I-Ireland iye yaziguqula yaba yindawo ephansi yezomnotho ngokwezinga elithile yembulunga yonke yezentengiselwano nezohwebo zamazwe angaphandle. Emashumini amathathu eminyaka adlule, izwe liye lakha ingxenye engavamile yokutshala imali kwamanye amazwe (FDI) ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi kwezobuchwepheshe, ezezokwelapha, nezinkonzo zezezimali. Lokhu kushintshwa okukhulu kubangelwa kakhulu yimithetho yentela ye-Ireland ehlelekile yezentengiselwano, eyenze indawo engcono kakhulu emabhizinisini afuna ukusungula indawo ephansi eYurophu. Nakuba isilinganiso sentela yenkampani engaphandle siyisici esibonakalayo kakhulu, ipulani lentela ye-Ireland ihlanganisa izisusa zentengo, izikweletuzothelo, nokulawula izakhiwo ezihlangene ezibangela ukuncintisana kwemisebenzi yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela le zinhlangano zezentengo ezihlola ngayo nezinzuzo, ukuculo eziphambili, izihloko zezentengo ezikhona nezokuvela embusweni zezwe lonke.

Ukubukeza Intela Yase - Ireland

Isimiso sentela sase-Ireland siklanyelwe ukuba sibe kokubili ukuncintisana nokuzinza. Itshe letshe lentela lenkampani elingu 12.5% emalini eholweni lezentengiselwano, elisebenza emisebenzini eminingi yebhizinisi. Lelizinga liphakathi kweminye ephansi kakhulu eYuni yaseYurophu futhi cishe ngaphansi kwe-OECD ecishe ibe ngu-23%. Ngokungafani, ezinye izinga lezentengiselwano ezinkulu zaseYurophu njengeJalimane (30% ihlangene), iFrance (25%), ne-United Kingdom (25% njengo-2023) ibeka intela entengo ephakeme kakhulu ngenzuzo yezenkampani. Izinga elingu-12.5% liye lahlala lingashintsha kusukela ekungenisweni kwayo ekupheleni konyaka ka-1990, linikeza ukubikezela ukuthi izinhlangano zezizwe eziningi zibiza izinga lapho zenza izinqumo zokutshala imali.

Ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esikhulu, i-Ireland inikeza izisusa zentela eziningi ezinezelayo ezikhulisa ukukhanga kwayo. Ukucwaninga nentuthuko (R&D) Imali yokuthenga ngentela ivumela izinkampani ukuba ziboleke izimali eziwu 25% ekufanelekeni kwe-R&D, ezingase zincitshiswe ekukhokheleni intela yenhlangano noma, kwezinye izimo, ezithi ziwukungakhokhi imali ewundayo. Lokhu kunciphisa ngokuphumelelayo izindleko zokucwaninga futhi kukhuthaze izinkampani ukuba zithole imisebenzi yazo yokucwaninga e-Ireland. Enye ingxenye ebalulekile yi-Ulwazi lwezentuthuko (KDEx), enikeza izinga elincishisiwe lentela yenkampani encishisiwe ekufezeni imali engu-6,25% encipheni imali ephuma ekutholeni impahla engosini kwezemali-matankimbini kanye nezinhlelo ze-projective esungulwe nge-R&D ekhuliswe eIreland. Le ngxenye ephambili iklanywe ekuhlolweni kwe-"ehn"ehmini ye-IP".

I-Ireland futhi ilondoloza isimiso sezindawo zentela, okusho ukuthi inzuzo yangaphandle ayikho ngaphansi kwentela yase-Ireland uma inkampani engaphansi kwayo ingumphathi wentela ngaphandle kwe-Ireland. Ihlangene nenethinethine lezivumelwano zentela eziphindwe kabili namazwe angaphezu kuka-70, lesi sici sivumela amaqembu ahlukahlukene ukuba alawule izikweleti zentela zomhlaba wonke ngokunempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Ireland iye yaba yindawo ethandwayo ekuhleleni indlunkulu yezezinkampani kanye nokuba nezinhlangano eziphethe inzuzo engcono yemali eholweni lenkokheni, inzuzo, nenzuzo yamagatsha. Isikhulu se-Faiats rhafus rhafu (CT) isilinganiso esingu-33% silinganiselwe, kodwa ikhona ngenxa yokulahla ezinye izilinganiso, kuhlanganise nezingalo eziyishumi zezebhizinisi nezingalo zeqembu elidluliselwe intela. Zonke lezi zihlanganisa izilinganiso ezihlangene ezihlangene ezingaphezulu kwezingu-3 kuphela.

