Isingeniso: Isimiso Esiyisisekelo Sokubulala Okukabili

Imfundiso yengozi ephindwe kabili ingenye yesivikelo esigxile kakhulu enqubweni yobugebengu yama-Anglo - America. Ivimbela umbuso ekubekeni umuntu icala elifanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe, kanjalo uvikele abamangalelwa ekuhlukunyezweni, izindleko, nokucindezela okungokomzwelo kokulingwa okuphindwe kabili. Lesimiso sibekwe eSiphendulweni seNguquko se-United States, esithi akukho muntu “ozobekwa ngaphansi kwesiphambeko esifanayo kabili ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma igatsha.” Okufanayo kusezimisweni ezingokomthetho zamanye amazwe amaningi avamile, kuhlanganise nase Canada, i-United Kingdom, nase-Australia, kanye naselungelweni abantu emhlabeni wonke njengeSiphakatho 147 se-Siphakamiso se-Pronomente ne-Politiki.

Nakuba umthetho oyinhloko ubonakala ucacile, ukusebenza kwawo kuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu uma kuhileleke abamangalelwa abaningi noma abakhonzi-mfanyana. Icala elihlanganisa abadlali abaningana − ukuphambana kwemidlalo, amacala ahlangene, noma imisebenzi ehleliwe yobugebengu — liphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokuthi isheshiwe noma ukuqashelwa kwecala noma ukuvinjelwa kwecala komunye umuntu ngenxa yesenzo sobugebengu esifanayo. Lesihloko sihlola ukufakwa kwemifanekiso phakathi kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili nempikiswane, sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwecala, izinselele ze-procedalture, nokucatshangelwa okufanelekile komthetho wokuvikela nabashushishishisi.

Imfundiso Yekhora: Lapho Ingozi Ihlanganisa

Ngaphambi kokuhlola izimo ezithi conedendent tract, kubalulekile ukuqonda isikhathi sokwenza i-procedal umehluko lapho izingozi zihlangana khona. Ekuquleni kwejaji, izingozi zixhumeka lapho ijaji selibekwe futhi lifungwe. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, ingozi ixhumeka uma ufakazi wokuqala efunwe. Ukunxenxelwa noma ukuqiniseka ngemva kwaleloqo ngokuvamile kuvimbela ukuqulwa komthetho ofanayo ngaphansi kwe-Double Jeopardy Clausleaste. Nokho, u-Clause akakwenqabi ukwenqaba ukuvinjelwa okuhlukene kwecala elivelayo nesenzo esifanayo uma icala ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi besingaqiniseki ukuthi elinye icala alikwazi kahle [[FLT:] [FLT:] .[FLP]

Kubantu ababoshelwana, lombuzo wokunamathela ubucayi: ukuqulwa kwecala elilodwa kungahilela abamangalelwa abaningi, kodwa ingozi iboshelwe ngokwehlukile kummangalelwa ngamunye ngesikhathi icala lakhe liqala. Uma kukhishwa isigwebo esingalungile, noma uma ummangalelwa enqanyulwe ekuqhubekeni kwelungu, isikhathi sokuncintisana ngengozi singanquma ukuthi inkantolo ivunyelwe yini.

Ukuvivinywa Kwamaqembu Ngokuqhathaniswa Nokulingwa Okuhlukene: Ukwaneliseka Nokungagunci

Ukukhetha Okuhle Ngokusekela Ukuqhubeka Kwamaqembu

Izinkantolo zikhuthaza ukuqulwa kwecala elihlangene labamangalelwa ngamacala abekwa icala abangelwa ukuthengiselana noma uchungechunge lwezentengiselwano. I-Federal Miles of Criminal Procediture egunyaza umkhohlisi lapho kuthiwa bahlanganyele esenzweni esifanayo noma ekuthengiseni, uchungechunge olufanayo lwezenzo noma lwezentengiselwano, noma uma kubekwa uzungu. Ukuqulwa kwecala okuhlangene kuthuthukisa umnotho wokwahlulela, kunciphisa ukulibala, kugwema izinqumo ezingaguquguquki, futhi kuvumele amajaji ukuba athole umbono ophelele webhizinisi lezelele.

Nokho, umbono awuphelele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala elihlangene kungase kube yisimangalo esicwasayo, ikakhulukazi lapho ubufakazi bungakholeki kuphela ngokumelene nommangalelwa oyedwa kuphela obungase bungcolise umbono wejaji lomunye. Uma ubandlululo olunjalo ludlula izinzuzo zecala elihlangene, inkantolo inganikeza ukunqanyulwa kwecala libe ukuqulwa okuhlukene kwecala lommangalelwa ngamunye.

