Isingeniso: Indima Yesisekelo Sempucuko Yezombangazwe Ekubuseni Kwezakhiwo

Ukwakhiwa kwezwe elithile : usakaza amandla phakathi kohulumeni besifunda noma ugxilisa amandla aso egunyeni elisenkabeni ("ingekhona umkhiqizo womthetho-sisekelo kuphela."Ivela futhi kumelwe izwane nezwe [ lezombangazwe[ labantu bayo: izimo zengqondo, izinkolelo, nezindinganiso eziqinile, amandla, igunya, ukuhlanganyela, nendima kahulumeni emphakathini. Ukuqonda lendawo kugxeka ngoba isimo sikahulumeni esiphikisana nempucuko yezombangazwe singaba nokuntengantengantenga, ukulingana, nokulawula okungalawuleki. Ngokungafani, uma isimo nempucuko kuvumelana, umbuso cishe kufinyelela ukuthula, ukuchuma kwezomnotho, nokwaneliseka. [FFOT]]

Amasiko ezombangazwe awaguquguquki; aguqukela kokuhlangenwe nakho komlando, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, kanye nemikhuba yokuhlela. Nokho amasu ayo ayinhloko `asebuthweni noma ebuthweni lesifunda noma ebuso, ukuqoqa noma ukuthatha i-opersonations, ukuthatha isikhundla noma ukuthatha iqhaza. (ukuthatha i-"ukwenza inkathi phambili"indlela yokubusa" noma "ukulawula" ngezindlela ezithile. Isibonelo, imiphakathi enezimo eziqinile zesifunda, izinhlobonhlobo zolimi, noma isiko lomthetho wokwehlukana ngokwendawo ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa kangcono ngezimiso zikahulumeni ezivumela i-Equalic. Ngokungafani, imiphakathi enomqondo oqinile wobunye besizwe, ubuzwe, ubuzwe, noma umlando wombuso obuphakathi ungasebenza kahle ngaphansi kwesimiso esiqinile somthetho owenziweyo wombuso owehlukene.

Ukubaluleka kwalokhu kuhleleka kuye kwagcizelelwa ososayensi bezombangazwe kusuka Gebriel Almond noSidney Verba ku u-Ares Lijphart[, ophikisa ngokuthi impumelelo yezinhlangano zentando yeningi ixhomeke ekuhlanganeni kwempucuko yezombangazwe engaphansi kwezombangazwe. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba amazwe amaningi aye azama ukuthoba i-cratiation ne devolution, imiphumela ewusizo iye yaba sobala kakhulu. Izizwe ezibeka isimo sikahulumeni esisemkhundleni ephakathi kwezimiso ezivame ukubhekana nokuhluleka kokusebenza kwezimiso zomphakathi, kuyilapho izimiso ezibekwe ezindaweni ezinamandla ze-palcess. Ngokuhlola lamandla, siyakwazi ukuveza izinqubo zezimiso ze-elective.

Ukuchaza Izimiso Zokuhlangana Nezokuhlangana

Isimiso esinemithetho eqinile iyilungiselelo lezombangazwe lapho ubukhosi buhlukaniswa khona ngokomthetho-mthetho phakathi kukahulumeni ophakathi nezifundazwe (izifundazwe, i-Länder, i-cantons). Womabili amazinga kahulumeni anegunya eliqondile phezu kwezakhamuzi, futhi futhi ngeke nakancane aqede ezinye. Izibonelo zesigaba zihlanganisa iUnited States[FLT], [[FLT:]], [[FLT]] [FLT:] [5], [[FLT:], [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [5], [[FLT]] inje iziciodscesss ezinqwini eziningi, futhi zivimbela iziciko, futhi zimelela imibuso eminingi.[FLT], futhi zimelela imibuso ehlukahlukene, futhi zimelela imibuso ehlukahlukene.[Fonke]

