Uhulumeni bagcina kanjani amandla phezu kwezigidi zabantu? Impendulo ayilula. Amandla angavela evumeni yomthetho-sisekelo, emvumeni yababuswayo, emasikweni, noma ngisho nasemgqonyeni wesibhamu. Ukuqonda lezi sisekelo kubucayi kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhileleka ngokwenjongo kwezombangazwe, ugcina abaholi belandisa, noma bazi nje ukuthi kungani umthetho unegunya. Lesi sihloko sihlola imithombo, izinkolelo, nezinhlobo zamandla kahulumeni, futhi sichaza ukuthi kungani izindaba ezingokomthetho zababusi nezakhamuzi zisebenza ngokusemthethweni.

Imithombo Yamandla Kahulumeni

Igunya labo lakhiwe ezisekelweni ezithile, ngokuvamile okuxubana nezici ezingokomthetho, ezingokomlando nezingokwenhlalo.

Igunya Lomthetho - sisekelo

Ezizweni zanamuhla, umthombo obonakalayo kakhulu wamandla umthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe noma ongabhalwanga. Umthetho-sisekelo umisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni, usakaza amagunya phakathi kwamagatsha, futhi ubeka imingcele kulokho uhulumeni ongakwenza. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. unikeza i-Constitution amandla okukhokha intela nokumemezela impi, kuyilapho ugcina amanye amandla emibuso noma abantu. Lomthetho wesisekelo unikeza ukubikezela nokuzinza; izakhamuzi nezikhulu ziyayazi imithetho yalomdlalo. Igunya lomthetho-Constitution livame ukubonwa njengendinganiso yegolide yokubusa okungokomthetho ngoba iklanywe ngezinqubo zamabomu kuphela futhi ingalungiswa ngezimiso ezikhethekile.

Ukubusa Okuthandwayo

Engxenyeni yentando yeningi kunesimiso sokuthi amandla asuka kubantu. Ubukhosi obuthandwayo busho ukuthi ilungelo likahulumeni lokubusa lisekelwe ekuvumeni kwababuswayo, okuvame ukuboniswa ngokhetho oluvamile, olukhululekile. Uma izakhamuzi zivota, ziphathisa igunya, zinikeza unyunde olufaneleko olusuka kubantu ngabanye luye esifundeni. Lomqondo wawuwukweqa ushintsho lapho uvela phakathi nenkathi yokukhanyiselwa futhi uhlale uqinile kwezimiso zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. ISimemezelo se-Frence sigomela ukuthi ohulumeni bathola "amandla abo alungile evumelwaneni yabalawulwayo""" ubukhosi obuthandwayo buyisimiso sezimiso ezibusayo.""

Ilungelo Laphezulu

Emlandweni omkhulu wabantu, ababusi bathi igunya labo lalivela ngokuqondile kunkulunkulu noma onkulunkulu. Imfundiso yelungelo laphezulu lamakhosi, ikakhulukazi evelele eYurophu phakathi nekhulu le-16 nele-17, yayikholelwa ukuthi amakhosi ayenempendulo kuNkulunkulu kuphela, hhayi ezinyaweni zawo. Ukuphikisa inkosi kwakulingana nokubekela inselele intando yaphezulu. Nakuba lomthombo wamandla unciphile kakhulu edemokraties yanamuhla, isathonya abanye ohulumeni banamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, emakhosini amaningana aphelele, njengaseSaudi Arabia, igunya lombusi uhlangene nenkolo. Ngisho nasebukhosini benkosi engokomthetho njengombuso weZweni elihlangene, uhlala uyinhloko yeSonto laseNgilandi, insali engokomfanekiso yegunya laphezulu.

Amandla Nenkonkoniyu

Akubona bonke ohulumeni abathola amandla ngokuvuma noma ngomthetho. Abanye banegunya ngokusongela noma ukusebenzisa amandla. Izikhulu zezempi, zobushiqela, nemibuso yebushiqela zivame ukuthembela emabuthweni ahlomile, emaphoyiseni ayimfihlo, nakuqapheni ukuze kunqandwe ukuphikiswa futhi kulondolozwe. Nakuba ukuphoqelelwa kukodwa nje kubangela ukufaneleka okuthatha isikhathi eside, kungasekela amandla amashumi eminyaka. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi izakhamuzi zilalela hhayi ngoba zikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni unelungelo lokubusa, kodwa ngenxa yokwesaba imiphumela yokungalaleli. Lomthombo wamandla awunyakazeki nhlobo; uma nje ibutho noma amaphoyisa ewa, umbuso ngokuvamile uyawa.

