Izisekelo Zokubusa Umoya Osemoyeni Osendaweni Ezungezile

Ukungcoliswa komoya kuhlala kungesinye sezingozi eziphuthuma kakhulu zempilo yendawo ezungezile eUnited States, okunengxenye ezifweni zokuphefumula, isifo senhliziyo nezifo ezithatha isikhashana. Nakuba i-Communian Clean Air Act imisa izindinganiso zesizwe eziyisisekelo ze-National Ambient Air Seal Seligial (NAAQS), umklamo woqobo nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokulawula ukungcola kuncike kakhulu embusweni wezwe nasehulumenini. Izimiso zikahulumeni azinakusikisela nje; zidala izakhiwo ezingokomthetho, ezingokwezimali, nezingagunyaza ukunquma ukuthi imiphakathi yendawo ingakhuluma ngokuphumelelayo kanjani ngezinga le-mouse. Ukuqonda lokhu kubalulekile kubenzi bezimiso zezemithetho, izikhulu zempilo zomphakathi, nabasekeli bezindawo zomsebenzi womsebenzi wezemisebenzi ezifuna ukuvelela futhi zikwazi ukulawulwa.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemizamo yombuso neyomoya yendawo buyinkimbinkimbi. I-United States ibeka imingcele yokukhipha ukuze imithombo ephethe, iphuhlise amasu kahulumeni okuveza ukufezeka kwe-NAAQS, kanye nokuqondisa izinhlelo zokuqondisa. Futhi, izindawo zendawo ze-asemoyeni, iminyango yezempilo yezifunda, nohulumeni bendawo baguqula lezi zimfuneko ezibanzi zibe yizenzo eziqondile ezinjengokuvumela, ukuphoqelela, nokufundisa umphakathi. Uma izimiso zikahulumeni ziqinile futhi zihlangene, imizamo yendawo ingaphumelela. Uma zibuthakathaka noma ziguquguqukile, izifunda zendawo zingazama ukwenza intuthuko enengqondo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwesimo: Iqophelo Lezenzo Zendawo

Izindinganiso Zokuphuma Nenkampane Yezezimboni

Enye yezindlela eziqondile kakhulu zikahulumeni ezithonya imiphumela yendawo ngezindinganiso zokukhipha imithombo yezimboni. Amazwe asebenzisa izimiso ezilinganisela izinto ezingcolisayo ezinjengendawo (PM][FLT] ne P[[FLT]]10[[FLT]] [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [[[FLT]] [iiiimvu yamanzi]]), i-anitrojeni (N [[[[FLT]]]), i-oct ([FLT]), ne-oct [oct, i-octivemostionss]) eyingozi. Lemithetho isebenzisa amandla ezitshalo, izikhungobo ezikhiqini lokwakha, nezinye imithombo yendawo. Ivumela lezizilinganiso zezimiso zokulawula iziqondiso zezindawo zezindawo zendawo.[FS]

Uma izindinganiso zikahulumeni ziqinile, izinhlangano zendawo zithola iziphawulo ezicacile, eziphoqelelwe. Lokhu kunciphisa izinselele ezicacile nezingokomthetho, kuvumela abahloli ukuba bagxile ekufinyeleleni ukuncishiswa kwangempela kokukhishwa. Ngokuphambene, izifundazwe ezinemithetho ebuthakathaka zingakha imingcele ehlukene yemithetho yendawo, okwenza ukuthobela amabhizinisi asebenza ngaphesheya kwemingcele ebanzi futhi anciphise imiphumela iyonke.

Ukuphuma Kwezimoto Nesimiso Sokuhamba

Ukuhamba kuyingxenye enkulu yokungcola komoya ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, futhi izimiso zikahulumeni ezilawula ukukhishwa kwezimoto zinemiphumela emikhulu yendawo. Izwe lingasebenzisa izindinganiso ze-Edvalce Creaty Cars eCalifornia ngaphansi kwe-Ceat 177 ye-Cease Act, noma lingasebenzisa ezalo izinhlelo eziphansi zemoto nezezezeze-0 (ZEV). Amazwe anjengeCalifornia, iNew York, neMassachusetts aye asebenzisa leligunya ukuphoqa abenzi bezimoto ukuba bakhiqize izimoto ezihlanzekile, ezinciphisa ngokuqondile ukukhishwa kwegesi emadolobheni nasephase.