Isimiso sokuhlanganisa [[FLT: 0] ngokungafani, ingubo ephakeme kuhulumeni owodwa ophakathi. Izingxenye zezizwe zonke ($FLT: 3), iminyango, i-parefes , isebenzisa kuphela lawomandla agunyawayo ngegunya eliphakathi futhi angahlelwa kabusha noma aqedwe ngenkaba. [FLT:] izifunda ezivelele zihlanganisa [[FLT:] u-France[[FLT]], , [[FLT:]]] Japanian [, [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] , [inani elivamile], [inani elivamile], noma izinhlelo zezombangazwe, noma ezinhlanganweni kwezombangazwe, zingavuma ukuyenzisa, noma ukuyenzisa, futhi izinhlelo zezombangazwe.[FLT]

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umehluko awuzizo zombili. Izimo eziningi ze-unitary ziye zamukela izinhlobo ze ukuziphendukela kwemvelo noma iregionalitution[ edala izici ze-quasi-ferance. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United Kingdom devolved greescesss ku-Scotland, Wales, ne-Northern Ireland, kuyilapho ihlala ingumbuso we-gractialism emfundisweni engokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, ichazwa kaningi njenge "isiko le-ommist" nohulumeni besifunda, kodwa ingasebenzi isimiso sombuso wezwelo. Lezi ziveza indlela yokuzimonkathi ehlangeneyo eveza inqubo yezombangazwe ewumthetho ewusekela ngisho nokufaneleka ngokuhlelwa kwe-produrativelty.

Ukuze uthole ukucaciswa okubanzi kwezimiso zikahulumeni nohlelo lwe-unity, bheka Britannica ukungena kuhulumeni kanye nongeniso ezizweni ezihlangene[[. Lemicebo inikeza izincazelo ezicaciswe kabanzi zomthetho-mthetho kanye nomongo womlando.

Umbono Wesiko Lezombangazwe: Izinkolelo Nemibono Ehlukahlukene

Impucuko yezombangazwe ibhekisela endleleni yezimiso zokwenza izinto ([FLT: 1]], ekufundeni kwazo okuphawulekayo kubambelele esimisweni sezombangazwe, ezinhlanganweni zazo, nasendimani yazo ngaphakathi kuso. Gabriel Almond noSidney Verba [[[[FLT:]]]], ekufundeni kwabo okuphawulekayo [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]]] [[FLT]]]] [[FLT]] [inani elivamile] [inani elivamile] [elithengisekile] noma elizinhlangothini], [izihluphane], [[FLT]] [5]], [izinhlangothi ezinhlangothini zombili zombuso], [izinhlangothi zombili zombuso], [ivo], [FLT] kanye nezingames.[9]]

Ngaphandle kwalenqubo evelele ye - typology, impucuko yezombangazwe ingahlaziywa ngezilinganiso eziningana eziyisihluthulelo ezikuthinta ngokuqondile ukufaneleka kwezimiso zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni:

  • Ukuthemba uhulumeni nezakhamuzi ezikanye naye: Ukwethenjwa kakhulu emphakathini kuvame ukwenza kube lula ukuphatha kahle, njengoba abantu abaphezulu bendawo bebhekwa njengabanesibopho sokulandisa. Ukwethemba okuphansi kungaholela ekufuneni ukuphatha okuqinile.
  • Ubuzwe bungancintisana nobuqoqi: Amasiko angabantu ngabanye (umz. United States) angakhetha ubuzwe njengendlela yokuhlola amandla aphakathi, kuyilapho ukuqoqa amasiko (umz., eJapane) kungamukela igunya eliphethe ukuhwebelana ngezinto ezihlangene.
  • isici sesifunda nophawu lwesizwe: ukwethembeka okuqinile kwesizwe (ilimi, uhlanga, inkolo) kudala ukucindezela kwamalungiselelo kahulumeni noma ozimele. Ukusekela ukubusa kwe-octal yesifunda okungenamandla.
  • [ Ukuthobela igunya: Amasiko anebanga eliphezulu likagesi (ukwamukelwa kwe-hierrast) kungangcono kakhulu ngezimiso zohlelo lwe-unity, kuyilapho amasiko alinganayo angafuna ukuhlolwa kwe-ocester nge-constalism.
  • Isigaba kanye nezindlela zokuzivumelanisa: amasiko aphakeme angakhetha ukulawulwa kwezwe ngoba anikeza amaphuzu amaningi okungena, kuyilapho amasiko ahloniphekile angavuma izinqumo ezivela kugunya elikhulu.