Isiko Nempumelelo Ehleliwe

Amasiko nemikhuba emide ingagunyazwa futhi. Imibuso yamamonarchy idlulisela amandla kumzali kuya kumntwana, futhi izakhamuzi zingakwamukela lokhu ngoba "kunjalo ukuthi bekunjalo njalo." Igunya lesiko, njengoba lichazwa isazi sezenhlalo uMax Weber, lisekelwe ekukholelweni okumisiwe ebungcweleni bamasiko ayisikhumbuzo. Lokhu kuhlukile egunyeni lomthetho, elisekelwe emithethweni eminingi. Emiphakathini eminingi, abaholi besiko, njengamakhosi esizwe noma abadala bezindawo basekela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho.

Igunya Elinamandla

Abanye abaholi bathola amandla hhayi ngemithetho, ngokhetho, noma ngefa, kodwa ngezimfanelo zabo ezingavamile. Igunya lobuqhawe, elichazwa nguMax Weber, liqala lapho abalandeli bekholelwa ukuthi umholi unikwe amandla angavamile, ngisho nangaphezu kwamandla omuntu. Cabanga ngezibalo ezinjengoMahatma Gandhi, uMartin Luther King Jr., noma uNelson Mandela. Charism angakhuthaza ushintsho olungokwenguquko nomphakathi, kodwa lungalula kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi luxhomeke ekusebenziseni u-magnethis, ngokuvamile liyahluleka ukusinda. Ngemva kokuba umholi wesihemu onamandla athathekile, ukushintshela phambili ngokomthetho noma igunya elingokwesiko, noma ukugxazulula izingozi.

Izifundo Zomdabu Zegunya

Ngaphandle kwemithombo edwetshiwe, izazi zefilosofi yezombangazwe nezazi zezenhlalo ziye zasungula imibono echaza ukuthi kungani abantu bemukela igunya nendlela izakhiwo zamandla ezilondolozwa ngayo.

Inkolelo - mbono Yezenhlalo

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo singenye yemibono enethonya elikhulu kwezombangazwe zaseNtshonalanga. Siveza ukuthi abantu bavuma ngokuzithandela ukwakha umphakathi futhi bamise uhulumeni ukuze bathole ukulondeka, ukuhleleka, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abo.

  • Thomas Hobbes waphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kukahulumeni, ukuphila kuyoba "impi yabo bonke" — izisulu, abampofu, amanyala, amabhuleki, futhi emfushane. Kulo 1651 incwadi Leviatan, uHobbes waphetha ngokuthi abantu kumelwe banikele cishe zonke inkululeko yabo kumbusi onamandla okugcina ukuthula. Ngosizo lukaHobbes, igunya livela ekwesabeni isiphithiphithi.
  • uJohn Locke wayenombono wethemba kakhulu. Izivumelwano Ezimbili zikaHulumeni [[FLT:] [1689]], uLocke waphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. Bakha uhulumeni ukuze bavikele lawomalungelo, kodwa uma uhulumeni eba nonya, abantu banelungelo lokuvukela.
  • Joan-Jacques Rousseau wagcizelela i-"gamente" — isithakazelo sabantu bonke. I-Contract [1762], uRousseau wabhala ukuthi igunya elingokomthetho livela kubantu njengeqembu, hhayi kunoma imuphi umbusi. Imibono yakhe ephefumlelwe yokubusa ngentando yeningi kanye nemicabango yamuva yezezenhlalo.

Inkolelo-mbono yenhlanganisela ilokhu ibalulekile ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nobubanzi bamandla kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezinjengokwehlisa intela, ukuqapha, nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i- Encyclopedia ye-Philophy engenelwe kuyi-consiarianism[.