Ohulumeni bendawo bayazuza kulemiyalo yombuso ngoba abanalo igunya lokulawula umnotho wemoto noma igesi ekhishwa ngemibhobho. Izimiso zikahulumeni zibuye zihlele ukutshala imali yokuthutha: lapho imibuso ihlela ukuxhasa kwempahla yemoto kagesi (EV) ithumela izakhiwo, ibhasi elisebenza ngemishini, noma ukunwetshwa kwendlela yokuthutha yomphakathi, amadolobha angasheshisa amapulani awo okuhamba ahlanzekile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California Air Resources Board iqhube izinkulungwane zamabhasi kagesi ngeHybrid ne-Eargractive Truck ne-Bus Buucher Inveveive, isekela ngokuqondile izinhlangano zendawo zokuthutha.

Amandla Avuselelwayo Nokusebenza Kwe - Grid Decarbon

Isilinganiso samandla aphumayo esivuselelwe (RPS) kanye nemigomo ehlanzekile inciphisa ukukhishwa kogesi esizukulwaneni, umthombo oyinhloko we SO, AYIKHOX, futhi CO[FLT]] [[FLT]] [4] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLD]]] [2]. [ukucinelisa amandla amandla okuthola umoya, kanye nezinye i-zeroot-eactive, okuthuthukisa izinga lomoya ezingxenyeni zonke. Ohulumeni bendawo bangathuthukisa le mithetho evolution, izinhlelo zomphakathi, nezinjwayeko zamandla. Emazwe anjenge-Washington kanye ne-New Mexico ahlela i-100 emhlophe yesimo esihlanzekile, i-ibeke i-ex - tradition ezindaweni ezicacile zendawo.

Ukusekela Nobuchwepheshe: Ukunika Inkonzo Endaweni

Ukusekela Imali Ngokuqondile

Ohulumeni bathumela izimali ezinele ezinhlanganweni zezinga lezindiza zendawo ngeminikelo yemali, ngokuhlela izimali ezizosetshenziswa, nangokulungisa izimali ezibolekwayo. Lezimali zisekela imisebenzi enjengezokuhlola i-auto, izisunguli zegesi, ukuhlola izingozi zempilo, nokuthumela umphakathi. Ezimweni eziningi, izimali zikahulumeni zivumela izinhlangano zendawo ukuba ziqashe izisebenzi ezikhethekile, zithenge imishini ephambili yokuhlola, noma ziqalise imikhankambiso emisha ebingafinyela ngokwezimali. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California Air Resources Community Airight Air Provices program inikeza inzuzo yezinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini nezifunda zendawo ukuba zithumele imishini ephansi yezenteko nezokuhlola indawo esendaweni empofu kakhulu.

Izwe lidlula ngokusekela ngemali evela e-EPA, njenge-piesel Egistragists Reduction Act (DERA), ngokuvamile lithembela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ukuba zinikeze izinhlangano zendawo imiklomelo yokuncintisana. Leli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yendawo ihambisana nezinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni kuyilapho isakhuluma ngezidingo zomphakathi eziyingqayizivele.

Isiqondiso Sezobuchwepheshe Namathuluzi Avamile

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zisungula amathuluzi okulingisa, izilinganiso zokukhipha imikhiqizo, kanye nezincwadi eziqondisayo abahleli bendawo nabavumela ukuba bathembele kuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Texas Commission on Environmental Secuty (TCEQ), inikeza i-protocom esakazayo yohlobo lwe-moyeni kanye nekhompathiso lokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni okungavumelana nazo. Ngokufanayo, uMnyango we-New York State of Environmental Conservation Userverciation unikeza izikhungo zokuhlola nokulawula ulwazi lwezinga lobuchwepheshe. Le mishini inciphisa ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi futhi ikhuphucuze izinga lomsebenzi wendawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezincane ezinezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe.