Lezizilinganiso zihlobene nezindawo ezingokomlando − ukubuswa kwezwe, ukuvukelwa, izimpi , ukuveza amasiko ahlukene esizwe ezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, okuhlangenwe nakho kombuso wenkosi ephelele eFrance kwadala isiko eliqinile lobufandamentali, kuyilapho ukungathemba kwamandla agxilile kwaseMelika kwaqinisa i-ethos ye-somstrist. Ukunciphisana okujulile kwendlela yezombangazwe, bheka [[[FLT:]] le Oxford Bibliographes engenele esikweni sezombangazwe.

Isiko Eliyimibukiso Nezinto Ezihlukahlukene

Umqondo we-Almond ne-Verda wempucuko ye- ye-bivic `ingxube elinganiselwe yabathathi-nxaxheba, izihloko, nezindlela zokuqondisa i-parochoial" ekuqaleni yayivezwa njengesisekelo sempucuko sentando yeningi eqinile. Ezimisweni kahulumeni, impucuko yomphakathi isiza ekulawuleni ukungezwani okungokwemvelo phakathi kweziphathimandla eziphakathi nezifunda. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zikwazi ukuzihlanganisa nesizwe nesifundazwe noma isifundazwe, futhi zithembe womabili amazinga kahulumeni ukuze zifeze indima yazo. Ezimisweni zesifunda, impucuko ingabonakala njengokusekela uhulumeni ophakathi njengesithakazeli esingokomthetho sesithakazelo sesizwe, ihlangene nokuhlanganyela ekuqondiseni umsebenzi wendawo.

Ukucwaninga okulandelayo, okuphawulwe kakhulu Ronald Inglehart kanye ne-[FLT] Christian Welzel [, kuhlanganise impucuko yezombangazwe nokubaluleka okukhulu — kusukela ekuzisindiseni kuya emazingeni aphezulu — okuthonya izintando zokuthobisa nokulawula. Ama-teethina agcizelela izindinganiso zokuzicindezela athambekele ekuthandeni izakhiwo ezihloniphekile, eziphansi-kuphakama, kanti ukusinda kungazihlela kahle nokuphumelela okunikezwa yisikhungo esiqinile.

Ukuthatha indawo kuwukuthi isiko lezombangazwe alilona elodwa ngaphakathi ezweni. Ukusuka kwemiphakathi, ubuzwe, ubuzwe, inkolo ngokuphawulekayo kusuka kwezwe. Lokhu kuhlukahlukahluka okungaphakathi kungenxa yesizathu esenza ukuba ubuzwe bube yisimiso esithandwayo: kuvumela amasiko ahlukahlukene avumela izindlela zawo zokuzigcina ezezobupolitiki kuyilapho esele ingxenye yenyunyana enkulu. Ngokuhlukile, isimiso somphakathi singalwisana uma sizama ukubeka indlela eyodwa yesiko ekwakheni imingcele engokwesiko.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo Nesiko: Impumelelo Enganqunywa

Impikiswano eyisisekelo yalesi sihloko ukuthi impumelelo yezifunda zikahulumeni noma ze-unitary ixhomeke ekuhlelekeni kwezinga phakathi kwesakhiwo sikahulumeni nempucuko yezombangazwe ekhona. Kodwa u-"sus" usho ukuthini kulomongo? Kumelwe siqale sichaze imibambo ngaphambi kokuhlola izibalo.