Ukuthambekela Kwegunya LikaMarx

UKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels banikeza incazelo ehluke kakhulu. Baphikisa ngokuthi igunya lombuso aliwona umkhiqizo wentando yentando yaphezulu, kodwa ithuluzi elisetshenziswa isigaba esibusayo ukugcina ukubusa kwayo kwezomnotho. Emphakathini wezenkampali, uhulumeni ufeza izithakazelo ze-bourgeousie (abaphathi bokukhiqizwa) futhi ucindezela i-proletariat (isigaba esisebenzayo). Imithetho, amaphoyisa, izinkantolo, kanye nayo yonke imisebenzi yezempi ukuze kuvikelwe impahla yomuntu siqu nokuxhashazwa kwakhe. Ku-Marx, igunya leqiniso alikwazi ukuba khona kuze kube yilapho ukuhlukanisa kwesigaba sesifundazwe kuqedwe futhi lenkolelo kahulumeni "ingabalawuli bakhona." Le mfundiso ichaza isizathu sokuba imibuso eminingi yemithetho izishayamthetho isho ukusebenza isigaba lapho icindezela ukuphikisa ngonya.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zegunya likaMax Weber

Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseJalimane uMax Weber sanikeza isisekelo se-typology esisasetshenziswa kabanzi. Saphawula izinhlobo ezintathu ezicwengile zegunya elilinganayo:

  • Igunya lezenqubo — elisekelwe emasikweni akudala amisiwe kanye nokukholelwa ebungcweleni besiko. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ufuzo lwenkosi nezikhulu zesizwe.
  • Igunya lezenkolo — elisekelwe ezimfanelweni ezikhethekile zomuntu siqu zikamholi, ngokuvamile obhekwa njengeqhawe noma ephefumlelwe ngokwaphezulu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa abaprofethi benkolo, abaholi abavukelayo, kanye nezilinganiso zamahlelo.
  • Igunya le-Rosal-legal — elisekelwe esimisweni semithetho ehleliwe nezimiso. Igunya libekwe ehhovisi, hhayi kumuntu ngamunye. Izindawo zanamuhla, idemokrasi, idemokrasi, nezimiso zomthetho ziyizibonelo eziphambili. Lena yindlela eqinile emiphakathini emikhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi.

Weber waphawula ukuthi ohulumeni abaningi bezwe bangempela bayingxubevange. Ngokwesibonelo, inkosi engokomthetho ihlanganisa igunya elingokwesiko (umqhele) negunya elinengqondo (iphalamende nomthetho-sisekelo). Ukuhlaziya kwakhe kusabalulekile ukuze aqonde ukuthi kungani abantu belalela imithetho ngisho noma bengavumelani nayo. Ukuze bahlole ngokujulile, bheka [[FLT: 0] isayensi yeminyaka kaMax Weber[FLT].

Imfundiso Yokuba Umfundisi

Umthetho uyinkolelo yokuthi uhulumeni unelungelo lokubusa. Ngaphandle komthetho, uhulumeni kumelwe uthembele ekuphoqeleleni, okubizayo futhi okungaguquguquki. Isazi sezezombangazwe uDavid Beetham sahlongoza isakhiwo esinezingxenye ezintathu: amandla angokomthetho uma (1) evumelana nemithetho emisiwe (ukufaneleka kwemithetho), (2) leyo mithetho ivunywa yizinkolelo ezifanayo (ukuvumelana kwenkolo okungalawuleki), kanye (3) nezenzo ezibuswayo ezibonisa ukuvuma (izenzo zemvume). Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ngisho nohulumeni wobushiqela ngokuvamile benkani bezama ukuveza ukufaneleka komthetho ngokhetho, inkulumo - zecala, noma ukunxusa ubuzwe.

Izinhlobo Zegunya Likahulumeni

Indlela uhulumeni asebenzisa ngayo amandla inquma ubuntu bakhe nenkululeko izakhamuzi zakhe eziyijabulelayo. Nazi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimiso zezombangazwe, ngasinye sinemithombo ehlukile nezinkolelo - mbono zegunya.

Intando Yeningi Nezici Zayo Ezihlukahlukene

Intando yeningi isho "ukubusa kwabantu" ihlangene ngokuqondile nobukhosi obuthandwayo negunya elinengqondo. Ukuhluka okukhulu kuhlanganisa:

  • Izakhamuzi zivote ngezimiso nangemithetho ngokwazo. I-Athene yasendulo yakwenza lokhu emihlanganweni, futhi iSwitzerland yanamuhla isebenzisa ama-arenteum avamile. Isebenza kangcono kakhulu emiphakathini emincane.
  • Imelela iDemocracy:[ Izakhamuzi ezikhethelwa izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo. Lena indlela evame kakhulu, esetshenziswa e-United States, eJalimane, eNdiya, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi.
  • Intando yeningi yesigaba: ihamba ngaphandle kokuvota ukukhuthaza ukuhileleka okuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi ekubuseni ngokulalela umphakathi, ngamabhodi omphakathi, nokuhlola okuxega. Ihlose ukujulisa ukubopha kwentando yeningi.