Ithonya Ekungeni Kwangaphandle

Ukuhlasela Kwezinkulu Zembulunga Yonke

Imiphumela esobala yemithetho yentela yase-Ireland yisilinganiso nokufakwa kwemali eqondile kwamanye amazwe. Izwe liye laba isisekelo esithandwayo eYurophu ezinkampanini eziningi zobuchwepheshe zomhlaba. I-Apple, i-Google, Microsoft, iFacebook (Meta), i-Intel, neQualcomm zonke zinemisebenzi emikhulu eIreland, ngokuvamile zikhonza njengendlunkulu yazo yesifunda yeYurophu, iMpuma Ephakathi, ne-Afrika. Ezesayensi yezezobuchwepheshe, amagama anjenge-Pfizer, u-Johnson & Johnson, uMerson, no-Abbavie, ziye zasungula izakhiwo ezibanzi nokucwaninga. Ngokwe-IRwanda, izinhlangano zezentengiselwano zamazwe, i-Ireland, ezinamabhizinisi ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kwezingu-2023, eziqasha abantu abaqeqene. Lapho i-R3 000 nezindawo zemisebenzi zingangeni ezingomphakathi zezizwe zonke zihlanganisa ingqikithi yemisebenzi ye-R366. Ngokushongo ye-idriet Ireland.

Intela ivame ukuvezwa njengesizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kunakiselwa. Ukuhlola kwe-National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NICEF) kwathola ukuthi isilinganiso sentela yenkampani ephansi yase-Ireland bekuyinqubo ebaluleke kakhulu embonini ye-FDI egelezayo, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini ezinolwazi oluphezulu lapho intengo yentela yenza intengo ibe nkulu khona. Ukuhlola kwezezimali ezishiywe yi-IDA kubeka isilinganiso esiqhubekayo semali ye-Iriland engu-12,5% kanye nomthetho wayo oqinile wentela phakathi kwezici ezintathu eziphambili, kanye nokungena kwezentengiselwano ze-EURO, i-Grekish nentwe yolwazi oluphambili, isiNgisi, i-Ayndrol. Umphumela ube umjikelezo omuhle: ukuba khona kwabathelisi bezizwe ezingenisa imali ezindaweni ezithengiselwayo, izinkonzo, izikhungo zenkonzo, nezincintini ezivuthayo, izinzuzo ze-Ireland eziphambili.

Izibalo Ze - FDI Nomphumela Wezomnotho

Izinombolo ziyamangalisa. Ngokwenhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene Yezohwebo nentuthuko (UNCTAD), i-Ireland ihlala iphakathi kwabangu-FDI abayishumi abaphezulu emhlabeni ngesisekelo se-FD-DP esilinganayo. Ngo-2022, i-Ireland yakhanga cishe izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-88 eFDI eFrand, inani elanciphisa ezomnotho omkhulu kakhulu. Phakathi nenkathi ka 2015-20202222, isitezi seFDI esingaphakathi e-Ireland senyuka ukusuka ku-CR206 000 000 000 000 000 000 kuya ngaphezu kwe-R1,2 000 000 000 000 000 000 000, ububanzi, ukuboniswa kwazo zombili izimali ezintsha nezinhloko zezimpahla eziphethwe yizwe lonke. Le FI igcwele kakhulu engxenyeni enkulu ye-migeni: ulwazi nobuchwepheshe e- - protheni yobuchwepheshe e-20%, i-DN, i-D no-ekhilomethi yeze-D, i-0% yemithensizansiza elingu-enye yemali, i-15%.