Izinhlelo Zohulumeni Eziphumelelayo

Ukuqina Nesinqumo Esingqubuzanayo

Isimiso sikahulumeni esiphumelelayo sinciphisa izingxabano zangaphakathi futhi silondoloze ukuzinza kwezombangazwe. Izimiso ze-Federal ngokuvamile ziklanyelwe ukusingatha ukuhlukana okujulile kwezenhlalo ngokunikeza izifunda ezizimele, kanjalo kunciphe amathuba obudlova bamazwe. Izimiso zobumbano, ngokuncika emithethweni efanayo nasegunyeni elikhulu, zingavimbela ukuhlukana kobukhosi. Isihluthulelo ukuthi isiko lisekela inqubo ekhethiwe yempikiswayo. Umbuso wezwe lase Switzerland usebenza ngoba amasiko alo akhona azisa ukulawulwa kwendawo futhi anesiko elide lokulawula amandla. Isimiso saseFrance sisebenza ngenxa yobunye besizwe ngaphezu kokungezwani kwezifunda.

Isimiso Sezomnotho

Ukuncishiswa kwezimiso kungathuthukisa impumelelo yezomnotho ngokuvumela izimiso ukuba zivumelane nezimo zendawo, kodwa kungaholela futhi ezizweni ezikhulela ekuhlulekeni kwezomnotho. Izimiso zokuhlanganisa zingafeza izinguquko zezomnotho ngokushesha, kodwa zingazishaya indiva izinto ezicazekile zendawo. Impumelelo ixhomeke emasikweni ezomnotho: ezindaweni ezisebuthweni ezithembekile neziphethe umthetho ophakeme (umz., iJalimane), inqubo ehloniphekile yezomnotho esebenzayo isebenza kahle; ezizweni zikahulumeni ngenkohlakalo nangokuthumba okuphakeme (umz. Nigeria), ingenzeke i-ebatebate ukungalingani. Izimiso zokuhlanganisa nge-baulticacracracs eziqinileyo (umz., Singapore) zingafinyelela ukukhula okuncomekayo, kuyilapho lezo ezisezindaweni ezingasebenzi zikhona kuzo zonke izikhungo ezikhona.

Ukwaneliseka Kwezakhamuzi Nokuba Ingcweti

Impumelelo enkulu ilinganiswa ngenkolelo yezakhamuzi yokuthi isimiso silungile futhi siyasabela. Uma isakhiwo sivumelana namathemba angokwesiko, izakhamuzi zibheka uhulumeni njengomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, amaMelika ayawazisa amandla nokulawula kwendawo, ngakho uhulumeni usekela ukuba semthethweni. Izakhamuzi zaseFrance ziyakwazisa ukulingana phambi kwezwe elifanayo, ngakho ukuhlanganisa kusekela ngokomthetho. Uma kunokungalingani − njengokubekwa umthetho oyinhloko endaweni ehlukile engokwesiko.

Le mimeter ayigqwala kodwa inikeza uhlelo lokuqhathanisa ukusebenza kwezifunda zikahulumeni no-unity ngokwemikhakha ehlukile. Ukuze uthole umbono ongokwemfundo ngokulinganiswa kobubusi, bheka i- Provicentivation Division Divicts [ ye World Bank, okuyindlela yokulawula umthetho, ukuphumelela kukahulumeni, nezwi nokulandisa emazweni.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zezimiso Zokuhlola