Imibuso ithola amalungelo omthetho okhetho, kodwa idinga futhi ukukhishwa kwezindaba mahhala, ihubo elizimele, nesivikelo samalungelo amancane ukuze ahlale enempilo.

Ubugunya Nobushiqela

Ezimisweni zempoqo, amandla agxilwe kumholi oyedwa noma ku-plot omncane, onenkululeko encane yezombangazwe yezakhamuzi. Uma zikhona, izikhundla azincintisani. [[FLT: 0]] Imibuso yamaTotalitarian iwuhlobo oludlulele lapho uhulumeni uzama ukulawula zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi nokwangasese, kuhlanganise nomqondo, imithombo yezindaba, nomkhaya. IJalimane neSoviet Union yamaNazi ne-Stalin iyisibonelo esivelele. Lemibuso ngokuvamile ithembele ekuphoqeni, inkulumo ekhohlisayo, negunya elingokwesiko lokugcina amandla. Intula ukwethembeka emehlweni ezazi eziningi zezezombangazwe zezombangazwe, nokwethulezinto.

Umbusi

Ifa le-monarchy ye-applican ye-monacy enkosini eyodwa, ngokuvamile efuzwa njengefa. Absolute umbuso (umz., Saudi Arabia, Oman) inikeza i-monarch amandla anganqandeki, asekelwa yigunya lenkolo noma elingokwesiko. ama-monsitualion [ [umz., i-United Kingdom, iJapane, iSweden) ilinganisela indima yemisebenzi yemikhosi yenkosi, ngokubusa okungokoqobo okuthwalwa yikho ekhokhwani. Actritualion monationalials providiousss [[FLT] [[FLT] [e.G. g., i-United Kingdom, i-Sweden)

I - oligarchy

I-Oligarchy isho ukubusa okumbalwa. Amandla abekwa iqembu elincane elisekelwe engcebweni, ezibophweni zomkhaya, ekulawuleni impi, noma ethonyeni lezombangazwe. I-Aleverance neRiphabliki yamaRoma (eminyakeni yamuva) ziyizibonelo ezingokomlando. Namuhla, abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi idemokrasi ethile ecebile iba yizigebengu ezibusayo, lapho inqubo ephakeme kakhulu ilawula ngeminikelo yomkhankaso futhi ithathela phambili. Umehluko phakathi kwentando yeningi ne-oligarchy ungafica lapho amandla ezomnotho ehumushela ngokuqondile emandleni ezombangazwe.

Umbuso ongokwasezulwini

Embusweni ongokwasezulwini, abaholi benkolo bathi banegunya elivela kuNkulunkulu. Imithetho isekelwe emibhalweni engokwenkolo, futhi uhulumeni uphoqelela imfundiso engokwenkolo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Iran (lapho uMholi oPhakeme ewumfundisi) neDolobha laseVatican. Igunya elingokwasezulwini lithola inhlanganisela yegunya laphezulu nelemvelo noma elingokwesiko.

Isisekelo Sokufaneleka Kwemithetho

Lapho izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni unelungelo lokubusa, zivumelana nemithetho ngokuzithandela, ngisho noma zingavumelani nezimiso ezithile.

  • [ Ubuhle nokulingana ngaphansi koMthetho: Lapho imithetho isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi — abacebile nabampofu, abanamandla nababuthakathaka — abantu bathambekele kakhulu ekubhekeni lesi simiso njengokulungile. ukonakala noma ukukhetha kuqeda umthetho.
  • Imvume kanye nokulandisa: Inkululeko kahulumeni, inkululeko yolwazi, kanye nezindikimba zobubonisi (njengezinhloli ne-ombustsme)) zakha ukwethembana. Izakhamuzi zidinga ukubona ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa ngokunengqondo nokuthi izikhulu zingasuswa uma zisebenzisa kabi amandla.
  • Ukuhlanganyela okunenzuzo:[[[FT:1] Abantu abanezwi ezinqumweni — ngokuvota, ngokubuza umphakathi, noma ngezinhlangano zomphakathi — bazizwa benomuzwa wokuba ngabaphathi. Uma ukuhlanganyela kulinganiselwe noma kungenanjongo, kunenkinga engokomthetho.
  • Imiphumela kanye nemisebenzi: Uhulumeni onikeza ukulondeka, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izisekelo zemisebenzi, nethuba lezomnotho kwahlulelwa ngemiphumela yayo. Ukubusa okungenamiphumela, ngisho noma kulawulwa ngentando yeningi, kungaholela ekudumazekeni nasekulahlekelweni ngokomthetho.
  • I-Rouble yoMthetho: Mhlawumbe isici esibaluleke kakhulu. Uma izakhamuzi nezikhulu ziboshwe yimithetho ecacile, eqinisekile, isimiso sizuza ukuqina. Ukubusa komthetho kuyisici esiyisisekelo segunya elinengqondo.