Imiphumela yokusungula inguquko yezemisebenzi iye yashintsha. Phakathi kuka-2010 no-2023, izinombolo zabaqashi bezizwe ngezizwe e-Ireland zanda ngo-150,000, ukwanda okungu-75%. Lemisebenzi ivame ukubulawa futhi ikhushulwa kakhulu: isilinganiso sembuyiselo engxenyeni yangaphandle siphakeme cishe ngekhulu kunama-60% kunesilinganiso sesizwe sentela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yokuchitheka kwemali ibalulekile. Amafemu endawo eqoqweni, izinkonzo, ne-R&D asebenza kakhulu ngezizwe, inzalo nomkhiqizo nentuthuko. Iyunivesithi nezinhlangano zokucwaninga nazo ziye zachuma, zisekelwa yizinhlelo ze-R&D zentela futhi zinikeza izinhlelo zezinhlelo zezwe lonke inzuzo ephawulekayo.

Ukuthola Imithombo Ye - R&D Nokuvuselela

Ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esikhulu se-FDI, izimiso zentela zase-Ireland ziye zahlela futhi ukulingana kwe R&D, izinto, kanye nemishini. Amakhampani angafaka 25% emalini (ayinaso isikhonkwane esiyisisekelo), futhi kusukela ngo-2021, izimali zokuthenga inzuzo zikhokha kathathu ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimboni ezincane. Ngo-2022, izinkampani ezingaphezu kwe-1 500 zathi ukukhokha imali, ngokuboleka okungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-25. Azihlanganisi i-25% ngesisekelo (ngaphandle kwe-RBCP) futhi kusukela ngo-2021, izimali ziye zakhokha ngamaqoqo amathathu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthunyelwa kwezimboni ezincane. Ngonyaka 2022, 1.1, izinkampani ezingaphezulu kakhulu kwenani elingaphezulu. Azikhonziswayo i-FBRD (ix22)

I-University Box i-University iye yakha futhi ukutshala izimali ze-IP ezisindayo. Ngokunciphisa intela ephumelelayo ekungeniseni i-IP yaba yi 6,25%, i-Ireland ikhuthaza izinkampani ukuba zifune indawo hhayi nje ukwenziwa noma ukuthengiswa kwemali, kodwa futhi nokuba nemvume engokomthetho kanye nokuphatha imvume yamalungelo asemthethweni kanye nokungagunyazi emingceleni yayo. Imali eyimfihlo yeKDB iyimfihlo ngenxa yokukhokha intela, izibalo ezizimele zisikisela ukuthi umbuso unomthwalo wokushintsha noma ukudala i-IP eyizigidi zezigidi zezigidi ze-IP e-IP, ufaka umsebenzi wezezimali owezentengo ephezulu kuhlanganise nemali engokomthetho, izimali, nemisebenzi yokuphatha.

Izinzuzo Zezohwebo Nokukhula Kwezomnotho

Umsebenzi Wamazwe Angaphandle Nenani Eliphakeme Lezohwebo

Izindawo ezizungezile zentela zase-Ireland ziye zanikela ngokuqondile ekuthengeni kwazo okukhethekile. Izwe ngokungaguquki linenye yezinto ezinkulu kakhulu ezithengwayo emhlabeni ngokuphathelene ne-GDP yalo. Ngokwe-Central Statistics Office Ireland, ingqikithi yezinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nezinkonzo ngo-2023 yaziswa ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-650, nezimpahla ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezidlula izigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-350. I-Ireland ingumphathi wezwe lonke othengisa imithi, amakhemikhali, namakhemikhali, kanye nezinkonzo ze-computer. Isamba sempahla ethengiswayo ngempahla ne-United States – iYurophu enkulu kakhulu egcwele ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yenani eliphakeme kakhulu ephumayo ezindaweni zase-Ireland.