Ukuqina Nezinkinga Zako Ezikabili

Uma isilinganiso sinikezwa ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe izingozi (umzekelo, ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli bafungele), akukho ukukhathazeka okuphindiwe ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni ukhululekile ukuzama ummangalelwa ngamunye ngokuhlukana ngenxa yamacala afanayo. Kodwa uma ikhawundi inikezwa phakathi kwengozi ehlangene, kuvela izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isibonelo, uma inkantolo inikeza ukuhlelwa okuyiphutha njengekho-co-dempending kuyilapho ivumela ukuqulwa ukuba kuqhubeke kwabanye, ingozi ephindwe kabili ingaba ikhambi yommangalelwa osusiwe ngaphandle kokuba imvume yommangalelwa eshayelwe noma i-projectleti ikhase ngokungafanele (ukungakhokhwa okuvamile eUnited States.[FLT], 1824]).

Ku Wade v. Umfuni (1949), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ngokuthi isahlulelo esingaqondile singakhishwa ngaphandle kokulungisa futhi lapho “isiphelo sobulungisa basobala” sidinga, kodwa indinganiso iphakeme. Isidingo sikhona uma izimo zenza kube nzima ukufinyelela isinqumo esilungile", ngokwesibonelo, isigungu esiboshwe ngephutha, isifo esizumayo sejaji, noma igalelo elibi enkantolo. Iphutha lomshushisi noma inselele.

I - jeopard Ekabili Emongweni Wokuphazamiseka Kwemizwa Nokusebenza Kwamalunga

Ukuhlaziywa Kobubi Okufanayo Kwabezisulu

Mhlawumbe umbuzo owehlisa kakhulu emacaleni anezigaba ezimbili eziyingozi ukuthi isiqinisekiso noma ukulahlwa kwenye i-defancenti kufaka icala lomunye ngenxa yesu elifanayo lobugebengu. Impendulo ixhomeke ekutheni amacala abamangalelwa ababili akha “icala elifanayo” ngaphansi kwe-Reopardy Clause.

Thatha uzungu lwezidakamizwa: uma iSreverant A ikhululiwe ekuphangeni ikhokhayini, ingasenamelwa uzungu olufanayo nolulo? Umthetho ovamile unguyebo ngenxa yokuthi ukulahlwa kuka-A akuvumi ukuthi alukho uzungu; kumane kusungulwe ukuthi uhulumeni uhlulekile ukufakazela icala lika-A ngaphandle kokungangaqiniseki. Icala elibekwe uB liyicala elihlukene kuB njengomuntu, ngisho noma livela esivumelwaneni esifanayo. Inkantolo Ephakeme yenza lokhu kucace eUnited States. [[FLT:]][FLDY] [1] [12], iphethe ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili azikhohli umbango olubodwayo lomShulenisi ngenxa yecala elingelelweyo lithathelwe ukuqulwa uzungu oluhilela ukuziphatha okunye olude ngaphansi kwecala.[3][3]

Ukulahlwa Komsizi Omunye: Umphumela Kwabanye

Emacaleni ahlangene, izinqumo ezingaguquguquki zingavela − ikhone linye eliphethe i-defentant lingenacala, elinye liboshelwe ngobufakazi obufanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela njalo ukuthi ukuguquguquka okunjalo akusona isizathu sokushintsha. United States v. Powell [19984] [iNkantolo], iNkantolo yachaza ukuthi amajaji angasebenzisa imvume noma ukuyekethisa, futhi ukulahlwa kwelinye inani akukuvumeli ukufaneleka kwenkolelo komunye umkhakhakha, ngisho noma umqondo ubonakala uphikisana. Ngakho, ukugwetshwa kwento eyodwa eqenjini yokuqulwa akuyikhuseli ingozi ngokuphindwa kabili izingozi kwabanye ababoshelwe ngobufakazi obufanayo.

Nokho, kunesinqumo esincane uma isinqumo sejaji sinquma iqiniso elingavimbela ukuvunyelwa komunye. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umkhohlisi wejaji ekhipha ummangalelwa ngokuthola ukuthi uzungu oluthiwa alukaze lube khona, ukuthi ukuthola kungavimbela uhulumeni ngokulandelana ukuba avimbele ubukho bozungu ekuqulweni okulandelayo kwecala le-cone-dendendintant. Lemfundiso ye-preclution (imvume yokuvala) emacala obugebengu isekelwe enkantolo yomthetho ka-Refly Jeopardy Clausleaste futhi yaqashelwa [[FLT] kuleyo mpindelana ekhohlisiwe [umpel'odwa]. USGUNS.[FONK [FLT:] [12] [FLT] [FFFF] [3], umba umbangongoso oluthiwe yinghn, umphanga wokwahlulela wobugebengu, futhi uthola ukuthi umangalelwe umphanga oye oyelwelethiwe.