Ukungagunyazi kungasongelwa futhi izenzakalo ezinjengonya lwamaphoyisa, ukukhwabanisa kokhetho, noma inkinga enkulu yezomnotho. Ukuzibuyisela ngokuvamile kudinga izinguquko zezinhlangano, izikhomishane zeqiniso, noma izivumelwano ezintsha zomthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ushintsho lweNingizimu Afrika kusuka kubandlululo luye kuhulumeni wentando yeningi lwahilela ukubuyiselwa okuyisisekelo kwezwe ngoMthetho-sisekelo ka 1996 ne-Qiniso neKhomishane. Funda okwengeziwe kumthetho-mthetho wezwe .

Okwenza Kubaluleke Ngezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abazuza futhi balondoloze ngayo amandla akuyona indlela yokufunda, kodwa kuthinta zonke izakhamuzi ngokuqondile.

  • Ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa i-Pivic Adminiment: Lapho abantu beqaphela imithombo yegunya (umzk., umthetho-sisekelo umelene nokwenziwa kwamandla asebenza ngokusebenza komoya), bangahlola abathatha i-Profethi kanye nezimiso ezigxeka kakhulu. Bangabona ngokusho okungenanjongo ngo-"intando yabantu" futhi babambe abaholi ekulawuleni umthetho.
  • Izakhamuzi eziphaphameleyo: Imibono yegunya ingahlela izimpikiswano zazo ngendlela ezwakalayo. Uma uhulumeni ethembele egunyeni elinengqondo, abasekeli bangakhomba izikhala emthethweni noma eqenjini. Uma igunya lingokwesiko, bangakhanga emasikweni amade okulunga.
  • Ukuthatha Icala likaHulumeni: Umthetho umgwaqo ohamba ngezindlela ezimbili. Ohulumeni abaphula imingcele yabo yomthetho-sisekelo noma abangayinaki imvume yabo siqu balahlekelwa ukuzisholo kwabo okuthandwayo egunyeni. Izakhamuzi zingahlela ukuvukela, zivote izikhulu, ziphishekele izinselele ezingokomthetho, noma ngisho zisekele inguquko engokomthetho-mthetho.
  • Ukuvikela Amalungelo namaLungelo: Ulwazi lwegunya lunika izakhamuzi amathuluzi okumelana nokuphamba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqonda ukwahlukana kwamagunya kuyasiza abantu babone uma igatsha elilodwa lidlula indima yalo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kuNew York Times Co. v. United States [10] [7] [7]) iqinisekisiwe ukuthi ngisho nomongameli akanakuqinisa imingcele ngaphambi kokuba anyathelise iphephandaba ngaphandle kwegunya elingokomthetho.
  • Ukuqinisa i-democratic Culture:[ Ekugcineni, ukubusa ngentando yeningi okunempilo kuxhomeke ekuthembiseneni, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi ezihlanganyela hhayi nje ngosuku lokhetho, kodwa unyaka wonke. Ukuqonda amandla akhuthaza ukubuza, ukucabangisisa, nokuncintisana ngokuthula.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni bathola amandla abo ngokuxubana nomthetho - sisekelo, ukuvumelana okuthandwayo, isiko, isiko, ukuphoqelela, ukuphoqelela, futhi ngisho nokusho kwaphezulu. Imibono yesivumelwano sezenhlalo, uMarx, negunya leWeberia isiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani abantu bemukela lowomandla nalokho okuwenza abe khona. Uhlobo lukahulumeni — ubudedewuli, ubushiqela, ubuphoqele, noma ububusi obungokwasezulwini — luyithonya kakhulu indlela igunya elisetshenziswa ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi eziphila ngayo. Enhliziyweni yalo, ukufaneleka kuxhomeke ekuqondeni, ekuqondeni, ekuhlanganyeleni, nasekufezeni kwayo.

Kubantu abahlala khona, ukuqonda lemiqondo akuyona into yokunethezeka. Kuyisisekelo sokuthembisana ngolwazi, ukuqapha okuphumelelayo, nokulandisa okunenjongo.