Izinhlelo Eziyinkimbinkimbi Nezindawo Eziya Kuzo

Imibuso ivame ukuvumela imizamo yokuqeda ukungcoliswa kwezindawo ezinqamule idolobha noma imigqa yesifundazwe. I-Ozone Transport Region in Northern East, eyasungulwa yi-Ozone Transport Commission, ihlanganisa amasu okunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezindawo ukusuka eVirginia kuya eMaine. Izinhlangano zendawo kulendawo zisebenzisa izilinganiso ezifana nezimfuneko ezihlangene zokuvuselelwa komoya weSijikijo II kanye nemithetho emelene nokulwa nemithetho evimbela ukuncintisana, ivimbela umjaho ophansi futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zendawo azincishisiwe yizindawo ezingomakhelwane ngemithetho ebuthakathaka.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Indlela Imibuso Ephethe Elawula Ngayo Izindawo Ehlala Kuzo

ECalifornia: Isibonelo Sobuholi Obungahloniphi

I-compal yase California ibhekwa njengendawo ephambili efuna kakhulu ukulawulwa yizwe, futhi inikeza izifundo ezicacile zendlela inqubo kahulumeni engagcwalisa ngayo imizamo yendawo. I-California Air Resources Board (CARB) imisa izindinganiso zokukhipha eziqinile zezimoto, izinto eziphehla amandla, nemikhiqizo yabathengi, kuyilapho izifunda-moya ezingu-35 zendawo zisebenzisa futhi ziqinisa lemithetho. I-South Coast Moor Moffial Management Management Disditry (SCAQMD), emboza i-Los Angeles, esebenzise i-NTYB's NT[ X imingcele yokukhipha izinhlelo zokwephula izinhlelo zasemhlabeni ezinjenge-RECLIM, ezisekelwe ekuhwebeni futhi ifuna ukuba kubekwe uhlelo oluhlanzekile olukhona lweze-edizikoloni.

ICalifornia futhi ifaka izimali ezinkulu ekungeneni komphakathi. Uhlelo lwe-AB 617, olwamiswa ngo-2017, lugunyaza ukuqashwa kwezindiza zomphakathi ezindaweni eziminyene kanye nemisebenzi yokuncishiswa kwezimali eyasungulwa ngokufakwa kwendawo. ERichmond, ikomiti yokuqondisa umphakathi yasebenza ne-Bay Adelature Security District ukufaka izinzwa ezisezikhungweni zokucwengisisa futhi yasungula uhlelo lokuncitshiswa kwemisebe, iphumela ekuncipheni okungalawulekiyo kwemisebe enobuthi.

ITexas: Isibonelo Esine - decentraleved esine - Information esikhungweni Sendawo

I-Texas ithatha indlela ehlonipheke kakhulu, ne-Texas Commission on Environmental Moty (TCEQ) imisa imithetho kahulumeni kodwa inika ohulumeni bendawo amandla okuzihlela izinhlelo zabo phakathi kwaleyomingcele. IHouston-Galveston, elwisana ne-ozone ne-PMS, iye yasungula izindlela zendawo ezinjenge-Dolobha laseHouston “Imouse Ordance” efuna iziqondiso zokukhipha izivumelwano zedolobha kanye nePort of Houston’s Lolder ehlanzekile. Nokho, ngaphandle kwemithetho eqinile yokulungisa imoto noma ukuvuselela amandla, imizamo yendawo ngokuvamile ithembele ezindimeni zokuzithandela nasekwenziswayo. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukukhetha kwesimiso sombuso wokulawula noma ukubusa kwezindawo zendawo.