E - United States: Isizwe ngasinye Nesizwe

Isimiso se-Australia sasungulwa abasunguli abangawathembi amandla akhethekile futhi bawazisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Impucuko yezombangazwe yase-United States, egcizelela i-individialism, ihlela amalungelo [, [[FLT]], kanye no-uquality [umphant [umbuso] we-"FLT], inikeze isisekelo esiqinile sombuso wombuso wezwe. Isimiso siye savuleka isilinganiso esingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, ukunweba indawo yezemisebenzi, ukuchuma kwezemisebenzi, nezingxabano ezijulile, kuhlanganise nempi yomphakathi, futhi kuqhubeke impumelelo yempi yomphakathi. Impumelelo yezwe lonke. Umbuso wezwe uyavuma ekusebenziseni "ukubusa kwesimiso sezembutho yezezezenhlala phambili, inzuzo yezezezwe, kodwa ikhona, iziphekalela imibuso zezombangazwe, ikhona, imithombo yezombangazwe, futhi iphinde iphinde ibonakale, izimo

ENdiya: Ukulawula Ukuhlukahluka Kwezigaba Zomphakathi

Isimiso sikahulumeni saseNdiya samukelwa ngemva kokuhlelwa kwezindawo ezihlukene ukuze kulawule amabutho olimi, enkolo, namasiko ahlukene ngokwezinhlanga. Impucuko yezombangazwe yaseNdiya ibonakala ngokuqina kwezindawo zesifunda, ngokuvamile isekelwe olimini (umz., Tamil, Bengali, Punjabian) namazwe angokomlando. Isimiso sezwe, esinezigaba ezihlelwe ngokulandelana kwemigqa yolimi, siye sabaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni amabutho ezwe. Impumelelo ye-Calformationism ibonakala ekukhuthazeleni kwayo njengedemokhrasi enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, njengoba nje uhulumeni ophakathi kwe-New Delhilhi uke ngezinye izikhathi ulawule ngamalungiselelo omthetho we-mthetho-mthetho (um., i-fig.) kanye nokulawula kwezombangazwe okuyenziwayo yonke indawo, njengoba kuvunyelelwa kakhulu izizwe eziningi zesizwe.

IJalimane: Inhlangano Yesizwe Nesiko Elihlangene

Isimiso sezwelonke ` i-Bundesrepublik . . ikhiwe esikweni lezombangazwe i-operation ne i-consensenus[FLT][FLT]. Umthetho oyisisekelo (Grundesetz) wamisa isimiso lapho i-Länder (amazwe) amaningi asebenzisa khona imithetho kazwelonke, futhi i-Boundetrat (indlu ephezulu) imelela khona isifundazwe lonke. Lokhu "umbuso wombuso wombuso"" usekela khona kanye nezimiso zezombangazwe, izakhiwo zezombangazwe zezwe lonke. I-RGUMMM.[FLT][FFOLY][7] Impumelelo yombuso wezwe lonke, futhi iveza ukusekela impumelelo kwemiyalo yezwezwe lonke.

Ukuhlola Izimiso Ezimbaxa - mbili

IFrance: Ukuhlalisana Kwabantu Nokubumbana Kwamazwe AseRepublic

IFrance iyigunya eliphethe i-paradigmatic continary, enendawo yezombangazwe ekhona kusukela iNguquko iye yagcizelela ubunye be-trablican ne igunya eliphethe i-parediral [[. Izwe laseFrance liphakathi kakhulu: uMongameli nePhalamende eParis, futhi imele izifundazwe ezisenkabeni zikahulumeni kuzo zonke i-département. Lesi sakhiwo sihambisana nempucuko yezombangazwe ethola amagugu ezwe (ukuhlukahluka kwezifunda), futhi lapho izakhamuzi zibukeka njengendawo ekhona njengendawo ekhona engcono kakhulu yesizwe nenkonzo yomphakathi. Impumelelo ye-French ibonakala ekhonweni yakhona empilweni yayo, futhi iyakwazi ukusekela inzuzo yezemfundo, i-octricensitude yesizwe, i-BE.