Imakethe eyodwa ye-EU iyilungu elibucayi. Njengelungu eligcwele le-EU kusukela ngo-1973, i-Ireland ijabulela ukufinyelela ngokukhululekile kubathengi abayizigidi ezingu-450 futhi ihlanganyela ekuhambiseni ngesihle impahla, izinkonzo, inhloko- dolobha, nezisebenzi. Lokhu kungena kubaluleke kakhulu eMelika nase-Asia efuna isisekelo ngaphakathi kwe-EU ngaphandle kokuthwala izindleko zentengo ezingekho e-EU. Inhlanganisela yentela ephansi nentengo ekhululekile ibangela ukudonsa okunamandla: izinkampani zingakha noma zithole izinkonzo eIreland, bese zithumela kwamanye amazwe e-EU ezindaweni ezigcwele i-EU encilini encincane. Akuyingozi ukuthi izinhlangano eziyisithupha eziphambili zomhlaba ezikhiqiza imithi ezingaphezulu zinemisebenzi emikhulu ekhiqizayo eIreland, zithumela izibhedlela nezimboni ezisezindaweni ze-pmacracs.

Sebenzela Ukungcoliswa Kwezikhungo

I-Ireland iye yaba i-node ebucayi embonini yembulunga yonke, ikakhulukazi kwezobuchwepheshe nangesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, leli zwe linikeza isilinganiso esiphawulekayo se-insulin yomhlaba, imijovo, kanye nama-microprocessors. Ngo-2023, i-Ireland yaba necala lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngezindawo zesayensi yezemithi embulungeni yonke kanye nezingamaphesenti angu-7% zemishini yezesayensi yezokwelapha esemhlabeni yonke ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kuhlanganisa ukuthi ukuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kwemithelo yentela embonini yase-Ireland – njengaphakathi nobhubhanewale ka-1919 - ingaba nemiphumela ewunyaka wonke. Ngokuphambene, inani eliphakeme lenani lokuthunyelwa kwezindawo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lisho ukuthi izwe lithwele inani elinele elinele, elibonisa inzuzo enkulu yentela embulungeni eligcwele emhlabeni wonke. Eqinisweni, ngo-20222, intela yezenyuke kakhulu kuhulumeni, i-19622, i-202, isigidi sezigidi sembukwane yenzuzo yenzuzo yemali enzuzo yezembuluko yembulunga yonke yemali etholakala emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nezindinganiso Zokuphila

Ukuchuma kwezentengiselwano nokuchuma kwezentengiselwano kuye kwabangela ukukhula kwezomnotho e-Ireland ukuba kube ngaphezu kwesiteji se-Europe. Ukukhula kwe-GDP yangempela kwadlula isilinganiso esingaphezu kwesihlanu% ngonyaka phakathi kuka-2015 no-2022, izinga elingenakuqhathaniswa nanoma yimuphi omunye umnotho othuthukile. Imali eholwayo yesizwe eshintshiwe kakhulu (GNI*), ehlukanisa imiphumela eguquguqukayo yokuzilanda kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, iyaqhubeka ikhula ngaphezu kwe-4% ngonyaka, ibonisa ukuchuma kwangempela kwasekhaya. Izinga lokungasebenzi kwemisebenzi yehla ngenxa yenani elingu - 15% phakathi no-2012% kuya ku-4% kuphela kwe-2023. Imali encishisiwe i-mashibhidi emali elandelanayo i-35% ngenkathi efanayo nemfundo engcono kakhulu emazweni amaningi.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

I - OECD Pillar Yesibili Nenguquko Yentela Yembulunga Yonke

Imithetho yentela yase-Ireland ayizange ingabi nempikiswano. Inselele enkulu emkhathizwe inguquko yentela eholwa yi-OECD ne-G20, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Pillar II. Lesi sinyathelo siqala izinga lentela yembulunga yonke yenkampani engu-15%, esebenza emabhizinisini ahlukene angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3,750. Nakuba i-Ireland iye yasayinwa esivumelwaneni futhi inyuse izinga layo lentela ebanzi elingu-15% (umphumela ka-2024), inguquko inganciphisa inzuzo yezinhlangano ezinkulu ze-12. Izinhlangano ezincane, ezimelela inani elikhulu lemboni yase-Ireland, ezihlala ngesilinganiso esingu-12,5%, kodwa ukukhanga kwe-Irish yemisebenzi emikhulu ye-FDI.