Imfundiso Ehlukile YoMbusi: Ukumangalelwa Kwamacala Kahulumeni

Ukwehluka okunzima ekuvikeleni okuphindwe kabili kwezingozi, − okuvame ukuthinta i-codentents [“imfundiso ezimele ehlukene. Ngaphansi kwalomthetho, i-Double Jeopardy Clause ayikuvimbeli ukuqunjelwa ngokulandelana kwezikhulu ezihlukene (umz., ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni) ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo kobugebengu. Umcubungu uvikela izifiso nemithetho yayo ehlukile.

Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kungaholela ezimweni lapho abamangalelwa abahlangene bequliswa khona kuqala enkantolo yombuso futhi kamuva bequliswa enkantolo kahulumeni, noma ngokuphambene. Ngokwesibonelo, uma abamangalelwa abathathu bemangalelwa ngokuphanga okuphula umthetho wombuso nowombuso, ummangalelwa ngamunye angaqulwa enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi khona ummangalelwa ohlukene angaqhubekela khona enkantolo ephethe. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa lemfundiso . United States[FLT:] [20]]

Umphumela owusizo kubalweli abahlangene ubalulekile. Ummangalelwa okhululwe enkantolo yezwe angase abhekane namacala kahulumeni ngesenzo esifanayo, aphakamise imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokulunga nemithombo. Nokho, uMnyango wokwahlulela umthetho unqabela ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni ngemva kokumangalelwa kombuso ngaphandle kokuba izithakazelo ezithile zikhona. Noma kunjalo, isithiyo somthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo asikho.

Ama - macamper, Ama - Hung Juries, Neziqu Zokuqulwa Kwama - CogumiraDefendentist

Lapho Ujuku Lungenakuvumelana Khona

Ijaji elilengiswe liyisibonelo esivelele sokubonakala okudingekile. Uma ijaji elisecaleni elihlangene libika ukuthi liboshelwe ngokungenathemba bonke abamangalelwa, umahluleli angamemezela icala elingalungile, futhi uhulumeni angaphinde azame bonke abamangalelwa abahlangeneyo. Kodwa uma abahluleli bethola isinqumo esifana nesinqumo kwabanye abamangalelwa kodwa abafile kodwa abafayo kwabanye? Inkantolo ingasamukela izinqumo ezicabayo futhi imemezele ukumangalelwa okunganembile kuphela. Izingozi ezimbili azibatholi abamangalelwa ngenxa yokuthi ukumangalelwa okungafanele kwakuzobonakala kudingekile ngenxa yokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukumangalela Okungafanele Nezindawo Zokuhlola Izindaba

Uma inkantolo imangalelwa ngokuphambana kommangalelwa (noma ngemvume yommangalelwa), inqumbi ngokuvamile ivunyelwa uma uhulumeni ethatha isinyathelo ngokholo olubi ukuze abangele ukuqubuka okungalungile. Oregon v. Kennedy (19982), iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yasekela ukuthi izivalo eziphindwe kabili ziphinde zixazululwe kuphela uma umshushisi ehlose ukushushisa ummangalelwa ukuba ahambele inkundla engafanele. Ekuqulweni okuhlangene, umshushisi angahileleka ekuziphatheni ukuthi ummangalelwa oyedwa kuphela, abangele ukuba ummangalelwa ahambele impoqo lapho abanye besasele. Ibhangelele ummangalelwa kuphela uma umshushisi ehlosile ukuba ashukumise inhloso ukuze angene ngendlela engafanele.

Ukunakekela Isigwebo Nezijeziso Eziningi

Ingozi ephindwe kabili futhi inqabela izijeziso eziningi zecala elifanayo. Emacaleni amaningi, lendaba ivame ukuphakama lapho abamangalelwa beboshelwa ngecala elibolile lozungu kanye nenani elingaphansi, noma lapho bebhekene nemisho ephindaphindiwe ngenxa yalokho abaphikisana ngakho kuyindlela eyodwa yokuziphatha. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa i-hitburger [[[FLT:] uvivinyo lokuthola ukuthi izibalo ngayinye idinga ubufakazi besici esisodwa esingasisebenzisi. Uma izibalo zibhekwa njengezinye ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili, inkantolo kumelwe izifake ekugwebeni.