EJapane: Impucuko Ephakeme Neyinqaba

IJapane iyisifunda esiyinhloko sezwe esithonywe kakhulu, ithonywe yimpucuko yayo yezombangazwe ye- ukwethembeka , i-hardery, futhi ezweni lonke [[FOLT]] i-homogeeance]. Naphezu kokuba nohulumeni ophethe eTokyo uyakwazi ukulawula intela, ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezinkulu. Isiko lokuthobela igunya nemithwalo yezomthetho sisho ukuthi abaphathi bezwe basebenzisa abaphathi besizwe kunabaholi abahomu. Lesi simiso sezentengiselwano sinegalelo esisheshayo kwezentengiselwano yezentengi empini, iqoqo leze impumelelo yezemfundo, futhi iqapheleke kakhulu ezindaweni zezezombangazwe zezezombangazwe phakathi kwezembubhishone. Kodwa iJapanne kakhulu izama ukukhondla impumelelo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezwe yamazwe.

E - United Kingdom: Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo e - Unitary Frame

I-United Kingdom iyindawo ehlangene nesimiso esinesiko elide lobukhosi basephalamende, kodwa impucuko yayo yezombangazwe ibilokhu inezimo eziqinile zesizwe so-(Scottid, Welsh, Northern Ireland/alongside i-Ngilandi evelele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kuye kwaholela elungiselelweni eliyingqayizivele: i-UK enikwe izishaya-mthetho ze-devovaddd eScotland (1999), iWales, i-Wales (1999), ne-Northern Ireland (1999), kuyilapho i-ingingingini ihlala ibuswa ngokuqondile i-Westry. Isimiso somthetho-sisekelo somthetho sihlala sikhona, njengoba iPhakathiwe i-parlidiwe izidumbu ezihlukene. IPhalamende ye-mfamende isho ukuqeda okugcwele (i-UK i-Cregdegittingsting) i-premistism, kodwa ishiye isilinganiso esiqinile sombuso esiwumbuso esingunyakazayo, i-Engcesehlukuncane kakhulu.

Izinkinga Ezixubile Nezinhlansi: Indima Yempucuko Yezombangazwe Ekwakhekeni Okushintshayo

ISpain: UbuQuasi - Federal Nobuzwe Besifunda

I-Spain iyisifundazwe esisemthethweni, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo wayo ka-1978 wakha "Isimo sika-Autonomic" esinikeza izifunda zezifunda eziyi-17 i-Asbac Country, iCatalonia, neGalicia ephethe ubuzwe obunamandla bendawo. Impucuko yezombangazwe yaseSpain ihlukene kakhulu: umbono wesigaba esiphakathi (ngokuvamile ohlangene nombuso kaFranco) uncintisana nezwe elinamandla elizibheka njengezizwe ezihlukene. Isimiso senhlanganiselane nezwe esizihlukanisayo. I-i-i - projectensium sasiwukuhlenga ukuqeda i-Spenian ngemva kokufa kukaFrancom, futhi ivumele ukulawulwa kwempucuko nolimi okuphawulekayo. Nokho, ukuhluleka kwaleli cebo lokufuna ukukhululeka nokuzibusa kwe-R201717 kuveza imingcele ye-om-mistrum ne-de lapho izimpucuko zezombangazwe zihlukana. ISipanishishini sibonisa ukuthi isebenza inqubo engokwe yezelelwe impumelelo, kodwa impumelelo yeze impumelelo enkulu kakhulu, ingavunyelwa ngisho neyo engcono, inga

EChina: Isifundazwe saseUnitary esiphakathi neSifunda se - Autonomy

IChina iyisifunda esiyinhloko sokubusa okukodwa kweQembu lamaKhomanisi, kodwa iye yanciphisa amandla abalulekile okuphatha nezomnotho ezifundazweni, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-1980 yezinguquko. Impucuko yezombangazwe yaseChina igcizelela igunya eliphetheyo [, , [[FLT]]] [[FULT]]] archy [[, futhi ubunye obungokomhlaba obungaqondakaliyo ngeHanhlansi ne-Mandaldarine. Kodwa izindawo ezingoko zohlanga ezinjengeTinbe, Xinzang, nase-Mongolia isekela impucuko engokwezenyuko enkulu. Impumelelo yezomnotho i-[FLT] futhi inciphisana nokwe ngokwendlela yayo engokwesiko, kodwa ukuhlukahlukahluka kwemizwayo, ngokushosholo olude. I-intensiti yefilosofi eveza lezente engokwesiko.