Abanye abahlaziyi bentela baphikisa ngokuthi iPillar II izocindezela intela ehlukene ekwazile ukukhokha i-Ireland. Nokho, abasekeli beqhinga le-Ireland baphawula ukuthi leli zwe lisanikeza isilinganiso esihle kakhulu senani (15% lefemu ezinkulu zisangaphansi kakhulu kontanga abaningi be-OECD), ukubolekisa ngezimali ezivuthayo, isimiso esiqinile somthetho, inzuzo engochwepheshe, kanye nolimi lwesiNgisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Pillas II kuphela isebenza emafemini angaphezulu komnyango; amaningi amazwe amakhulu asesekele ukuba khona ngokoqobo nokusebenza e-Ireland okungabiza imali yokuyamukela indawo.

Ukugwema Izimangalelo Zentela Namacala Osizo KaHulumeni We - EU

I-Ireland futhi ibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu ngenxa yokwenqabela intela. Ngo-2016, i-Apple Commission yanquma ukuthi i-Apple ithole usizo olungekho emthethweni lukahulumeni ngemithetho yentela yase-Ireland eyayivumela ukuba ikhokhe isilinganiso esisebenzayo se-0.005% ngo-2014. IKhomishane yayala i-Apple ukuba ikhokhe intela eqolo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 13 − isinqumo esacelwa i-Ireland ne-Apple. NgoJulayi 2020, iNkantolo-nkulu ye-European Union inciphise isinqumo, ithole ukuthi iKhomishane ayizange ibonise inzuzo ekhethekile. Nokho, iKhomisha yaseYurophu i-Commission iye yanxusa eNkabeni yobulungisa, futhi icala lihlala lingaphenduliwe. Naphezu kwemiphumela yokugcina, ukuxabana kwe-Ireland njenge-"ikhubalo ne-ose-ose-yomhlaba wonke.

Amanye amacala aphezulu, njenge "Umthetho we-Grish ka-Douidar" ne-"Dutch Sandwich" izakhiwo zentela, zasebenzisa ukungavumelani phakathi kwezimiso zentela zesizwe ukuze zishintshe inzuzo iyenze intela ephansi. U-Ireland kusukela lapho ivala lezi zikhala: "Umthetho we-Irish" wasuswa kusukela ngo- 2015, futhi "Umbuso we-10%" wokuhlela izimoto zezentengiselwano waqiniswa waqiniswa. Ngo-202020, i-Ireland yasungula imithetho eqinile efuna izinhlangano ezinemisebenzi ebalulekile yezentengiselwano engokomnotho, izinto ezibalulekile, nezokukhokha intela – ukuze kubekwe indawo yokuhlala intela. Nokho abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukukhanga kwe-Ireland kuhlala ithuba lokuthola inzuzo ephansi kakhulu, futhi inzuzo ingakhonziwa kakhulu.

Ukulinganisela Ukutshala Imali Nentela Efanele

Kukhona impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nokusekelwa kwemali yentela egciniwe ehholo ehholo. Ngo-2023, ukukhokhwa kwentela enkampanini kwabangelwa amaphesenti angu - 27 emali engqikithi kahulumeni, ingxenye ephakeme kakhulu ngezindinganiso zezizwe zonke futhi egcwele kakhulu phakathi kwenani elincane labantu abavela kwamanye amazwe (izinkampani eziphambili eziyishumi zinikela ngaphezu kwengxenye yakho yonke intela yenkampani). Lokhu kufaka izingozi: ukuntengantenga kwembulunga yonke, ukushintsha kwemithetho yentela yenkampani, noma ukulahlekelwa kwezimboni eziyinhloko kungathinta izimali zomphakathi. Uhulumeni wase-Ireland uye wavuma le ngozi futhi wamisa iRayy Day Fund njengesikhawu semali yentela yenkampani esebenzelayo, kodwa iyaqhubeka ixhomekekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zentela ziye zanezela ekuthengeni okubili kwezomnotho, lapho ingxenye ekhiqiza kakhulu yakwamanye amazwe ihlala khona nengxenye ephansi yezemindeni. Ingxenye echumayo yeFDI iye yafaka iholo, izindleko zezindlu, nemfuno yezemisebenzi yemvelo, ibangela ukucindezela emabhizinisini nasemakhaya endawo. Uhulumeni uye wasabela ngokutshala imali eyengeziwe ezindlini ezibiza imali enele, ezethutho, nemfundo, kodwa ukungalingani kwezakhiwo akuxazululeki kalula. Kukhona futhi kukhathazekile ngokuthi umbuso wentela unganqanda ukusungulwa kwezindawo zomdabu ngenxa yokuthi inkampani zasekhaya – ngisho nalezo ezizezezezezezezezezezezezentengozo - isilinganiso sokuncintisana nezinzuzo zentela ethandwa amazwe amazwe ngamazwe.