I-codendending ingagwetshwa ngokwehlukile ngenxa yezindima zabo, imilando yobugebengu, namazinga okuhlanganyela. Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayidingi ukufana kwemisho phakathi kwabameleli. Nokho, uma i-conendendient igwetshwa ngokusemthethweni futhi icala liphinde libekwe ngokucatshazelwa, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngokuvamile azikwenqabi isigwebo esinzima esibekwe futhi singagwetshwanga ngokuphindwe kabili, uma ummangalelwa engalindele ukuba kube khona ekugcineni. INkantolo Ephakeme ikhuluma lokhu eUnited States v. Dis[ [1980]), iphethe ukuthi isigwebo asinqatshelwanga okokugcina ngenxa yezinjongo eziphindwe kabili zokukhomba kuze kube inqubo yokunxusa iphele, isigwebo esikhuliswe kakhulu.

Imibono Eqhathanisayo: Ukucasuka Okumbaxa - mbili Kweminye Imibono

Nakuba i-United States inesinye sesivikelo esiqinile esiyingozi, ezinye izifunda zisingatha amacala amaningi ngokuhlukile. E-United Kingdom, isimiso esimelene nengozi ephindwe kabili sadanjiswa ngokuphawulekayo yi-Criminal Justice Act 2003, evumela ukuqulwa kabusha kobubi obungathi sína uma ubufakazi obusha nobuqand ’ ikhanda buvela, noma uma ukuthethelelwa kokuqala konakaliswa kofakazi kungcoliswe uvalo. Lokhu kungathinta abakhona uma enye i-dendendice ibekwa phambili ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obusha kuyilapho abanye bengekho.

ECanada, ingxenye 11(h) yeChater of Rights and Freedoms inikeza isivikelo esifanayo, kodwa iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada iye yaqaphela ukuthi ukugcinwa kwenqubo esetshenziswa kabi ngezinye izikhathi kungase kuvimbele amakhambi angeke athathe izingozi ezimbili. Kubantu ababoshelwe ukujeziswa ngozungu, indlela yaseCanada ngokuvamile iveza umthetho waseMelika: ukuxolelwa komuntu akummangaleli omunye ngenxa yozungu olufanayo.

Isimiso sezwe lonke amabine kusifebe (igama lesiLatin elisho “kungaphindi entweni efanayo”) lifakwe eRome Stomente of the International Criminal Court, kodwa liboshelwa i-ICC kuphela ngemva kokuba inkantolo yesizwe isizame kakade ukwenza okufanayo − ngaphandle kokuba imicimbi yesizwe iklanyelwe ukuvikela abamangalelwa noma ingenziwa ngokuzibusa.

Izindlela Ezingokoqobo Zokuzivikela

Ukuzibamba

Iseluleko sokuzivikela somsizi ohlangeneyo singase sisetshenziswe ukuphikisana nokuncintisana kwe-exeffential ekulingweni kwamuva nje kokuhlola ikhophi esele kodwa futhi nokuthola izinzuzo ezisemgangathweni ngaphansi kwe-Repardy Claus. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu ophethe u-Difendending ekhululiwe ekuqulweni okuhlukile kwasekuqaleni, leso sinqumo singasetshenziselwa ukuphikisana nokuncintisana nokuvinjelwa kokungavumelani komcimbi oseleyo futhi sicele izigwebo ezicaciswe ngokukhethekile ezicacisiwe ze-coneaderne.

Isikhathi Sokunamathela Engcupheni

Emacaleni amaningi ahlukene, isikhathi sokuthatha izigwegwe singanquma ukuthi izingozi zihlangene yini. Ukuhamba okubekwayo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli bafungwe, akunangozi ephindwe kabili ngoba uhulumeni ungaqhubeka ezama ummangalelwa ngamunye ngokwehlukana. Kodwa uma isenzo senziwa ngemva kokuba abahluleli bebekwe endaweni yokuhlala, inkantolo kumelwe icabangele ukuthi ukunikeza ukunyakaza isilinganiso esingafanele yini futhi noma kusobala ukuthi kuyimfuneko yini. Abameli besivikelo bangasisebenzisa lesi sikhathi ukuze basungule isivikelo esiphindwe kabili uma icala likahulumeni libuthakathaka.