Izinselele Nezingxabano Lapho Isiko Nezigaba Ziwohloka

IBelgium: Kusukela E - Unitary Kuya E - Federal Kuya Ezindaweni Zokwakha Izingxenye Zempucuko

Ukuguqulwa kweBelgium kusuka esifundeni sombuso (1830-1970) kuya kuzwelonke (1993) kubonisa okwenzekayo lapho impucuko yezombangazwe nezimiso zezenhlalo zidukiswa kakhulu. Izinhlangano ze-Flemish nezolimi lwaseFrance zasungula amasiko ahlukene ezombangazwe (izezomnotho, nezenhlalo) nempumelelo . Impumelelo ihlala iqinile, kodwa ukubusa kuvame ukukhubazeka. Isifundo siwukuthi uma isimiso sesimiso sezwe esiyinkimbinkimbi esidala izifunda-fuyodwa nesemphakathi sihluleka ukuhlanganisa izifunda zomphakathi. Nakuba icebo lezwe livimbele ukudilika okusobala, liveze futhi liveze izintambo ezifile ngokwezombangazwe kanye nohulumeni ophakathi obuthakathaka. Impumelelo ingenzekahle kakhulu, kodwa impumelelo ihlala ingehlukene, kodwa ukubusa kubangelwa ukuhlukana okuvamile. Isifundo siwukuthi uma isimiso sesimiso sesimiso se-ominithonsini ephakathini sihluleka ukusekela impucuko, ingenzeka futhi izindleko sawodwa ngaphansi kweze izindleko ezingokwesiko.

ENigeria: I - Federalism Ungaphansi Kokuvinjelwa Kwempucuko

I-Nigeria yamukela uhulumeni wezwe ngenkululeko ngo-1960 ukuze ilawule ukuhlukahluka kwayo okukhulu kwezinhlanga nenkolo (amaqembu ezinhlanga ezingaphezu kuka- 250). Nokho, impucuko yezombangazwe yaseNigeria iphawulwa yizinhlangano ze-patrimonialism, ukuncintisana kwemithombo yengcebo, nokungathembi lutho okuncane ezinhlanganweni. Isimiso sikahulumeni, ekuqaleni esinezifunda ezintathu, siye sahlukaniswa saba amazwe angu-36 okululaza amandla amaqembu amakhulu. Nokho, ukukhohlakazeka kwemali emali enkabeni, kanye nokuncintiswa kwemali ngezikhathi ezithile (iafrastrassss (efra phakathi koo 1960, i-Bokoham) ibonisa ukuthi ubuzwe bubodwa bungephumelele ngaphandle kwezimiso zezombangazwe ezisekelayo. Indaba yase-Nigeria ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nesimiso sezombangazwe singahluleka uma ukubusa kwezombangazwe, ukuthembana nokuvumelana kweqembu lomthetho, nokuvumelana kwempumelelo embutholweni yombuso wombuso wonke kodwa futhi kudinga ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ezingokwesiko.