INyakatho Carolina Nokubuyiselwa KweziPulazi ZaseHog

ENyakatho Carolina, isimiso sikahulumeni siye safeza indima ebalulekile ekusingatheni ukukhishwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ethinta imiphakathi yasemaphandleni. I-Swine Farm Environmental Performation Special Individual idinga ukuhlinzwa okukhulu ukuze kusetshenziswe iphunga nobuchwepheshe bokulawula ukukhishwa kwemikhiqizo. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo isebenzisa lezindinganiso zokuhlola izikhalo nokuphoqelela izithiya eduze nezikole namakhaya. Nakuba indlela kahulumeni yokusebenza iye yagxekwa ngokuthi ayanele ngabasekeli abathile bezemvelo, kodwa ibonisa indlela imithetho yezinga eliphansi edala ngayo isisekelo esingokomthetho sezenzo zokugcinwa komthetho wendawo ezinganciphisa i-amonia, i-hydrogen sulfide, nenxenye yeze.

Izinselele Emzimbeni Onamandla Wasendaweni EnguHulumeni

Izindinganiso Ezishintshashintshayo Ngalé Kwezinsolo

Uma izimiso zikahulumeni zibuthakathaka noma zivumela izinhlelo zendawo, imiphakathi engomakhelwane ingathatha imingcele yokukhipha okuhlukene kakhulu, ibangele ukushintsha ukungcola kunokuba kunciphe. Ifektri ingasuka esifundeni esiqinile iye esinemithetho engekho kakhulu esifundeni esifanayo, noma izimoto ezivela endaweni enezinhlelo ezibuthakathaka zokuhlola nokulungisa zingahamba ziye ezindaweni ezinezinhlelo eziqinile, zinciphise intuthuko yendawo. Ukuqondisa kwe-Federal kuyasiza kodwa akuziqedi lezi zimo eziqinile.

Ukusebenzisa Igebe Nokulinganiselwa Kwamandla Edolobha

Izinhlelo eziningi zezinga lomoya zibone izimali ziyisicaba noma zincipha iminyaka eminingi. Lokhu kuhlela phansi ezinhlanganweni zendawo, ezivame ukulwa ukugcina izinhlelo zokuhlola, ukuvuselela imvume, nokusabela ekuvezeni izinto ezingcolisayo ezinjenge-pern nepolyfluoralkyl (PFAS) noma izinhlayiya eziname kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuxhasa kombuso ngokwanele, izitebhuki zendawo, kanye nemiphakathi encikene ngokungaqiniseki kwemibono kahulumeni lapho kushintshwa izinto ezisemqoka kwezombangazwe.

Izithiyo Zezombangazwe Nezemithetho

Izimiso ze-osemoyeni kahulumeni zingaba izilwi zezithakazelo zezombangazwe, eziholela ekulibaziseni ekwenzeni imibuso, amalungiselelo ancishisiwe ngemva kokufakwa kwezezimboni, noma ukuhlehliswa kwezindlela zendawo ezivikela kakhulu. Kwezinye izifundazwe, imithetho yokuhlenga ecacile ivimbela amadolobha ukuba abeke izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha ngaphezu kwezinga lombuso, impikiswano enamandla ebonakala muva nje ezimpini zokuvinjelwa kwegesi engokwemvelo nokwakhiwa kwegesi. Lempi yokuhlenga iqokomisa ukuqina phakathi kokufana kwezwe nokuhlola kwendawo.

Amathuba Okuqinisa Ukubambisana KoMbuso Wasendaweni Ezungezile

Ukwaziswa Okuvumelanayo Nezimiso Zokuhlolwa

Izwe lingafaka imali ezindaweni ezihlanganisa izilinganiso zokwaziswa ezihlanganisa izinga lomoya lendawo, ukwenza ukwaziswa kwangempela kutholakale kumphakathi nakubenzi besinqumo. I-EPA’s Air Seant iyisibonelo esisodwa, kodwa izifunda zingaqhubekela phambili ngokuhlanganisa imininingwane yemishini yemizwa ephansi nokuhlola umphakathi. Ukuklama ulwazi okuhlangene kwenza ukuba izinhlangano zendawo zikwazi ukuphawula ukusebenza kwazo, ukuhlukanisa amachashaza ashisayo, kanye nemithombo yempahla efunwayo iphumelele kakhulu.