Ukubhekana Nezivumelwano Zase - United States Phakathi Kwalabo Abasebenza E - Scotland

Izivumelwano ze-Plea zingahlangana futhi ngengozi ephindwe kabili. Uma umuntu osekelana nomphathi enxusa icala futhi evuma ukufakazela abanye, ummangalelwa ofaka ubufakazi akavikelwe ekumangalelweni ngecala elifanayo lamuva ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano sokuvuma sinikeze ukuzivikela okusobala. Ngisho noma kunjalo, isivikelo esiphindwe kabili singagcina isigwebo esibophayo sobugebengu obufanayo, hhayi ngenxa yamacala abangelwa ukuziphatha okufanayo. Sibalulekile ukuba kunikezwe iseluleko sokuzivikela ukuze kuxoxiwe ngokusemthethweni okuhlanganisa zonke iziphetho ezingenzeka ezibangelwa yintelekiso zecala ezibangelwa yizelele.

Izimpawu Zezwe Zisebenzisa Ingxenye Ezimbaxambili

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme zinikeza isisekelo sokuqonda izingozi ezimbili ezihambisanayo:

  • [FLT][FLT] United States v. Perez [1824]) - imisa indinganiso esobala yamaqhinga, esebenza ngokufanayo ekuqulweni kwezikhalo zabamangalelwa abaningi.
  • thintburger v. United States [1932]] - Laid-ilungu elifanayo lokuhlola ukuthi amacala amabili ayafana yini ngezinjongo zengozi eziphindwe kabili.
  • Ashe v. Suntson (1970) – Applied Literationeteral estopper ngaphakathi kwe metary Jeopardy Claus, ibambe ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwanquma iqiniso elivimbela ukumangalelwa kommangalelwa oyedwa ngemva kwesikhathi ngenxa yesinye isenzakalo esifanayo.
  • [FLT] United States v.[FLT [[[FLT]] [1] - - Ijikelele ukuthi ukumangalelwa ngozungu nomthetho ongaphansi kwecala lokuthunjwa akuyona ingozi ephindwe kabili ngisho noma kuhilela ukuziphatha okufanayo, ngoba kuyicala elihlukile ngaphansi [[FLT:] isikhala [[FLT] .]
  • Gguedge v. United States (2029) - - Reaf iqinise imfundiso ezimeleyo ehlukene, ivumela ukuqulwa kwecala kukahulumeni nombuso okulandelanayo ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo.

Lezi zimo zibonisa ukuthi i - Frif Jeopardy Claus, nakuba ivikela, ayiphelele — ikakhulukazi endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi ehlukaniswe ngengxenye eziningi.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Isivikelo Nesifuthefuthe

Umphumela wengozi ephindwe kabili emacaleni ahilela abalweli abahlangene nabamaqembu amaningi ulokhu ungenye yezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zenqubo yobugebengu. Lemfundiso inikeza isivikela esibalulekile ekuphathweni uhulumeni, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo ekulingweni okuhlangene, amacala ozungu, nokuqulwa kwecala okunganqamukiyo kuphoqelele ukuncitshiswa okucophelelayo kwezithakazelo ezincintisanayo: ukugcina, umnotho wokwahlulela, ukufuna iqiniso, nokungakhethi kummangalelwa ngamunye.

Kubameli abavikelayo, ukuqonda lemibono kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni abathengi ekumangalelweni okulandelanayo okusebenzisa izaba ezingokwesiko. Kubashushisi, ukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa okuphindwe kabili kwezingozi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhipha izinqumo namasu okuhlola kuhlonipha imingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo. Futhi kubenzi bomthetho nabahluleli, bayaqhubeka bethuthukisa lemfundiso − ikakhulukazi ngokubheka amabhizinisi obugebengu ashintshanayo kanye nokubambisana okungavumelani nokunye okungalingani nezimiso zezobulungisa.

Nakuba ekugcineni, isimiso esiyinhloko sengozi ephindwe kabili sinikeza isiqinisekiso esiyisisekelo ngokumelene nokuqulwa kwecala, ukusebenza kwaso kwangempela ezimweni eziningi kudinga ukuphenywa okujulile kokuthi izingozi zihlangene nini, ukuthi yini ewububi obufanayo, nokuthi izikhulu ezihlukene zingathatha yiphi indlela. kuphela ngokukhipha lemicikilisho engasiza abasebenzi ukuba baqaphele ngokugcwele lokho okufunwa yi-Doble Jeopardy Claus.

[[UMTL:0] ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, bheka:[[Umthetho:1]