Izimfune Zabenzi Bomthetho Nomklamo Womthetho - sisekelo

Ubufakazi kulokhu kuhlola bugcizelela ukuqonda okunzima kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekuklameni noma ekulungiseni izakhiwo zikahulumeni: ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kumelwe kube okusheshayo ngokwesiko. Izinhloso zobuchwepheshe eziboleka imifanekiso kahulumeni noma ye-ocestrate evela kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokucabangela impucuko yezombangazwe yendawo kumane kuhluleke. Abaphathi-makethe bahlole izici ezilandelayo zempucuko ngaphambi kokunquma izinga lokuzimela noma ukufaneleka:

  • Amandla nenani lezindawo: ingabe amaqembu esizwe azimisele ukubuswa isikhungo esisodwa?
  • Izinga lokwethenjwa kwezenhlalo nokwethenjwa izikhungo: ingabe ohulumeni bendawo bangathenjwa ukuba bazilawule ngaphandle kokonakala noma ukucwaswa?
  • Okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando ngegunya eliyinhloko: Ingabe izakhamuzi zibheka isikhungo njengomvikeli noma njengomcindezeli?
  • Amazinga okulingana kwenani: ingabe izindawo ezihlukahlukene zinezindinganiso ezihlangene zezombangazwe ukuze kusekelwe isimiso sesizwe?

Ngokwesiko, amazwe amaningi athatha uhulumeni wezwe [[FTL:1] noma i-asymetric devolution ukuhlalisa izifunda ezihlukene phakathi kwesimo esisodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, iCanada inikwe isimo esihlukile eQuebec; iNdiya inelungiselelo elikhethekile likaJamu noKashmir (manje ivulwe) kanye namanye amazwe asenyakatho mpuma ntshonalanga; i-UK inikeza i-Scobactic, Wales, ne-Northern Ireland. Ukuthatha okunjalo okuguquguqukayo kungahlanganisa isimo esingcono nezindlela ezihlukene zezombangazwe ezweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, impumelelo yanoma isiphi isimiso ixhomeke ekuzivumelaniseni okuqhubekayo. Ukuguquka kwempucuko yezombangazwe, nezakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo kumelwe zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa. Izimiso zomphakathi ngokuvamile ziye zakha ukuvumelana ngezinqubo zokulungisa nokuchaza kokwahlulela. Izimiso ze-Unitary zingaletha ushintsho noma ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ngaphandle kokuguqula isimo somthetho-sisekelo. Isihluthulelo siwukugcina inguquko engokwesiko nenguquko yezimiso.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lempucuko yezombangazwe empucukweni ekhona ezindaweni ezihlukene nezihlangene likhulu kodwa livame ukuthathwa kalula ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sikahulumeni siphumelela kakhulu emiphakathini lapho izibalo zesifunda zinamandla, ukuthembela ekubusweni kwendawo kuphakeme, futhi izindinganiso zamasiko ziphakeme, ukuhlanganisa nokuhlola amandla aphakathi. Isimiso sobumba sibonakala siphumelela emiphakathini enezici eziqinile zobuzwe, isiko lokuphatha esiphakathi, kanye nempucuko eveza ukulingana nokulingana kwezindawo zendawo. Uma isimo nempucuko kuvumelana, umbuso ujabulela ukuqina okukhulu, ukuhleleka, ukuphumelela, nokufaneleka. Uma ihla, ukuphikisana okungagqashuka okungaphazamisa ngisho nomthetho oklanywe ngokucophelela.

Ukuhlolwa kwendaba kwahlola i-(-United States, i-Indiya, iFrance, i-United Kingdom, i-Japane, i-China, iBelgium, ne-Nigeria) kuveza kokubili ukuphumelela nokuhluleka kwalemiklamo. Babonisa ukuthi akukho mfanekiso owodwa ongcono kakhulu emhlabeni wonke; isimiso esivumelana nomongo wawo. Izifunda ezibhekene nezindlela zangaphakathi ezihlukene, indlela engaphambili ivame ukuba isesimweni esiguquguqukayo, isendaweni eqinile, idevolution, noma i-quasi-federalistrism.)

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka umsebenzi wesigaba ka-Arend Lijphart ngokuhlobana phakathi kwempucuko yezombangazwe nezinhlangano zentando yeningi, kanye nencwadi ye- ye-International IDEA's on unistism nempucuko yezombangazwe[.