo, futhi zinikeze imithombo yokuziphatha neyo ehlakaniphile ukuze zibhekane nezinselele zamanje.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando zohulumeni kumelwe kuhlolwe ngokucusumbula nangokuncintisana kwentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi kufanele zifune ukuba ohulumeni bahlanganyele ngokwethembeka ngokukhuluma okungokomlando, baqaphele umongo nomphumela wayo ogcwele kunokukhetha izindima ezingcono. Ukuchazwa kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando kufanele kuhlale kuvulekele ekuphikisaneni nasekubukezeni njengoba imiphakathi iqala ukuvela kanye nemibono emisha. Izinkcayelo zezindaba kumelwe zifundise kodwa zingaminyazi ukucabanga kwamanje ngendlela yokwakha ngokulunga, ukuchuma, nokungaguquguquki kwemiphakathi.
Njengoba siqhubekela phambili enkathini yezibalo, njengoba ithola ulwazi olungenakulinganiswa nokusetshenziswa kwedemokrasi ekuxhumaneni, ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni nezinkulumo ezingokomlando buyoqhubeka buzivelela. Ubuchwepheshe obusha buyokha izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganyela ekukhulumeni okungokomlando, kuyilapho futhi benza uhulumeni asebenzise leyo mifanekiso ebhalwe ngokucace ngokwengeziwe futhi elandisayo. Izincwadi zezinkulumo ezigujwayo cishe ziyokhula zihlanganise amazwi ahlukahlukene kakhulu, futhi izincazelo zezinkulumo ezingokwesiko ziyoqhubeka ziphikiswa futhi zicwe.
Ekugcineni, amandla ezinkulumo ezingokomlando ekuxhumaneni nohulumeni atholakala ekhonweni labo lokusihlanganisa nento enkulu kunezimo zethu ezikhona, ukubhekana nezimpi nokufezwa kwezizukulwane ezidlule, umuzwa wenjongo yesizwe kanye nokubonakala okudlula ukuhlukana okungokobuhlanga. Uma ohulumeni besebenzisa lezi zinkulumo ngokuhlakanipha nangokukahle, bafaka imithombo ejulile yencazelo nomzwelo ongasishukumisa, uhlanganise, futhi ukhuthaze izakhamuzi. Uma besebenzisa kabi noma besebenzisa kabi ukukhulumela okungokomlando, bafaka engozini yokugxeka nokuhlukana. Inseleleko yohulumeni iwukuhlonipha okwadlula ukuhlukana okusalokhu kugxile ekusaseni okuzayo, ukuzuza ukuhlakanipha okungokomlando kuyilapho beqaphela ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye ekugcineni kumelwe sithole izimpendulo zaso, sihlanganise izinselele esibhekene nazo.
Kuzo izakhamuzi, ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo izinkulumo ezingokomlando kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngamasu okuxhumana kwezombangazwe kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindaba zesizwe. Ngokuthatha indiva futhi ngokucabangela kokubili ngezinkulumo ezingokomlando ngokwazo kanye nezinxusa zamanje zazo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuhloleni intando yeningi ngezindinganiso zesizwe, ukuchaza, ubunikazi, nesiqondiso. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando azizona ezohulumeni kuphela kodwa ziyingxenye yazo zonke izakhamuzi njengengxenye yefa lethu elihlanganyelwe, ifa esinalo kokubili ilungelo nomthwalo wokuchaza, ukuphikisana, futhi ziqhubekele phambili phambili esikhathini esizayo esingaqinisekile kodwa esinethemba.
Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngobuciko bokukhuluma nokuxhumana kwezombangazwe, vakashela imithombo enjenge- American Retoric Online Speech Bank, enikeza ukufinyelela ezinkulungwaneni zezinkulumo ezingokomlando ezibalulekile. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abathunga ngayo imilayezo yomphakathi, iziQuembu zezwe [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [] inikeza iqoqo elikhulu lezokuxhumana nomthetho kahulumeni wezokuxhumana nezincwadi ezisemthethweni. Ukuqonda umongongosikhomba wezi ezingoko ezidumileyo kungathuthukiswa ngemithombo yezemfundo etholakala ezinhlanganweni zeSishayamthetho [[FLT:] [FLT] [[FLT]], okugcina izinqolobane zemi yomlando wezombangazwe nezincwadi zezombangazwe zaseMelika.