Udumo Nengcindezi Yezombangazwe Emhlabeni Wonke

Izimiso zentela zase-Ireland ziphinde zakwenza kwaphikisana namanye amazwe angamalungu e-EU, ikakhulukazi iFrance ne-Jalimane, aye aqhubela phambili amazinga entela enkampani nemithetho eqinile enqabela ukukhokhwa kwentela. Phakathi nenkathi ka-201919-2023, umongameli waseFrance wacela isiphelo soku "kulahla intela" phakathi kwe-EU, ukuqamba i-Ireland ngokuqondile. I-Commission’s "Intell" ihlose ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano zamasheke eqolo lentela, ukuhlasela izinhlangano zezinhlangano eziningi zezentengiselwano ezindaweni ezisendleni kunemisebenzi ephansi kakhulu. Nakuba i-Ireland iye yazivikela ngokuphumelelayo izithakazelo zayo ezingxoxweni zangaphambili – ngokuphakamisa izinga elibizwa ngokuthi i-EPillalson Ainswone ne-Pillalsonsmond – izingxoxo zezombangazwe zokuhlanganisa intela phezulu.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zentela zase-Ireland ziye zaphumelela ngokungenakuphikwa ekutshaleni intela yakwamanye amazwe futhi ukuhwebelana, ziguqula izwe elincane leziqhingi libe isikhungo sembulunga yonke sezomnotho. Ukuhlangana kwenani lentela yenkampani ephansi, izisusa ze-R&D ne-IP, isimiso sentela yezwe, kanye nokutholakala kwemakethe ye-EU kuye kwakhanga amazwe avelele angaphandle futhi kwadala amakhulu ezinkulungwane emisebenzi ekhuphukayo ephakeme. Ukuchuma, ukuthengwa kwentengiselwa phambili, ukuncishiswa kwentela enkampanini kuye kwaxhasa izinga lokuphila futhi kwavumela izwe ukuba lithole iziphepho zezomnotho ezingcono kakhulu kunontanga abaningi.

Nokho intengo ibhekene nezilinganiso ezinkulu. Izinguquko zentela zomhlaba wonke, eziholwa yi-OECD’s Pillal II, ziyocindezela inzuzo yezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu. Ukukhomba umonakalo wezentengo ngamahlazo okuvimbela intela kuye kwasusa i-Ireland njengendawo ehlanzekile. Izingozi zasekhaya ezibangelwa ukuncintisana kwentela ekhokhayo kanye nokuntengantenga okuhlangene. Ukuhamba phambili kudinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela. Izimiso zezentengiselwano zihilela ukubuyiselwa phambili kwekhono lokulungisa intela – ukungashiyilahla inqubo ye-irritheritha: ukulondoloza intela – i-irrish ye-atry, ukukhokha intela, ukutshala isilinganiso semali emakhaya, ukutshala inzuzo engancintiswa intela, ukuzuza ukuncintisana kwenzuzo engekhona kwezentengo yomthetho, ukukhokha inzuzo engcono kakhulu, futhi ingakhonziswa kakhulu ukuba i-19rejiswe ngokulinganayo. Impumelelo, noma ikhona inzuzo yayo engcono kakhulu, noma ikhona i-19, noma ikhona, noma ikhona, inzuzo yayo