Izisusa Zomsebenzi Ezisekelwe Kuyo

Kunokuba incike kuphela ekubekeni imiyalo ephezulu, imithombo ingakha izinhlelo ezinikeza uhulumeni bendawo imivuzo ngezimfuneko ezincane kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni unganikeza inzuzo enkulu emadolobheni afinyelela ukunciphiswa okuthile kwesilinganiso sePM[[FLT] [2] unyaka ongaphezulu noma othatha izinhlelo zokwakha ezilawulayo ngokushesha kunesisekelo sombuso. Izisusa ezinjalo zisebenzisa impumelelo yendawo kuyilapho zilondoloza amandla kahulumeni.

Ukudwetshwa Kwezinyathelo Zobulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile Nezinyathelo

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile uhlola amathuluzi, njenge-CalenviroScreen, usiza izinhlangano zendawo ukuba zibone imiphakathi ethweswe ukungcola ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ngokuhlanganisa lamathuluzi ekuvumeleni nasekuxhaseni izinqumo, isho ukuthi imizamo yendawo ihlele izakhamuzi ezisengozini kakhulu. Lokhu kwakha ukwethembana futhi kuveze imiphumela elinganayo, njengoba kuboniswa ekumisweni kwamuva kwe-ELT [FLD:] EPA’SCLEM[ ithuluzi lezemvelo eliningana.

Izihlangano ezinezigodi eziningi kanye nokuBusa Kwesifunda

Ukungcoliswa komoya akuyihloniphi imingcele kahulumeni, kwenza ukubambisana kwezindawo eziphakathi kwezwe kube yisici esibucayi. Amaqoqo esifunda, njenge-Fortation and Climate Inititive eNorthern East, avumela izifunda ukuba zifake i-pasts ngokuhlangene ekuthuthweni kwezinto zokuhamba futhi ziphinde ziphinde ziqhubekele emisebenzini yendawo ehlanzekile. Le mikhankaso inikeza isisekelo esikhethekile sokuxhasa izimoto zikagesi, imijaho yebhayisekili, nentuthuko yenkonzo yokuthutha, inqubo ehlanganisa ngokuqondile yezwe nesimiso sendawo.

Isiphetho: Ukwakha Umjikelezo Onemisebe Enhle

Izimiso zikahulumeni ziwumgogodla wokulawula ukungcola komoya kwendawo, zinikeza igunya elingokomthetho, imithombo yezimali, kanye nobuchwepheshe izinhlangano ezidinga ukuphumelela. Uma imibuso ibeka izindinganiso eziphakeme, isekela ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo, futhi ithuthukisa ukubusa okuhambisanayo, zidala umjikelezo omuhle: imigomo ewumbuso onamandla yenza ukuba izenzo ezinamandla zendawo, ezibonisa ukuhluleka nokusekela umphakathi izimiso zombuso ezinamandla kakhulu. Ngokuhlukile, ukungenzi lutho noma ukuncishwa kungashiya ohulumeni bendawo bebodwa futhi bengaphumeleli.

Indlela yokuhlanza umoya idinga womabili amazinga kahulumeni ukuze asebenze ekhonsathini. Amazwe kufanele athathe izindinganiso ezivikela kakhulu ezivunyelwe umthetho kahulumeni, anikeze imifula eqinile nenombono olindelekile wezinhlelo zendawo, futhi ahloniphe indima yokusungula indawo. Ohulumeni bendawo, ngokwengxenye yabo, kumelwe bahlanganyele ngokugcwele nezinqubo zikahulumeni, banikeze ukunikeza ukuvunyelelwa kwemithetho, futhi benze izinhlangano zikahulumeni zigcine isibopho sazo. Bonke, bangakha isimiso lapho yonke imiphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu noma ingcebo, inamathuluzi okuphefumula umoya ohlanzekile futhi ajabulele impilo engcono.